72-404: Sir David Brewster KH PRSE FRS FSA Scot FSSA MICE (11 December 1781 – 10 February 1868) was a Scottish scientist, inventor, author, and academic administrator. In science he is principally remembered for his experimental work in physical optics , mostly concerned with the study of the polarization of light and including the discovery of Brewster's angle . He studied
144-582: A royal commission to consolidate existing statutes and enactments of English law . In 1857 he was one of the founders of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science and was its president at some congresses. In 1860, Brougham was given by Queen Victoria a second peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux , of Brougham in the County of Westmorland and of Highhead Castle in
216-567: A "dangerous and degrading speculation". He accepted adaptive changes, but he strongly opposed Darwin's statement about the primordial form , which he considered an offensive idea to "both the naturalist and the Christian." Brewster married twice. His first wife, Juliet Macpherson (c. 1776–1850), was a daughter of James Macpherson (1736–1796), a probable translator of Ossian poems. They married on 31 July 1810 in Edinburgh and had four sons and
288-562: A cash payment. Brougham paid and secured his anonymity. ELECTORS OF THE COUNTY OF YORK You honourably distinguished yourselves In the ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE by your zealous support of WILLIAM WILBERFORCE Who can be more worthy of your choice as a REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE COUNTY the enlightened friend and champion of Negro Freedom HENRY BROUGHAM by returning him YOU WILL DO AN HONOUR TO THE COUNTY and A SERVICE TO HUMANITY Brougham remained
360-475: A close association with James Veitch of Inchbonny . Veitch, who enjoyed a local reputation as a man of science and was particularly skilled in making telescopes , was characterized by Sir Walter Scott as a " self-taught philosopher, astronomer and mathematician ". Brewster is buried in the grounds of Melrose Abbey , in Roxburghshire . Though Brewster duly finished his theological studies and
432-543: A committed opponent of slavery However, Brougham was adopted as a Whig candidate by only a tiny majority at the nomination meeting: the Whig gentry objecting that he had no connection with agricultural interests, and no connection with the county. Brougham came second in the poll, behind the other Whig candidate; although the liberals of Leeds had placarded the town with claims that one of the Tory candidates supported slavery, this
504-546: A correlation between the observed number of sunspots and wheat prices. This met with ridicule as a "grand absurdity" from Lord Brougham. Economists nowadays concur with Brougham on the irrelevancy of sunspots . thumb|Photograph of Brougham The success of the Edinburgh Review made Brougham a man of the mark from his first arrival in London. He quickly became a fixture in London society and gained
576-540: A daughter: Brewster married a second time in Nice, on 26 (or 27) March 1857, to Jane Kirk Purnell (b. 1827), the second daughter of Thomas Purnell of Scarborough. Lady Brewster famously fainted at the Oxford evolution debate of 30 June 1860. Brewster died in 1868, and was buried at Melrose Abbey , next to his first wife and second son. The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honour. A bust of Brewster
648-464: A follower of Newton , launched anonymous attacks in the Edinburgh Review against Thomas Young 's research, which proved light was a wave phenomenon that exhibited interference and diffraction. These attacks slowed acceptance of the truth for a decade, until François Arago and Augustin-Jean Fresnel championed Young's work. Brougham's scientific forays also included an attack upon Sir William Herschel (1738–1822). As Royal Astronomer, Herschel found
720-412: A lensless and mirrorless prototype in 1839, through which one could view drawn landscape transparencies, since photography had yet to be invented. Brewster's personal contribution was the suggestion to use prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures; and accordingly the lenticular stereoscope may fairly be said to be his invention. A much more valuable and practical result of Brewster's optical researches
792-431: A massive success with two hundred thousand kaleidoscopes sold in London and Paris in just three months. An instrument of more significance, the stereoscope , which – though of much later date (1849) – along with the kaleidoscope did more than anything else to popularise his name, was not as has often been asserted the invention of Brewster. Sir Charles Wheatstone discovered its principle and applied it as early as 1838 to
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#1732783253194864-569: A member of Parliament for Winchelsea until February 1830 when he was returned for Knaresborough . However, he represented Knaresborough only until August the same year, when he became one of four representatives for Yorkshire . His support for the immediate abolition of slavery brought him enthusiastic support in the industrial West Riding . The Reverend Benjamin Godwin of Bradford devised and funded posters that appealed to Yorkshire voters who had supported William Wilberforce to support Brougham as
