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36-628: Datuna Church ( Avar : Датуна гьатӀан ; Georgian : დათუნას ეკლესია ; Russian : Датунский храм ) is the only medieval church that survives in modern Dagestan (where most of the population is Muslim). It is situated in the Shamilsky District , in Russia's Dagestan republic, about 4 km south of the village of Datuna (which sits on the bank of the Avarian Koisu , one of the region's major rivers). The basilica 's architecture

72-489: A Cyrillic-based alphabet, published in 1889, that also used some Georgian-based letters. Many of its letters have not been encoded in Unicode. The alphabet takes the following form: а б в г ӷ д е ж һ [REDACTED] [REDACTED] і ј к қ [REDACTED] л м н о п ԛ [REDACTED] р с ҫ т ҭ у х х̓ хّ ц [REDACTED] ц̓ ꚑ ч ч̍ чّ [REDACTED] /ч̓ ш ƞ ƞ̓ ɳّ ດ As part of Soviet language re-education policies in 1928

108-510: A certain geographic area are all agglutinative they are necessarily related phylogenetically. In the past, this assumption led linguists to propose the so-called Ural–Altaic language family , which included the Uralic and Turkic languages, as well as Mongolian, Korean, and Japanese. Contemporary linguistics views this proposal as controversial, and some of whom refer to this as a language convergence instead. Another consideration when evaluating

144-428: A head-final phrase structure. Persian utilizes a noun root + plural suffix + case suffix + postposition suffix syntax similar to Turkish. For example, the phrase "mashinashuno nega mikardam" meaning 'I was looking at their cars' lit. '(cars their at) (look) (i was doing)'. Breaking down the first word: We can see its agglutinative nature and the fact that Persian is able to affix a given number of dependent morphemes to

180-423: A landmark of nationwide (federal) importance. This article on an Eastern Orthodox church is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Avar language Avar ( магӏарул мацӏ , maǥarul macʼ [maʕarul mat͡sːʼ] , "language of the mountains" or авар мацӏ , awar macʼ [ʔaˈwar mat͡sːʼ] , "Avar language"), also known as Avaric , is a Northeast Caucasian language of

216-503: A root morpheme (in this example, car). Almost all Austronesian languages , such as Malay , and most Philippine languages , also belong to this category, thus enabling them to form new words from simple base forms. The Indonesian and Malay word mempertanggungjawabkan is formed by adding active-voice, causative and benefactive affixes to the compound verb tanggung jawab , which means "to account for". In Tagalog (and its standardised register, Filipino ), nakakapágpabagabag ("that which

252-543: Is Rasul Gamzatov (died November 3, 2003), the People's Poet of Dagestan. Translations of his works into Russian have gained him a wide audience all over the former Soviet Union . Agglutinative In linguistics , agglutination is a morphological process in which words are formed by stringing together morphemes , each of which corresponds to a single syntactic feature. Languages that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages . For example, in

288-485: Is a typical feature of agglutinative languages that there is a one-to-one correspondence between suffixes and syntactic categories. For example, a noun may have separate markers for number, case, possessive or conjunctive usage etc. The order of these affixes is fixed; so we may view any given noun or verb as a stem followed by several inflectional and derivational "slots", i.e. positions in which particular suffixes may occur, and/or preceded by several "slots" for prefixes. It

324-571: Is another agglutinating language: as an extreme example, the expression Muvaffakiyetsizleştiriveremeyebileceklerimizdenmişsinizcesine is pronounced as one word in Turkish, but it can be translated into English as "as if you were of those we would not be able to turn into a maker of unsuccessful ones". The "-siniz" refers to plural form of you with "-sin" being the singular form, the same way "-im" being "I" ("-im" means "my" not "I". The original editor must have mistaken it for "-yim". This second suffix

360-536: Is based on the болмацӏ ( bolmacʼ ) — bo = "army" or "country", and macʼ = "language"—the common language used between speakers of different dialects and languages. The bolmacʼ in turn was mainly derived from the dialect of Khunzakh , the capital and cultural centre of the Avar region, with some influence from the southern dialects. Nowadays the literary language is influencing the dialects, levelling out their differences. The most famous figure of modern Avar literature

