A flag officer is a commissioned officer in a nation's armed forces senior enough to be entitled to fly a flag to mark the position from which that officer exercises command.
115-662: David Glasgow Farragut ( / ˈ f æ r ə ɡ ə t / ; also spelled Glascoe ; July 5, 1801 – August 14, 1870) was a flag officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War . He was the first rear admiral , vice admiral , and admiral in the United States Navy. He is remembered in U.S. Navy tradition for his bold order at the Battle of Mobile Bay , usually abbreviated to "Damn
230-683: A Level 2 alert (practice enhanced precautions.) A Bayesian analysis of genotypes I and II has shown that genotype I accounts for virtually all the current infections in Brazil , Colombia , Venezuela , and Trinidad and Tobago , while genotype II accounted for all cases in Peru . Genotype I originated in the northern Brazilian region around 1908 (95% highest posterior density interval [HPD]: 1870–1936). Genotype II originated in Peru in 1920 (95% HPD: 1867–1958). The estimated rate of mutation for both genotypes
345-413: A polyprotein . Host proteases cut this polyprotein into three structural (C, prM, E) and seven nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5); the enumeration corresponds to the arrangement of the protein coding genes in the genome . Minimal YFV 3 ′ UTR region is required for stalling of the host 5 ′ -3 ′ exonuclease XRN1. The UTR contains PKS3 pseudoknot structure, which serves as
460-434: A "flag officer" and an "officer of flag rank". Formerly, all officers promoted to flag rank were considered to be "flag officers". The term is still widely used to refer to any officer of flag rank. Present usage is that rear admirals and above are officers of flag rank, but only those officers who are authorised to fly a flag are formally called "flag officers" and have different flags for different ranks of admiral . Of
575-519: A 1,700-mile (2,700 km) flatboat guided by hired rivermen. It was four-year-old James's first voyage. The family was still living in New Orleans when Elizabeth died of yellow fever . George Farragut made plans to place the young children with friends and family who could better care for them. In 1808, after his mother's death, James agreed to live with United States Navy officer David Porter , whose father had served with George Farragut during
690-660: A Spanish Balearic merchant captain from the Mediterranean island of Menorca , and his wife Elizabeth (née Shine, 1765–1808), of North Carolina Scotch-Irish American descent, at Lowe's Ferry on the Holston River in Tennessee. It was a few miles southeast of Campbell's Station, near Knoxville . After serving in the Spanish merchant marine , George Farragut immigrated to North America in 1776 and served as
805-407: A U.S. postage stamp, but David Farragut has been so honored more than once. The first postage stamp (at left) to honor Farragut was the 1-dollar black issue of 1903 . The Navy Issue of 1937 includes (among five in a series) a 3-cent purple stamp which depicts Admirals David Farragut (left) and David Porter , with a warship under sail displayed at center. The most recent postage issue honoring Farragut
920-758: A WHO-approved vaccination center is required. Although 32 of 44 countries where yellow fever occurs endemically do have vaccination programmes, in many of these countries, less than 50% of their population is vaccinated. Control of the yellow fever mosquito A. aegypti is of major importance, especially because the same mosquito can also transmit dengue fever and chikungunya disease. A. aegypti breeds preferentially in water, for example, in installations by inhabitants of areas with precarious drinking water supplies, or in domestic refuse, especially tires, cans, and plastic bottles. These conditions are common in urban areas in developing countries. Two main strategies are employed to reduce A. aegypti populations. One approach
1035-578: A billion people live in an area of the world where the disease is common. It is common in tropical areas of the continents of South America and Africa, but not in Asia. Since the 1980s, the number of cases of yellow fever has been increasing. This is believed to be due to fewer people being immune, more people living in cities, people moving frequently, and changing climate increasing the habitat for mosquitoes. The disease originated in Africa and spread to
1150-464: A biopsy is only advisable post mortem to confirm the cause of death. In a differential diagnosis , infections with yellow fever must be distinguished from other feverish illnesses such as malaria . Other viral hemorrhagic fevers , such as Ebola virus , Lassa virus , Marburg virus , and Junin virus , must be excluded as the cause. Personal prevention of yellow fever includes vaccination and avoidance of mosquito bites in areas where yellow fever
