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21-413: The Dagur language is a Mongolic language . There is a Latin-based orthography which has been devised by a native Daur scholar. The Dagur language retains some Khitan substratal features , including a number of lexemes not found in other Mongolic languages. It is made up of three dialects: Batgan, Hailar, Qiqihar. During Qing rule, some Daur spoke and wrote Manchu as a second language. Genetically,

42-664: A distinct branch of the Mongolic language family , and is primarily spoken by members of the Daur ethnic group. There is no written standard in use, although a Pinyin -based orthography has been devised; instead the Dagur make use of Mongolian or Chinese, as most speakers know these languages as well. During the time of the Qing dynasty , Dagur was written with the Manchu alphabet . Dagur

63-430: A founder of Buyeo was born, as a country of Daur people who lived by Songhua River . There is a very noticeable hierarchic structure. People sharing the same surname are in groups called hala , they live together with the same group, formed by two or three towns. Each hala is divided in diverse clans ( mokon ) that live in the same town. If a marriage between different clans is made, the husband continues to live with

84-629: A game similar to field hockey or street hockey , which has been played by the Daur for about 1,000 years. Many Daurs practice shamanism . Each clan has its own shaman in charge of all the important ceremonies in the lives of the Daur. However, there are a significant number of Daurs who have taken up Tibetan Buddhism . During the Qing, the Daur knew a version of the Tale of the Nisan Shaman , in which

105-948: A highly complex converbal system containing several innovations. Notably, - mar which is a participle in Mongolian serves as a converb as well. biteg + ei → bitegei heleg + ei → helegei adus + ei → adusei aol + ei → aolei kaiq + ii → kaiqii orj + ii → orjii tulx + ii → tulxii mori + i → morii nowu + i → nowui danga + i → dangai akaa + yi → akaayi kasoo + yi → kasooyi dao + yi → daoyi xiree + d → xireed horwu + d → horwud tos + d → tosod sarp + aar → sarpaar lek + eer → lekeer topoor + oor → topooroor onq + ier → onqier orj + ier → orjier danga + ar → dangaar gali + er → galier mori + er → morier nowu + or → nowuor qoloo + yaar → qolooyaar kasoo + yaar → kasooyaar akaa + tii → akaatii ewee + tii → eweetii soo + qaar → sooqaar sak + qaar → sakqaar jakmini Beikou Boikoo tarkbei or Daur hockey

126-524: Is a Mongolic language consisting of five dialects: Dagur phonology is peculiar in that some of its dialects have developed a set of labialized consonants (e.g. /sʷar/ 'flea' vs. /sar/ 'moon'), while it shares palatalized consonants with most Mongolian dialects that have not been developed in the other Mongolic languages. It also has /f/ , which is, however, limited to loan words. Word-final short vowels were lost and historically short vowels in non-initial syllables have lost phoneme status. Dagur

147-400: Is a game similar to field hockey or street hockey . It has been played for about 1,000 years by the Daur people, an ethnic group from Inner Mongolia , China . The game involves teams of men playing a ball-like knob of apricot root ( in lieu of a ball) with long wooden branches ( in lieu of sticks). At night, the game is played with a felt -covered ball that is set alight. A game

168-522: Is reported to last for two periods of roughly 15 minutes. Poolie tarkbei is the Daur version of polo . Boikoo and poolie are two popular game among Daurs. Some Daurs believe the Daur term boikoo and poolie was originated from Chinese term buqiu ( budaqiu or buqiu was a popular game in Tang China ) and Tibetan term polon , and deny the Khitan origin of Daurs. Others believe the Daur boikoo

189-488: Is the only Mongolic language to share this development with Mongolian ( i.e. Mongolian proper, Oirat , Buryat ). Due to the merger of /ɔ/ and /ʊ/ with /o/ and /u/ , vowel harmony was lost. According to Tsumagari (2003), vowel harmony is still a productive synchronic phonotactic aspect of Dagur in which initial syllable long vowels are divided into "masculine" (back), "feminine" (front), and neutral groups. Likewise, suffixal long vowels must agree in harmonic group with

210-747: The Daur farmers burn their smaller villages and taking refuge in larger towns. When told by the Russians to submit to the rule of the Tsar and to pay yasak (tribute), the Daurs would often refuse, saying that they already paid tribute to the Shunzhi Emperor (whose name the Russians recorded from the Daurs as Shamshakan ). The Cossacks would then attack, usually being able to take Daur towns with only small losses. For example, Khabarov reported that in 1651 he had only 4 of his Cossacks killed while storming