936-431: A peer in 1830. Brougham won popular renown for helping defeat the 1820 Pains and Penalties Bill , an attempt by the widely disliked George IV to annul his marriage to Caroline of Brunswick . He became an advocate of liberal causes including abolition of the slave trade , free trade and parliamentary reform. Appointed Lord Chancellor in 1830, he made a number of reforms intended to speed up legal cases and established
1008-508: A reflection of this fame, Brewster's portrait was later printed in some cigar boxes. Brewster chose renowned achromatic lens developer Philip Carpenter as the sole manufacturer of the kaleidoscope in 1817. Although Brewster patented the kaleidoscope in 1817 (GB 4136), a copy of the prototype was shown to London opticians and copied before the patent was granted. As a consequence, the kaleidoscope became produced in large numbers, but yielded no direct financial benefits to Brewster. It proved to be
1080-608: A work which embodied the results of more than 20 years' investigation of original manuscripts and other available sources. Brewster's position as editor brought him into frequent contact with the most eminent scientific men, and he was naturally among the first to recognise the benefit that would accrue from regular communication among those in the field of science. In a review of Charles Babbage 's book Decline of Science in England in John Murray's Quarterly Review , he suggested
1152-1015: Is assassinated by one of the protagonists, Evie Frye . A street within the Kings Buildings complex (science buildings linked to Edinburgh University ) was named in his memory in 2015. Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 934783323 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:40:53 GMT Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux , PC , FRS ( / ˈ b r uː ( ə ) m ... ˈ v oʊ k s / ; 19 September 1778 – 7 May 1868)
1224-587: Is in the Hall of Heroes of the National Wallace Monument in Stirling . Brewster's views on the possibility of evolution of intelligence on other planets, contrasted with the opinion of William Whewell , are cited in the novel Barchester Towers . He appears as a minor antagonist in the 2015 video game Assassin's Creed Syndicate as a scientist working for the game's opposing faction. He
1296-508: Is up to the present dominated by Brougham's statue, and he is honoured for his major role in building the city of Cannes. His hatchment is in Ninekirks , which was then the parish church of Brougham. The Barony of 1830 became extinct on his death, while he was succeeded in the Barony of 1860 according to the special remainder by his younger brother William Brougham . As the designer of
1368-642: The Edinburgh Journal of Science in 1824, 16 volumes of which appeared under his editorship during the years 1824–1832, with very many articles from his own pen. He contributed around three hundred papers to the transactions of various learned societies, and few of his contemporaries wrote as much for the various reviews. In the North British Review alone, seventy-five articles of his appeared. A list of his larger separate works will be found below. Special mention, however, must be made of
1440-707: The Central Criminal Court . He never regained government office after 1834 and although he played an active role in the House of Lords , he often did so in opposition to his former colleagues. Education was another area of interest. He helped establish the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge and University College London , as well as holding some academic posts, including Rector, University of Edinburgh . In later years he spent much of his time in
1512-639: The Promenade des Anglais (literally, "The Promenade of the English"). The baron inspired others to winter in Cannes and own a second home there. He oversaw the construction of 'Villa Elenore-Louise' which he named after his daughter, living in the villa himself. One of his friends became the riviera's de facto estate agent owing to the building of Château Vallombrosa . The newly built villas made popular by Brougham attracted royalty, including as Queen Victoria and
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#17327832531941584-704: The University of Edinburgh , where he chiefly studied natural science and mathematics, but also the law. He published several scientific papers through the Royal Society , notably on light and colours and on prisms , and at the age of only 25 was elected a Fellow. However, Brougham chose law as his profession and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1800. He practised little in Scotland, and instead entered Lincoln's Inn in 1803. Five years later he
1656-692: The University of St Andrews (1837–1859) and later of the University of Edinburgh (1859–1868). Brewster also edited the 18-volume Edinburgh Encyclopædia . David Brewster was born in the Canongate in Jedburgh , Roxburghshire , to Margaret Key (1753–1790) and James Brewster (c. 1735–1815), the rector of Jedburgh Grammar School and a teacher of high reputation. David was the third of six children, two daughters and four sons: James (1777–1847), minister at Craig, Ferryden; David; George (1784–1855), minister at Scoonie, Fife; and Patrick (1788–1859), minister at