396-448: Is done by adding different prefixes or suffixes to the root of the verb: dakartzat , which means "I bring them", is formed by da (indicates present tense), kar (root of the verb ekarri → bring), tza (indicates plural) and t (indicates subject, in this case, "I"). Another example would be the declension: Etxean = "In the house" where etxe = house. Agglutination is used very heavily in most Native American languages , such as

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432-401: Is no longer an "impure abjad " unlike its parent systems ( Arabic , Persian , and Ottoman ), it now resembles a proper " alphabet ". While this was not the case for most of the several centuries during which Arabic alphabet has been used for Avar, this has become the case in the latest and most common conventions. This was indeed not the case at the time of writing of a linguistic article for

468-456: Is often the case that the most common instance of a given grammatical category is unmarked, i.e. the corresponding affix is empty. The number of slots for a given part of speech can be surprisingly high. For example, a finite Korean verb has seven slots (the inner round brackets indicate parts of morphemes which may be omitted in some phonological environments): Moreover, passive and causative verbal forms can be derived by adding suffixes to

504-726: Is similar to that of the Kazreti and Achi monasteries. It is thought to have been built by the Georgian Orthodox missionaries at the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries. It is the only church surviving from the Christian state of Sarir . It is a reminder of the close political and cultural ties between Georgia and Sarir in the Early Middle Ages. The church is listed in the Russian cultural heritage register as

540-410: Is typically found in suffixes. Hungarian uses extensive agglutination in almost every part of it. The suffixes follow each other in special order based on the role of the suffix, and many can be heaped, one upon the other, resulting in words conveying complex meanings in compacted forms. An example is fiaiéi, where the root "fi(ú)-" means "son", the subsequent four vowels are all separate suffixes, and

576-454: Is upsetting/disturbing") is formed from the root bagabag ("upsetting" or "disquieting"). In East Asia , Korean is an agglutinating language. Its uses of ' 조사 ', ' 접사 ', and ' 어미 ' makes Korean agglutinate. They represent tense , time , number , causality, and honorific forms. Japanese is also an agglutinating language, like Korean, adding information such as negation , passive voice , past tense , honorific degree and causality in

612-492: Is used as such "Oraya gideyim" meaning "May I go there" or "When I get there") and "-imiz" making it become "we". Similarly, this suffix means "our" and not "we". Tamil is agglutinative. For example, in Tamil, the word " அதைப்பண்ணமுடியாதவர்களுக்காக " ( ataippaṇṇamuṭiyātavarkaḷukkāka ) means "for the sake of those who cannot do that", literally "that to do impossible he [plural marker] [dative marker] to become". Another example

648-620: Is used. Second diacritic in use in Avar Arabic script is ḍammah (ـُـ). In Arabic, Persian, and historically in Ottoman Turkish, this diacritic is used to represent [o] or [u]. But in Avar, this diacritic is used for labialization [◌ʷ] and not for any sort of vowel. So, it is the case that this diacritic is used in conjunction with a follow-up vowel. For example, the sound "зва" [zʷa] is written as "زُا". This diacritic can optionally be used in conjunction with shadda. For example,

684-605: Is usually written in the Cyrillic script . The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in IPA transcription): Compiled according to: One feature of Avar Arabic script is that similar to alphabets such as Uyghur and Kurdish , the script does not omit vowels and does not rely on diacritics to represent vowels when need be. Instead, modified letters with dot placement and accents have been standardized to represent vowels. Thus, Avar Arabic script

720-446: Is verb conjugation. In all Dravidian languages, verbal markers are used to convey tense, person, and mood. For example, in Tamil, " சாப்பிடுகிறேன் " ( cāppiṭukiṟēṉ , "I eat") is formed from the verb root சாப்பிடு- ( cāppiṭu- , "to eat") + the present tense marker -கிற்- ( -kiṟ- ) + the first-person singular suffix -ஏன் ( -ēṉ ). Agglutination is also a notable feature of Basque . The conjugation of verbs, for example,