1265-589: A few miles from Admiral Farragut's birthplace, was renamed to the town of Farragut in his honor. Farragut Square in Washington, D.C. is named in his honor. A statue of him, named Admiral David G. Farragut , is in the center of Farragut Square. Two Washington Metro stations, Farragut West and Farragut North , also share his name. There is a statue of Admiral Farragut at the South Boston Marine Park adjacent to Castle Island . There
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#17327830338731380-649: A great victory in the Battle of Mobile Bay . Mobile, Alabama , was then the Confederacy's last major open port on the Gulf of Mexico . The bay was heavily mined (tethered naval mines were then known as "torpedoes"). Farragut ordered his fleet to charge the bay. As the battle progressed, smoke blocked Farragut's view from his position on the USS Hartford . In a detailed account of the episode, Robert M. Browning reveals that, in order to see better, Farragut climbed
1495-674: A matter of law, Title 10 of the United States Code makes a distinction between general officers and flag officers (general officer for the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force; flag officer for the Navy and Coast Guard). Non-naval officers usually fly their flags from their headquarters, vessels, or vehicles, typically only for the most senior officer present. In the United States all flag and general officers must be nominated by
1610-442: A molecular signal to stall the exonuclease and is the only viral requirement for subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) production. The sfRNAs are a result of incomplete degradation of the viral genome by the exonuclease and are important for viral pathogenicity. Yellow fever belongs to the group of hemorrhagic fevers . The viruses infect, amongst others, monocytes , macrophages , Schwann cells , and dendritic cells . They attach to
1725-708: A naval officer during the American Revolutionary War . He was first with the South Carolina Navy , then with the Continental Navy . George and Elizabeth moved west to Tennessee after his service in the Revolution, where he operated Lowe's Ferry and served as a cavalry officer in the Tennessee militia . In 1805, George accepted a position at the U.S. port of New Orleans . He traveled there first and his family followed in
1840-496: A rearrangement of the 90 homo dimers to 60 homo trimers . After entering the host cell, the viral genome is replicated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in the so-called vesicle packets. At first, an immature form of the virus particle is produced inside the ER, whose M-protein is not yet cleaved to its mature form, so is denoted as precursor M (prM) and forms a complex with protein E. The immature particles are processed in
1955-562: A reduced volume of vaccine dose, which has been reconstituted as per manufacturer recommendations. The first practical use of fractional dose yellow fever vaccination was in response to a large yellow fever outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in mid-2016. Available evidence shows that fractional dose yellow fever vaccination induces a level of immune response similar to that of the standard full dose. In March 2017,
2070-421: Is common in tropical and subtropical areas of South America and Africa. Worldwide, about 600 million people live in endemic areas. The WHO estimates 200,000 cases of yellow fever worldwide each year. About 15% of people infected with yellow fever progress to a severe form of the illness, and up to half of those will die, as there is no cure for yellow fever. An estimated 90% of yellow fever infections occur on
2185-471: Is a junior officer , called a flag lieutenant or flag adjutant , attached as a personal adjutant or aide-de-camp . In the Canadian Armed Forces , a flag officer ( French : officier général , "general officer") is an admiral , vice admiral , rear admiral , or commodore , the naval equivalent of a general officer of the army or air force. It is a somewhat counterintuitive usage of
2300-852: Is also an outdoor sculpture of him in Madison Square Park in Manhattan, New York City, where the Farragut section of the Borough of Brooklyn, including Farragut Road, is named for him. A street in The Bronx , New York is also named for him. The Superintendent's residence at the United States Naval Academy was named 'Farragut House' in May 2023, replacing the former name of 'Buchanan House' which had been in honor of