1728-520: The absorption spectra and he described for the first time the red fluorescence of chlorophyll . As well as his many scientific works and biographies of notable scientists, Brewster also wrote The History of Free Masonry, Drawn from Authentic Sources of Information; with an Account of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, from Its Institution in 1736, to the Present Time , published in 1804, when he
1800-463: The birefringence of crystals under compression and discovered photoelasticity , thereby creating the field of optical mineralogy . For this work, William Whewell dubbed him the "father of modern experimental optics" and "the Johannes Kepler of optics." Brewster was a pioneer in photography. He invented an improved stereoscope , which he called "lenticular stereoscope" and which became
1872-468: The movement for the abolition of slavery , a cause to which he was to be passionately devoted for the rest of his life. Despite being a well-known and popular figure, Brougham had to wait before being offered a parliamentary seat to contest. However, in 1810 he was elected for Camelford , a rotten borough controlled by the Duke of Bedford . He quickly gained a reputation in the House of Commons , where he
1944-451: The County of Cumberland, with remainder to his youngest brother William Brougham (died 1886). The patent stated that the second peerage was in honour of the great services he had rendered, especially in promoting the abolition of slavery. Brougham was said to be the father of writer Marie Blaze de Bury . Her last name was Stuart or Stewart and she was born in Oban , Scotland in 1813. She
2016-705: The French town of Cannes , making it a popular resort for the British upper-classes; he died there in 1868. Brougham was born and grew up in Edinburgh , the eldest son of Henry Brougham (1742–1810), of Brougham Hall in Westmorland , and Eleanora, daughter of Reverend James Syme. The Broughams had been an influential Cumberland family for centuries. Brougham was educated at the Royal High School and
2088-580: The House of Commons and worked especially in advocating a programme for the education of the poor, where he chaired the select committee which produced the influential Reports on the Education of the Lower Orders . He was also a proponent of legal reform and it was on this subject in 1828, he made a six-hour speech, the longest ever made in the House of Commons. In 1812, Brougham had become one of
2160-582: The Natural History of Creation , in the North British Review . which he considered to be an insult to Christian revelation and a dangerous example of materialism. In 1862, he responded to Darwin's On the Origin of Species and published the article The Facts and Fancies of Mr Darwin in Good Words . He stated that Darwin's book combined both "interesting facts and idle fancies" which made up
2232-487: The Northern Circuit rose fivefold, although he had to wait until 1827 before being made a King's Counsel . In 1826, Brougham, along with Wellington, was one of the clients and lovers named in the notorious Memoirs of Harriette Wilson . Before publication, Wilson and publisher John Joseph Stockdale wrote to all those named in the book offering them the opportunity to be excluded from the work in exchange for
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2304-460: The Princess. Brougham threatened to introduce evidence of George IV's affairs and his secret marriage to a Roman Catholic, which could have potentially thrown the monarchy into chaos, and it was suggested to Brougham that he hold back for the sake of his country. He responded with his now-famous speech in the House of Lords: An advocate, in the discharge of his duty, knows but one person in all
2376-583: The Time of George III . In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . In 1837, Brougham presented a bill for public education, arguing that "it cannot be doubted that some legislative effort must at length be made to remove from this country the opprobrium of having done less for the education of the people than any of the more civilized nations on earth". In 1838, after news came up of British colonies where
2448-452: The abbey church, Paisley. At the age of 12, David Brewster matriculated at the University of Edinburgh with the intention of becoming a clergyman. He received his MA in 1800, was licensed as a minister of the Church of Scotland , and then preached around Edinburgh on several occasions. By then, Brewster had already shown a strong inclination for the natural sciences and had established
2520-597: The administration was replaced in November by Sir Robert Peel 's Tories. When Melbourne became Prime Minister again in April 1835, he excluded Brougham, saying his conduct was one of the main reasons for the fall of the previous government; Baron Cottenham became Lord Chancellor in January 1836. Brougham was never to hold office again. However, for more than thirty years after his fall he continued to take an active part in
2592-405: The brougham , a four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage that bears his name, Brougham's patronage brought renown to the French seaside resort of Cannes . In 1835, when little more than a fishing village on a picturesque coast, Brougham purchased a tract of land and built on it, leading it to become a popular sanitorium of Europe. Owing to his influence the beachfront promenade at Nice became known as