756-782: The Avar–Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars , primarily in Dagestan . In 2010, there were approximately one million speakers in Dagestan and elsewhere in Russia . It is spoken mainly in the western and southern parts of the Russian Caucasus republic of Dagestan , and the Balaken , Zaqatala regions of north-western Azerbaijan . Some Avars live in other regions of Russia. There are also small communities of speakers living in

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792-528: The Bantu languages of eastern and southern Africa are known for a highly complex mixture of prefixes, suffixes and reduplication. A typical feature of this language family is that nouns fall into noun classes. For each noun class, there are specific singular and plural prefixes, which also serve as markers of agreement between the subject and the verb. Moreover, the noun determines prefixes of all words that modify it and subject determines prefixes of other elements in

828-480: The Inuit languages , Nahuatl , Mapudungun , Quechua , Tz'utujil , Kaqchikel , Cha'palaachi and Kʼicheʼ , where one word can contain enough morphemes to convey the meaning of what would be a complex sentence in other languages. Conversely, Navajo contains affixes for some uses, but overlays them in such unpredictable and inseparable ways that it is often referred to as a fusional language. As noted above, it

864-711: The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1881. As an example, in Avar Arabic Script, four varieties of the letter yāʼ ("ی") have been developed, each with a distinct function. Nevertheless, Avar Arabic script does retain two diacritics. First is " shadda " (ـّـ), used for gemination . While in Cyrillic, two back to back letters, including digraphs are written, in Arabic script, shadda

900-523: The Ajam was replaced by a Latin alphabet, which in 1938 was in turn replaced by the current Cyrillic script . Essentially, it is the Russian alphabet plus one additional letter called palochka ( stick , Ӏ). As that letter cannot be typed with common keyboard layouts , it is often replaced with a capital Latin letter i ( I ), small Latin letter L ( l ), or the numerical digit 1 . The Avar language

936-622: The Russian republics of Chechnya and Kalmykia ; in Georgia , Kazakhstan , Ukraine , Jordan , and the Marmara Sea region of Turkey . It is spoken by about 1,200,000 people worldwide. UNESCO classifies Avar as vulnerable to extinction. It is one of six literary languages of Dagestan, where it is spoken not only by the Avar, but also serves as the language of communication between different ethnic and linguistic groups. Glottolog lists 14 dialects of Avar, some of which correspond to

972-725: The above proposal is that some languages, which developed from agglutinative proto-languages, lost their agglutinative features. For example, contemporary Estonian has shifted towards the fusional type. (It has also lost other features typical of the Uralic families, such as vowel harmony .) Examples of agglutinative languages include the Uralic languages , such as Finnish , Estonian , and Hungarian . These have highly agglutinated expressions in daily usage, and most words are bisyllabic or longer. Grammatical information expressed by adpositions in Western Indo-European languages

1008-473: The agglutinative language of Turkish , the word evlerinizden ("from your houses") consists of the morphemes ev-ler-i-n-iz-den . Agglutinative languages are often contrasted with isolating languages , in which words are monomorphemic, and fusional languages , in which words can be complex, but morphemes may correspond to multiple features. Although agglutination is characteristic of certain language families, this does not mean that when several languages in

1044-506: The base, which could be seen as the null-th slot. Even though some combinations of suffixes are not possible (e.g. only one of the aspect slots may be filled with a non-empty suffix), over 400 verb forms may be formed from a single base. Here are a few examples formed from the word root ga 'to go'; the numbers indicate which slots contain non-empty suffixes: Although most agglutinative languages in Europe and Asia are predominantly suffixing,

1080-422: The contour, e.g. [ tsː ] (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian [ tːs ] (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. [ t͡ɬː ] as a two-segment affricate–fricative sequence [ t͡ɬɬ ] ( /t𐞛ɬ/ = /t ɬ/ ). Avar has five phonemic vowels: /a e i o u/. In Avar, accent is contrastive, free and mobile, independent of the number of syllables in