2415-497: Is also known worldwide for its Boarding program and Navy Junior ROTC military structure. Farragut also offers other signature academic programs: Aviation, Scuba, Marine Science, Engineering, Sailing, and more. Farragut Career Academy Chicago, IL, founded in 1894, and Farragut High School , Farragut TN, founded in 1904, are other high schools named in honor of Farragut. Few naval officers in American history have been honored on
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#17327830338732530-564: Is applied to brigadiers , major generals , lieutenant generals and generals in the Army ; commodores , rear admirals , vice admirals and admirals in the Navy ; and air commodores , air vice marshals , air marshals and air chief marshals in the Air Force . Each of these flag officers are designated with a specific flag. India's honorary ranks ( five star ranks ) are field marshal in
2645-431: Is caused by yellow fever virus (YFV), an enveloped RNA virus 40–50 nm in width, the type species and namesake of the family Flaviviridae . It was the first illness shown to be transmissible by filtered human serum and transmitted by mosquitoes, by American doctor Walter Reed around 1900. The positive- sense , single-stranded RNA is around 10,862 nucleotides long and has a single open reading frame encoding
2760-501: Is denoted by a wide strip of gold braid on the cuff of the service dress tunic, one to four gold maple leaves over a crossed sword and baton, all beneath a royal crown, on epaulettes and shoulder boards ; and two rows of gold oak leaves on the peak of the service cap. Since the unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968, a flag officer's dress tunic had a single broad stripe on the sleeve and epaulettes. In May 2010
2875-625: Is endemic. Institutional measures for prevention of yellow fever include vaccination programmes and measures to control mosquitoes. Programmes for distribution of mosquito nets for use in homes produce reductions in cases of both malaria and yellow fever. Use of EPA-registered insect repellent is recommended when outdoors. Exposure for even a short time is enough for a potential mosquito bite. Long-sleeved clothing, long pants, and socks are useful for prevention. The application of larvicides to water-storage containers can help eliminate potential mosquito breeding sites. EPA-registered insecticide spray decreases
2990-652: Is fatal in 60% of cases. It is probably due to the genetic morphology of the immune system. Another possible side effect is an infection of the nervous system, which occurs in one in 200,000 to 300,000 cases, causing yellow fever vaccine-associated neurotropic disease, which can lead to meningoencephalitis and is fatal in less than 5% of cases. The Yellow Fever Initiative, launched by the WHO in 2006, vaccinated more than 105 million people in 14 countries in West Africa. No outbreaks were reported during 2015. The campaign
3105-520: Is featured on the southern side of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in Portland, Maine . Numerous places and things are named in remembrance of Admiral Farragut: Monuments Damn the torpedoes Informational notes Citations Bibliography Further reading Flag officer Different countries use the term "flag officer" in different ways: The generic title of flag officer
3220-514: Is known as acquired immunity . The virus, as well as the vector A. aegypti, were probably transferred to North and South America with the trafficking of slaves from Africa, part of the Columbian exchange following European exploration and colonization. However, some researchers have argued that yellow fever might have existed in the Americas during the pre-Columbian period as mosquitoes of
3335-466: Is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , as is Woodlawn Cemetery itself. After appointment and an initial cruise as acting lieutenant commanding USS Ferret , Farragut married Susan Caroline Marchant on September 2, 1824. After years of ill health, Susan Farragut died on December 27, 1840. Farragut was noted for his kindly treatment of his wife during her illness. After
3450-475: Is not recommended by the WHO. Insecticide-treated mosquito nets are effective, just as they are against the Anopheles mosquito that carries malaria. As with other Flavivirus infections, no cure is known for yellow fever. Hospitalization is advisable and intensive care may be necessary because of rapid deterioration in some cases. Certain acute treatment methods lack efficacy: passive immunization after
