Simplified Chinese (Rare)
15-577: Dongba ( Nakhi : ²dto¹mba , Chinese : 东巴 ; pinyin : dōngbā ; lit. ' Ba of the East';) refers to both the religion and the priests of the Nakhi people of southwest China . Dongba is believed to have originated from the indigenous Tibetan Bon religion. According to Nakhi legend, these teachings first came to Yunnan from a Bon shaman from eastern Tibet named Dongba Shilo (丁巴什罗). The strong Tibetan influence can be seen today in
30-475: A "Naxish" branch of Loloish . However, as early as 1975, Sino-Tibetan linguist David Bradley pointed out that Naxi does not partake in the shared innovations that define Loloish . Thurgood and La Polla (2003) state that "The position of Naxi ... is still unclear despite much speculation" and leave it unclassified within Sino-Tibetan. Guillaume Jacques and Alexis Michaud (2011) classify Naxi within
45-465: A source of salt for the Chinese and the name Yanyuan ( 盐源 ) literally means "Salt source". Until recently, Yanyuan was poorly connected with the rest of China by road. In the 2010s, a new tunnel was built through the mountains east of Yanyuan to connect the county with the prefecture capital of Xichang . Yanyuan County comprises 1 subdistrict , 17 towns , 5 townships and 1 ethnic township . In
60-505: Is also a final /əɹ/ , written er . There are four tones: high level, mid-level, low level (or falling), and, in a few words, high rising. The tones are written -l, -, -q, -f. Yanyuan County Yanyuan County ( Chinese : 盐源县 ; pinyin : Yányuán Xiàn ; Yi : ꑸꑼꑤ yiep yuop xiep , also ꋂꂿꑤ ce mo xiep ) is a county in Liangshan Prefecture , Sichuan Province , China, bordering Yunnan province to
75-560: Is spoken in the western parts of the language's range, is the most uniform of the three and it is heavily influenced by Standard Chinese and Yunnanese dialects, proved by its huge volume of loan words from Chinese. The eastern dialects are much more native and have many dialectal differences. The alphabet used here is the 1957 pinyin alphabet. In the Lijiang dialect, there are nine vowels as well as syllabic /v̩/ : /i, e, a, ɑ, y, ɯ, ə, o, u/ , written i, ei, ai, a, iu, ee, e, o, u . There
90-994: The Naish lower-level subgroup of Sino-Tibetan; in turn, Naish is part of Naic , itself part of a proposed "Na- Qiangic " branch. Naxi in the broad sense (including Na/Mosuo ) was initially split by the linguists He Jiren and Jiang Zhuyi into two major clusters, Western Naxi and Eastern Naxi . Western Naxi (纳西语西部方言) is fairly homogeneous. It is spoken mainly in Lijiang, Zhongdian (Shangri-La), Weixi and Yongsheng counties. Smaller populations of Western Naxi speakers are found in Heqing, Jianchuan, Lanping, Deqin, Gongshan, Ninglang (in Bapijiang village 坝皮匠村, Yongning Township 永宁乡) Muli (in Eya 俄亚), Yanbian (Daoju 道咀) and Tibet (in Mangkang 芒康). There over 240,000 speakers total. Western Naxi consists of
105-600: The 2000 Chinese census, 310,000 people speak Nakhi, and 100,000 of those are monolingual . Approximately 170,000 speak Chinese , Tibetan , Bai , or English as a second language . Most speakers live in Yunnan , but some are in Sichuan and Tibet , and it is possible that some live in Myanmar . The language is commonly spoken among Nakhi people in everyday life and the language is in little danger of dying out soon, although
120-792: The Dayan, Lijiangba and Baoshanzhou dialects (He and Jiang 1985: 752). Eastern Naxi (纳西语东部方言) consists of several mutually unintelligible varieties. It is spoken mainly in Yanyuan , Muli , and Yanbian counties. Eastern Naxi is also spoken by smaller populations in Yongsheng (in Zhangzidan 獐子旦), Weixi (in Qizong 其宗) and Lijiang (in Hailong 海龙 and Fengke 奉科 ) counties. There is a total of over 40,000 speakers (He and Jiang 1985: 754). According to
135-588: The Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions Between Dabaism and Dongbaism . Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies, 3 (2015) 2: 61-81 (links: 1. academia.edu ; 2. Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies ). Naxi language Naxi (Naqxi IPA: [nɑ˨˩ ɕi˧˧] ), also known as Nakhi, Nasi, Lomi, Moso, Mo-su , is a Sino-Tibetan language or group of languages spoken by some 310,000 people, most of whom live in or around Lijiang City Yulong Naxi Autonomous County of
150-567: The natural world. The core of the Dongba religion is based on the belief that both man and nature are two half-brothers born of two mothers and the same father. Prior to Tibetan influence, it is suggested that the original Nakhi priests were female llü-bu . At that time, statues or religious images could be widely seen everywhere. A complete annotated translation of ancient Nashi Dongba books ( simplified Chinese : 纳西东巴古籍译注全集 ), in 100 volumes, has been published. Xu Duoduo. (2015). A Comparison of
165-512: The province of Yunnan , China . Nakhi is also the ethnic group that speaks it, although in detail, officially defined ethnicity and linguistic reality do not coincide neatly: there are speakers of Naxi who are not registered as "Naxi" and citizens who are officially "Naxi" but do not speak it. It is commonly proposed in Chinese scholarship that the Naic languages are Lolo-Burmese languages : for instance, Ziwo Lama (2012) classifies Naxi as part of
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#1732773184315180-520: The rituals and costumes of the Dongba priests, who invoke Bon spirits and are often adorned with pictures of Bon gods on their headgear. Currently, the religion is deeply ingrained in Nakhi culture, with Dongba priests serving as the primary transmitters of traditional Nakhi culture, literature and the pictographic Dongba symbols . The priests also conduct a variety of rituals to propitiate the many gods and spirits which are believed to play an active part in
195-565: The west, Yanyuan County encompasses the eastern shores of Lugu Lake , shared with Yunnan Province . To the north and east, Yanyuan is bordered by the Yalong River that cuts a deep gorge through the mountains. The Yalong forms a dramatic bend as it diverts around the Jinping Mountains in northern Yanyuan. Yanyuan is composed of the eight towns , 25 townships , and one ethnic township . This Sichuan location article
210-528: The west. The county is located in Sichuan's rugged Hengduan Mountains in southwest Sichuan, but the county seat of Yanjing (盐井) is situated in an unusually flat basin with a 30 km (19 mi) diameter. Yanjing, as the county seat, is usually referred to as Yanyuan. Yanyuan County was originally inhabited by the Yi people , but has since been incorporated into Han Chinese culture. The region has long been
225-563: The written literacy is still a rare skill. The language can be written in the Geba syllabary , Latin script or Fraser alphabet , but they are rarely used in everyday life and few people are able to read Naxi. The 1932 Naxi Gospel of Mark was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the Fraser alphabet . The three most common dialects are Lijiang, Lapao, and Lutien. Lijiang, which
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