1116-472: The inside", and /ʒani-sa/ "from the inside". /-go/ is an emphatic suffix taken by underived adjectives. There were some attempts to write the Avar language in the Georgian alphabet as early as the 14th century. The use of Arabic script for representing Avar in marginal glosses began in the 15th century. The use of Arabic, which is known as ajam , is still known today. Peter von Uslar developed

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1152-1260: The sound "ссвa" [sːʷa] is written as "سُّا". If a word starts with a vowel, if it's an [a] sound, it is written with alif "ا". Otherwise, the vowel needs to be preceded by a "vowel carrier", which is hamza-ya' (ئـ). No need for such a carrier in the middle of words. Below table demonstrates vowels in Avar Arabic Script. نۈڸ ماڨێڸ وێڮانا، ڨالدا ڸۇق - ڸۇقۇن، ڨۇردا كُېر ڃُان ئۇنېو، بێدا وېضّۇن دۇن؛ ڨۇرۇڬێ باطاڸۇن صېوې ئۇناڬۈ، صۈ ڸارال راعالدا عۈدۈو كّۈلېو دۇن. ڸار چُاخّۇلېب بۇڬۈ چابخێل گّالاڅان، ڸێن گانضۇلېب بۇڬۈ ڬانڃازدا طاسان؛ طاراماغادێسېب قُال بالېب بۇڬۈ، قۈ ڸێگێلان دێصا سۈعاب راڨالدا ‎ Нолъ макьилъ вихьана, кьалда лъукъ-лъукъун, Кьурда квер чIван унев, бида вецIцIун дун; Кьуруги батIалъун цеве унаго, Цо лъарал рагIалда гIодов кколев дун. Лъар чваххулеб буго чабхил кIкIалахъан, Лъин кIанцIулеб буго ганчIазда тIасан; ТIарамагъадисеб къвал балеб буго, Къо лъикIилан дица согIаб ракьалда. Noļ maꝗiļ viҳana, ꝗalda ļuq-ļuqun, Ꝗurda кvеr çvan unеv, bida vеⱬⱬun dun; Ꝗuruⱨ baţaļun s̶еvе unago, Co ļaral raⱨalda ⱨodov ккolеv dun. Łar cvaxxulеb bugo cabxil ⱪⱪalax̶an, Łin ⱪanⱬulеb bugo gançazda ţaсan; Ţaramaƣadiсеb qval balеb bugo, Qo ļiⱪilan dis̶a сoⱨab raꝗalda. The literary language

1188-488: The verb form. Common examples would be hatarakaseraretara ( 働かせられたら ) , which combines causative, passive or potential, and conditional conjugations to arrive at two meanings depending on context "if (subject) had been made to work..." and "if (subject) could make (object) work", and tabetakunakatta ( 食べたくなかった ) , which combines desire, negation, and past tense conjugations to mean "I/he/she/they did not want to eat". Turkish , along with all other Turkic languages ,

1224-474: The villages where they are spoken. The dialects are listed in alphabetical order based on their name in Glottolog: There are competing analyses of the distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign ⟨ ː ⟩. Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as fortis and lenis . The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of

1260-413: The whole word means "[plural properties] belong to his/her sons". The nested possessive structure and expression of plurals are quite remarkable (note that Hungarian uses no genders). Persian has some features of agglutination, making use of prefixes and suffixes attached to the stems of verbs and nouns, thus making it a synthetic language rather than an analytic one. Persian is an SOV language, thus having

1296-470: The word. Changes in lexical accent placement indicate different semantic meaning and grammatical meanings of a word: Avar is an agglutinative language, of SOV order. Adverbs do not inflect, outside of inflection for noun class in some adverbs of place: e.g. the /b/ in /ʒani-b/ "inside" and /t͡se-b-e/ "in front". Adverbs of place also distinguish locative , allative , and ablative forms suffixally, such as /ʒani-b/ "inside", /ʒani-b-e/ "to

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