2664-467: The chief advisers to Queen Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of George, Prince of Wales, the Prince Regent and future George IV . This was to prove a key development in his life. In April 1820, Caroline , then living abroad, appointed Brougham her Attorney-General. Earlier that year George IV had succeeded to the throne on the death of his long incapacitated father George III . Caroline
2736-443: The construction of a cumbersome but effective instrument, in which the binocular pictures were made to combine by means of mirrors . A dogged rival of Wheatstone's, Brewster was unwilling to credit him with the invention, however, and proposed that the true author of the stereoscope was a Mr. Elliot, a "Teacher of Mathematics" from Edinburgh, who, according to Brewster, had conceived of the principles as early as 1823 and had constructed
2808-663: The creation of "an association of our nobility, clergy, gentry and philosophers". This was taken up by various Declinarians and found speedy realisation in the British Association for the Advancement of Science . Its first meeting was held at York in 1831; and Brewster, along with Babbage and Sir John Herschel , had the chief part in shaping its constitution. In the same year in which the British Association held its first meeting, Brewster received
2880-554: The development of early photography in Scotland and eventually allowing for the formation of the first photographic society in the world, the Edinburgh Calotype Club , in 1843. Brewster was a prominent member of the club until its dissolution sometime in the mid-1850s; however, his interest in photography continued, and he was elected the first President of the Photographic Society of Scotland when it
2952-476: The eighth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica : "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization of biaxial crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." In addition to the various works of Brewster already mentioned,
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3024-406: The emancipation of the slaves was obstructed or where the ex-slaves were being badly treated and discriminated against, Lord Brougham stated in the House of Lords: The slave ... is as fit for his freedom as any English peasant, aye, or any Lord whom I now address. I demand his rights; I demand his liberty without stint.... I demand that your brother be no longer trampled upon as your slave! Brougham
3096-460: The first part appeared in 1808, and the last not until 1830. The work was strongest in the scientific department, and many of its most valuable articles were from the pen of the editor. At a later period he was one of the leading contributors to the Encyclopædia Britannica (seventh and eighth editions) writing, among others, the articles on electricity, hydrodynamics , magnetism , microscope , optics , stereoscope , and voltaic electricity . He
3168-533: The first portable 3D-viewing device. He also invented the stereoscopic camera , two types of polarimeters , the polyzonal lens, the lighthouse illuminator, and the kaleidoscope . Brewster was a devout Presbyterian and marched arm-in-arm with his brother during the events of the Disruption of 1843 , which led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland . As a historian of science, Brewster focused on
3240-457: The following may be added: Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824); Treatise on Optics (1831); Letters on Natural Magic , addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1832) The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler (1841); More Worlds than One (1854). In his Treatise he demonstrated that vegetal colors were related with
3312-480: The friendship of Lord Grey and other leading Whig politicians. In 1806 the Foreign Secretary , Charles James Fox , appointed him secretary to a diplomatic mission to Portugal , led by James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn , and John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent . The mission aimed to counteract the anticipated French invasion of Portugal . During these years he became a close supporter of
3384-527: The honour of knighthood and the decoration of the Royal Guelphic Order . In 1838, he was appointed Principal of the united colleges of St Salvator and St Leonard, University of St Andrews . In 1849, he acted as president of the British Association and was elected one of the eight foreign associates of the Institute of France in succession to J. J. Berzelius ; and ten years later, he accepted
3456-476: The judicial business of the House of Lords, and in its debates, having now turned fiercely against his former political associates, but continuing his efforts on behalf of reform of various kinds. He also devoted much of his time to writing. He had continued to contribute to the Edinburgh Review , the best of his writings being subsequently published as Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in