3565-410: Is recommended as a chemical larvicide, mainly because it is safe for humans and effective in small doses. The second strategy is to reduce populations of the adult yellow fever mosquito. Lethal ovitraps can reduce Aedes populations, using lesser amounts of pesticide because it targets the pest directly. Curtains and lids of water tanks can be sprayed with insecticides, but application inside houses
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3680-536: Is spread primarily by Aedes aegypti , a type of mosquito found throughout the tropics and subtropics . The virus is an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus . The disease may be difficult to tell apart from other illnesses, especially in the early stages. To confirm a suspected case, blood-sample testing with a polymerase chain reaction is required. A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever exists, and some countries require vaccinations for travelers. Other efforts to prevent infection include reducing
3795-540: Is still in use today, explicitly defined as an officer of the U.S. Navy or Coast Guard serving in or having the grade of admiral, vice admiral, rear admiral, or rear admiral (lower half), equivalent to general officers of an army. In the United States Army , Air Force , and Marine Corps , the term "flag officer" generally is applied to all general officers authorized to fly their own command flags —i.e., brigadier general , or pay grade O-7, and above. As
3910-427: Is taken up by a female mosquito when it ingests the blood of an infected human or another primate. Viruses reach the stomach of the mosquito, and if the virus concentration is high enough, the virions can infect epithelial cells and replicate there. From there, they reach the haemocoel (the blood system of mosquitoes) and from there the salivary glands . When the mosquito next sucks blood, it injects its saliva into
4025-555: Is the absence of a slave trade to Asia on the scale of that to the Americas. The trans-Atlantic slave trade probably introduced yellow fever into the Western Hemisphere from Africa. The evolutionary origins of yellow fever most likely lie in Africa, with transmission of the disease from nonhuman primates to humans. The virus is thought to have originated in East or Central Africa and spread from there to West Africa. As it
4140-512: Is to kill the developing larvae. Measures are taken to reduce the water accumulations in which the larvae develop. Larvicides are used, along with larvae-eating fish and copepods , which reduce the number of larvae. For many years, copepods of the genus Mesocyclops have been used in Vietnam for preventing dengue fever. This eradicated the mosquito vector in several areas. Similar efforts may prove effective against yellow fever. Pyriproxyfen
4255-483: Is used in many modern navies and coast guards to denote those who hold the rank of rear admiral or its equivalent and above, also called "flag ranks". In some navies, this also includes the rank of commodore . Flag officer corresponds to the generic terms general officer , used by land and some air forces to describe all grades of generals, and air officer , used by other air forces to describe all grades of air marshals and air commodores . A flag officer sometimes
4370-570: The Farragut class of 1934 and the Farragut class of 1958 . Other U.S. Navy ships named Farragut include TB-11 of 1898, DD-300 of 1920, and DDG-99 of 2006. Admiral Farragut Academy , named after Farragut, was founded in 1933 as an all-boys military boarding high school located in St. Petersburg, Florida . Today, the academy is a college preperatory private school which serves students from PreK-12th grade. The Upper School, which starts in 8th grade,
4485-591: The Chalmette batteries to take the city and port of New Orleans on April 29, a decisive event in the war. Congress honored him by creating the rank of rear admiral on July 16, 1862, a rank never before used in the U.S. Navy. Before this time, the American Navy had resisted the rank of admiral, preferring the term "flag officer", to distinguish the rank from the traditions of the European navies. Farragut
4600-549: The Golgi apparatus by the host protein furin , which cleaves prM to M. This releases E from the complex, which can now take its place in the mature, infectious virion . Yellow fever virus is mainly transmitted through the bite of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti , but other mostly Aedes mosquitoes such as the tiger mosquito ( Aedes albopictus ) can also serve as a vector for this virus. Like other arboviruses , which are transmitted by mosquitoes, yellow fever virus