231-643: The Daurs are descendants of the Khitan , as recent DNA analyses have proven. In the Qianlong Emperor 's "钦定《辽金元三史语解》" (Imperially commissioned Translations of the History of Liao , History of Jin and History of Yuan ) he retranslates "大贺", a Khitan clan described in the History of Liao, as "达呼尔". That is the earliest theory that claims Daurs are descendants of Khitans. In the 17th century, some or all of

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252-804: The Daurs lived along the Shilka , upper Amur , on the Zeya and Bureya River . They thus gave their name to the region of Dauria . By the mid-17th century, the Amur Daurs fell under the influence of the Manchus of the Qing dynasty which crushed the resistance of Bombogor , leader of the Evenk -Daur Federation in 1640. When the Russian explorers and raiders arrived to the region in the early 1650 (notably, during Yerofei Khabarov 's 1651 raid), they would often see

273-853: The banks of the Nen River , from where they were constantly conscripted to serve in the banner system of the Qing emperors. Russian Cossack soldiers slaughtered 1,266 households, 900 Daurs during the Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre . When the Japanese invaded the area of present-day Morin Dawa in Inner Mongolia in 1931, the Daurs carried out an intense resistance against them. Konan Naito pointed out that Takri Kingdom where King Dongmyeong ,

294-400: The clan of his wife without holding property rights. During the winter, the Daur women wear long dresses, generally blue in color and boots of skin which they change for long trousers in summer. The men dress in orejeros caps in fox or red deer skin made for winter. In the summer, they cover the animal's head with white colored fabrics or straw hats. A customary sport of the Daur is Beikou ,

315-455: The female shaman Ny Dan competed against her rivals at the Qing court, the Tibetan monks who managed to convince the Qing emperor to execute her. The Qing emperor is shown as a fool who is tricked by the lamas . Dagur language ᡩᠠᠣ‍ᠷ ᡠᠰᡠᠸᡠ Daor Usuwu ( Hailar ) ᡩᠠᠸᡠᠷ ᡴᡝᠯ The Dagur , Daghur , Dahur , or Daur language , is a Mongolic language , as well as

336-772: The innovated comitative is the same as in Mongolian. In addition, several other cases have been innovated that are not shared by Mongolian, including a new allative , - maji . Dagur has a fairly simple tense - aspect system consisting of the nonpast markers - /bəi/ and (marginally) - /n/ and the past forms - /sən/ and (marginally) /la/ and the non-finite imperfective marker - /d͡ʒa/ -. These may be inflected for person. The attributive particle forms are limited to – /ɡʷ/ (< Written Mongolian -γ-a) for imperfective aspect and future tense , - sən (< -γsan) for perfective aspect , - /ɡat͡ʃ/ (< -gči ) for habituality (instead of -daγ which used to fulfil this function) and - /mar/ for potential and probable actions. It has acquired

357-489: The phoneme /t͡ʃ/ (< *t͡ʃʰ ) has been retained, the second person singular pronoun has become /ʃiː/ nevertheless, resembling a more thorough sound change in Khorchin Mongolian . The second person plural is retained as /taː/ . The genitive and accusative have fused in some variants, becoming – ji , and the ablative may assume the form of the instrumental case . The old comitative has been lost, while

378-496: The root. ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠨ᠋‍ ‍ᠨ᠎ ‍ᡭ᠊᠎ ‍᠊ᡭ᠊᠎ ‍ᠺ᠊᠎ ‍᠊ᠺ᠊᠎ ‍ᡬ᠊᠋‍ ‍᠊ᡬ᠊᠋‍ Dagur has a pronominal system that distinguishes between first person plural inclusive /bed/ and exclusive /baː/ and, even more archaic, it distinguishes between third person singular /iːn/ and plural /aːn/ . While

399-525: The town of the Daur prince Guigudar (Гуйгударов городок) (another 45 Cossacks were wounded, but all were able to recover). Meanwhile, the Cossacks reported killing 661 "Daurs big and small" at that town (of which, 427 during the storm itself), and taking 243 women and 118 children prisoners, as well as capturing 237 horse and 113 cattle. The captured Daur town of Yaxa became the Russian town Albazin , which

420-458: Was not recaptured by the Qing until the 1680s. Cattle and horses in the hundreds were looted and 243 ethnic Daur girls and women were raped by Russian Cossacks under Yerofey Khabarov when he invaded the Amur river basin in the 1650s. Facing the Russian expansion in the Amur region, between 1654 and 1656, during the reign of Shunzhi Emperor , the Daurs were forced to move southward and settle on

441-649: Was originated from the Khitan hockey . When Western field hockey was introduced to China, it was taken up enthusiastically by the Daurs, whose affinity for the game has helped China to improve its global standing in field hockey. At the 2008 Summer Olympics , a third of the Chinese men's field hockey team was from Morin Dawa , a city in the Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner in Inner Mongolia. This field hockey article

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