3528-595: The life and work of his hero, Isaac Newton . Brewster published a detailed biography of Newton in 1831 and later became the first scientific historian to examine many of the papers in Newton's Nachlass . Brewster also wrote numerous works of popular science , and was one of the founders of the British Science Association , of which he was elected president in 1849. He became the public face of higher education in Scotland, serving as Principal of
3600-611: The most important of them all: his biography of Sir Isaac Newton . In 1831 he published the Life of Sir Isaac Newton , a short popular account of the philosopher's life, in Murray's Family Library , followed by an 1832 American edition in Harper's Family Library; but it was not until 1855 that he was able to issue the much fuller Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton ,
3672-490: The office of principal of the University of Edinburgh, the duties of which he discharged until within a few months of his death. In 1855, the government of France made him an Officier de la Légion d'honneur . He was a close friend of William Henry Fox Talbot , inventor of the calotype process, who sent Brewster early examples of his work. It was Brewster who suggested Talbot only patent his process in England, initiating
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#17327832531943744-650: The prime importance belongs to the discovery of These discoveries were promptly recognised. As early as 1807 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon Brewster by Marischal College , Aberdeen ; in 1815 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London , and received the Copley Medal ; and in 1816 the French Institute awarded him one-half of the prize of three thousand francs for the two most important discoveries in physical science made in Europe during
3816-426: The principle of zealously advocating for one's client. The bill passed, but by the narrow margin of only nine votes. Lord Liverpool , aware of the unpopularity of the bill and afraid that it might be overturned in the House of Commons, then withdrew it. The British public had mainly been on the Princess's side, and the outcome of the trial made Brougham one of the most famous men in the country. His legal practice on
3888-475: The same investigations contemporaneously in France does not invalidate Brewster's claim to independent discovery, even though in one or two cases the priority must be assigned to others. A lesser-known classmate of his, Thomas Dick , also went on to become a popular astronomical writer. The most important subjects of his inquiries can be enumerated under the following five headings: In this line of investigation,
3960-604: The two preceding years. In 1821, he was made a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , and in 1822 a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Among the non-scientific public, his fame spread more effectually by his invention in about 1815 of the kaleidoscope , for which there was a great demand in both the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. As
4032-553: The world, and that person is his client. To save that client by all means and expedients, and at all hazards and costs to other persons, and amongst them, to himself, is his first and only duty; and in performing this duty he must not regard the alarm, the torments, the destruction which he may bring upon others. Separating the duty of a patriot from that of an advocate, he must go on reckless of consequences, though it should be his unhappy fate to involve his country in confusion. The speech has since become legendary among defence lawyers for
4104-502: Was a British statesman who became Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain and played a prominent role in passing the Reform Act 1832 and Slavery Abolition Act 1833 . Born in Edinburgh , Brougham helped found the Edinburgh Review in 1802 before moving to London, where he qualified as a barrister in 1808. Elected to the House of Commons in 1810 as a Whig , he was Member of Parliament for various constituencies until becoming
4176-418: Was a Freemason at the time he wrote the book, nor any that he became one later. Brewster's Christian beliefs stirred him to respond against the idea of the transmutation of species and the theory of evolution. His opinion was that "science and religion must be one since each dealt with Truth, which had only one and the same Author." In 1845 he wrote a highly critical review of the evolutionist work Vestiges of
4248-524: Was brought back to Britain in June for appearances only, but the king immediately began divorce proceedings against her. The Pains and Penalties Bill , aimed at dissolving the marriage and stripping Caroline of her Royal title on the grounds of adultery, was brought before the House of Lords by the Tory government. However, Brougham led a legal team (which also included Thomas Denman ) that eloquently defended
4320-450: Was called to the Bar. Not a wealthy man, Brougham turned to journalism to support himself financially through these years. He was one of the founders of the Edinburgh Review and quickly became known as its foremost contributor, with articles on everything from science, politics, colonial policy, literature, poetry, surgery, mathematics and the fine arts. In the early 19th century, Brougham,