4715-727: The Marquesas Islands . At the same time, the Americans battled the hostile tribes on the islands with the help of their Te I'i allies. Farragut was 11 years old when, during the War of 1812, he was given the assignment to bring a ship captured by the Essex safely to port. He was wounded and captured while serving on the Essex during the engagement at Valparaíso Bay , Chile, against the British on March 28, 1814. In 1823, Farragut
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4830-765: The Mexican–American War under the command of Matthew C. Perry , participating in the blockade of Tuxpan . After the war, he oversaw the construction of the Mare Island Navy Yard (now Mare Island Naval Shipyard ), which was the first U.S. Navy base established on the Pacific Ocean . Though Farragut resided in Norfolk, Virginia , prior to the Civil War , he was a Southern Unionist who strongly opposed Southern secession and remained loyal to
4945-693: The Mississippi River , participating in the siege of Port Hudson . With the Union in control of the Mississippi, Farragut led a successful attack on Mobile Bay , home to the last major Confederate port on the Gulf of Mexico . Farragut was promoted to admiral following the end of the Civil War and remained on active duty until his death in 1870. James Glasgow Farragut was born in 1801 to George Farragut (born Jordi Farragut Mesquida, 1755–1817),
5060-656: The Napoleonic Wars , the West Indies were known as a particularly dangerous posting for soldiers due to yellow fever being endemic in the area. The mortality rate in British garrisons in Jamaica was seven times that of garrisons in Canada, mostly because of yellow fever and other tropical diseases. Both English and French forces posted there were seriously affected by the "yellow jack." Wanting to regain control of
5175-594: The President and confirmed by the Senate . Each subsequent promotion requires renomination and re-approval. For the Navy, each flag officer assignment is usually limited to a maximum of two years, followed by either reassignment, reassignment and promotion, or retirement . Yellow fever Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration . In most cases, symptoms include fever , chills , loss of appetite , nausea , muscle pains—particularly in
5290-503: The screw frigate USS Franklin as his flagship . Farragut remained on active duty for life, an honor accorded to only seven other U.S. Navy officers after the Civil War. Farragut died from a heart attack at the age of 69 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire , while on vacation in the late summer of 1870. He had served almost sixty years in the navy. He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery , in The Bronx , New York City . His gravesite
5405-603: The siege of Port Hudson , the plan was that Farragut's flotilla would pass by the guns of the Confederate stronghold with the help of a diversionary land attack by the Army of the Gulf , commanded by General Nathaniel Banks , to commence at 8:00 a.m. on March 15, 1863. Farragut unilaterally decided to move the timetable up to 9:00 p.m. on March 14, and initiated his run past the guns before Union ground forces were in position. The consequently uncoordinated attack allowed
5520-469: The 39 officers of flag rank in the Royal Navy in 2006, very few were "flag officers" with entitlement to fly a flag. For example, a Commander-in-Chief Fleet flies an admiral's flag whether ashore or afloat and is a "flag officer". The chief of staff (support), a rear admiral, is not entitled to fly a flag and is an "officer of flag rank" rather than a "flag officer". List of fleets and major commands of
5635-666: The African continent. In 2016, a large outbreak originated in Angola and spread to neighboring countries before being contained by a massive vaccination campaign. In March and April 2016, 11 imported cases of the Angola genotype in unvaccinated Chinese nationals were reported in China, the first appearance of the disease in Asia in recorded history. Phylogenetic analysis has identified seven genotypes of yellow fever viruses, and they are assumed to be differently adapted to humans and to
5750-473: The Americas starting in the 17th century with the European trafficking of enslaved Africans from sub-Saharan Africa. Since the 17th century, several major outbreaks of the disease have occurred in the Americas, Africa, and Europe. In the 18th and 19th centuries, yellow fever was considered one of the most dangerous infectious diseases ; numerous epidemics swept through major cities of the US and in other parts of
5865-666: The Army, Marshal of the Indian Air Force in the Air Force and admiral of the fleet in the Navy. A similar equivalence is applied to senior police officers of rank Deputy Inspector General (DIG) , Inspector General (IG) , Additional Director General (ADG) and Director General (DG) . In the United Kingdom, the term is only used for the Royal Navy , with there being a more specific distinction being between
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#17327830338735980-651: The Confederate Admiral Buchanan defeated by Farragut at during the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War. Farragut Naval Training Station , located in Northern Idaho on Lake Pend Oreille , was a World War II naval training center with over 293,000 sailors receiving basic training there. In 1966, the state of Idaho turned the land into Farragut State Park . Two separate classes of U.S. Navy destroyers have been named for Farragut:
6095-566: The Confederates to concentrate on Farragut's flotilla and inflict heavy damage to his warships. Farragut's flotilla was forced to retreat with only two ships able to pass the heavy cannon of the Confederate bastion. After surviving the gauntlet, Farragut played no further part in the battle for Port Hudson , and General Banks was left to continue the siege without the advantage of naval support. The Union Army made two major attacks on
6210-528: The Democratic Republic of Congo (2016), Uganda (2016), and more recently in Nigeria and Brazil in 2017 have further increased demand, while straining global vaccine supply. Therefore, to vaccinate susceptible populations in preventive mass immunization campaigns during outbreaks, fractional dosing of the vaccine is being considered as a dose-sparing strategy to maximize limited vaccine supplies. Fractional dose yellow fever vaccination refers to administration of
6325-807: The East African genotype, which had remained undetected in the previous 40 years. In South America, two genotypes have been identified (South American genotypes I and II). Based on phylogenetic analysis these two genotypes appear to have originated in West Africa and were first introduced into Brazil. The date of introduction of the predecessor African genotype which gave rise to the South American genotypes appears to be 1822 (95% confidence interval 1701 to 1911). The historical record shows an outbreak of yellow fever occurred in Recife, Brazil, between 1685 and 1690. The disease seems to have disappeared, with
6440-426: The Navy James C. Dobbin selected Commander David G. Farragut to create Mare Island Navy Yard near San Francisco in San Pablo Bay . In August 1854, Farragut was called to Washington from his post as assistant inspector of ordnance at Norfolk, Virginia . President Franklin Pierce congratulated Farragut on his naval career and the task he was to undertake. On September 16, 1854, Commander Farragut arrived to oversee
6555-438: The New York Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States on March 18, 1866, and assigned insignia number 231. He served as the commander of the Commandery of New York from May 1866 until his death. Farragut was promoted to full admiral on July 25, 1866, becoming the first U.S. Navy officer to hold that rank. His last active service was in command of the European Squadron , from 1867 to 1868, with
6670-414: The Revolution. In 1812, he adopted the name "David" in honor of his foster father, with whom he went to sea late in 1810. David Farragut grew up in a naval family, with foster brothers David Dixon Porter , a future Civil War admiral, and William D. Porter , who became a Commodore . Farragut's naval career began as a midshipman when he was nine years old, and continued for 60 years until his death at
6785-477: The Royal Navy lists most admirals who were "flag officers". A flag officer's junior officer is often known as "Flags". Flag Officers in the Royal Navy are considered as Rear-Admirals and above. Equivalent ranks in the British Army and Royal Marines are called general officer rather than flag officers, and those in the Royal Air Force (as well as the rank of air commodore ) are called air officers , although all are entitled to fly flags of rank. Captain
6900-411: The Union after the outbreak of the Civil War. Despite some doubts about Farragut's loyalty, Farragut was assigned command of an attack on the important Confederate port city of New Orleans . After defeating the Confederates at the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip , Farragut captured New Orleans in April 1862. He was promoted to rear admiral after the battle and helped extend Union control up along