4392-540: Was elected Rector of Marischal College for 1838. He also edited, in collaboration with Sir Charles Bell , William Paley 's Natural Theology and published a work on political philosophy and in 1838 he published an edition of his speeches in four volumes. The last of his works was his posthumous Autobiography . In 1854, Brougham was appointed to the Royal Commission for Consolidating the Statute Law ,
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#17327832531944464-736: Was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1816. In 1819 Brewster undertook further editorial work by establishing, in conjunction with Robert Jameson (1774–1854), the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal , which took the place of the Edinburgh Magazine . The first ten volumes (1819–1824) were published under the joint editorship of Brewster and Jameson, the remaining four volumes (1825–1826) being edited by Jameson alone. After parting company with Jameson, Brewster started
4536-404: Was empirical, and the laws that he established were generally the result of repeated experiment. To the ultimate explanation of the phenomena with which he dealt he contributed nothing, and it is noteworthy although he did not maintain to the end of his life the corpuscular theory he never explicitly adopted the wave theory of light. Few would dispute the verdict of James David Forbes , an editor of
4608-420: Was finally introduced into lighthouses mainly through Brewster's persistent efforts. Although Brewster's own discoveries were important, they were not his only service to science. He began writing in 1799 as a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine , of which he acted as editor 1802–1803 at the age of twenty. In 1807, he undertook the editorship of the newly projected Edinburgh Encyclopædia , of which
4680-409: Was founded in 1856. Of a high-strung and nervous temperament, Brewster was somewhat irritable in matters of controversy; but he was repeatedly subjected to serious provocation. He was a man of highly honourable and fervently religious character. In estimating his place among scientific discoverers, the chief thing to be borne in mind is that his genius was not characteristically mathematical. His method
4752-445: Was licensed to preach, his other interests distracted him from the duties of his profession. In 1799 fellow-student Henry Brougham persuaded him to study the diffraction of light. The results of his investigations were communicated from time to time in papers to the Philosophical Transactions of London and other scientific journals. The fact that other scientists – notably Étienne-Louis Malus and Augustin Fresnel – were pursuing
4824-412: Was one of the most frequent speakers and was regarded by some as a potential future leader of the Whig Party. However, Brougham's career was to take a downturn in 1812, when, standing as one of two Whig candidates for Liverpool , he was heavily defeated. He was to remain out of Parliament until 1816 when he was returned for Winchelsea . He quickly resumed his position as one of the most forceful members of
4896-404: Was only 23. The work was commissioned by Alexander Lawrie, publisher to the Grand Lodge of Scotland , to whom the work has been, frequently, mis-attributed. Given that the book bears Lawrie's name and not Brewster's this is understandable. The book became one of the standard works on early Scottish freemasonry although it has been largely superseded by later works. There is no evidence that Brewster
4968-505: Was raised to the peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux , of Brougham in the County of Westmorland. The highlights of Brougham's time in government were passing the Reform Act 1832 and 1833 Slavery Abolition Act but he was seen as dangerous, unreliable and arrogant. Charles Greville , who was Clerk of the Privy Council for 35 years, recorded his "genius and eloquence" was marred by "unprincipled and execrable judgement". Although retained when Lord Melbourne succeeded Grey in July 1834,
5040-410: Was sent to France when she was nine where she completed her education. Brougham married Mary Spalding (d. 1865), daughter of Thomas Eden, and widow of John Spalding, MP , in 1821. They had two daughters, both of whom predeceased their parents, the latter one dying in 1839. Lord Brougham and Vaux died in May 1868 in Cannes , France, aged 89 and was buried in the Cimetière du Grand Jas . The cemetery
5112-434: Was strenuously denied by him. In November the Tory government led by the Duke of Wellington fell, and the Whigs came to power under Lord Grey . Brougham joined the government as Lord Chancellor, although his opponents claimed he previously stated he would not accept office under Grey. Brougham refused the post of Attorney General , but accepted that of Lord Chancellor , which he held for four years. On 22 November, he
5184-421: Was the improvement of the British lighthouse system. Although Fresnel, who had also the satisfaction of being the first to put it into operation, perfected the dioptric apparatus independently, Brewster was active earlier in the field than Fresnel, describing the dioptric apparatus in 1812. Brewster pressed its adoption on those in authority at least as early as 1820, two years before Fresnel suggested it, and it
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