7015-465: The WHO launched a vaccination campaign in Brazil with 3.5 million doses from an emergency stockpile. In March 2017 the WHO recommended vaccination for travellers to certain parts of Brazil. In March 2018, Brazil shifted its policy and announced it planned to vaccinate all 77.5 million currently unvaccinated citizens by April 2019. Some countries in Asia are considered to be potentially in danger of yellow fever epidemics, as both mosquitoes with
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#17327830338737130-409: The WHO on 17 May 2013 advised that subsequent booster vaccinations are unnecessary, an older (than 10 years) certificate may not be acceptable at all border posts in all affected countries. A list of the countries that require yellow fever vaccination is published by the WHO. If the vaccination cannot be given for some reason, dispensation may be possible. In this case, an exemption certificate issued by
7245-411: The age of 69. This included service in several wars, most notably during the American Civil War , where he gained fame for winning several decisive naval battles. Farragut's naval career began when he was added to the U.S. Navy's rolls with the rank of "boy" in the spring of 1810. Through the influence of his foster father, Farragut was warranted a midshipman in the U.S. Navy on December 17, 1810, at
7360-413: The age of nine. A prize master by the age of 11, Farragut fought in the War of 1812 , serving under Captain Porter, his foster father. While serving aboard the frigate USS Essex , Farragut participated in the capture of HMS Alert on August 13, 1812, He helped to establish America's first naval base and colony in the Pacific, named Fort Madison , during the ill-fated Nuku Hiva Campaign in
7475-486: The back—and headaches . Symptoms typically improve within five days. In about 15% of people, within a day of improving the fever comes back, abdominal pain occurs, and liver damage begins causing yellow skin . If this occurs, the risk of bleeding and kidney problems is increased. The disease is caused by the yellow fever virus and is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito . It infects humans, other primates , and several types of mosquitoes. In cities, it
7590-516: The banks of the river, with a combined armament of more than 100 heavy guns and a complement of 700 men. Now aware of Farragut's approach, the Confederates had amassed a fleet of 16 gunboats just outside New Orleans. On April 18, Farragut ordered the mortar boats, under the command of Porter, to commence bombardment on the two forts, inflicting considerable damage, but not enough to compel the Confederates to surrender. After two days of heavy bombardment , Farragut ran past forts Jackson and St. Philip and
7705-450: The building of the Mare Island Navy Yard at Vallejo, California , which became the port for ship repairs on the West Coast. Captain Farragut commissioned Mare Island on July 16, 1858. Farragut returned to a hero's welcome at Mare Island on August 11, 1859. Although he was a Southerner by birth and lived in the South prior to the American Civil War, Farragut made it clear to all who knew him that he regarded secession as treason . Just before
7820-407: The capability to transmit yellow fever as well as susceptible monkeys are present. The disease does not yet occur in Asia. To prevent introduction of the virus, some countries demand previous vaccination of foreign visitors who have passed through yellow fever areas. Vaccination has to be proved by a vaccination certificate, which is valid 10 days after the vaccination and lasts for 10 years. Although
7935-399: The cell surfaces via specific receptors and are taken up by an endosomal vesicle . Inside the endosome , the decreased pH induces the fusion of the endosomal membrane with the virus envelope . The capsid enters the cytosol , decays, and releases the genome. Receptor binding, as well as membrane fusion, are catalyzed by the protein E, which changes its conformation at low pH, causing
8050-420: The death of his first wife, Farragut married Virginia Dorcas Loyall, on December 26, 1843, with whom he had one surviving son, named Loyall Farragut, born October 12, 1844. Loyall Farragut graduated from West Point in 1868, and served as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army before resigning in 1872. He spent most of the remainder of his career as an executive with the Central Railroad Company of New Jersey. He
8165-426: The detection of IgM or a four-fold increase in IgG titer is considered sufficient indication for yellow fever. As these tests can cross-react with other flaviviruses, such as dengue virus , these indirect methods cannot conclusively prove yellow fever infection. Liver biopsy can verify inflammation and necrosis of hepatocytes and detect viral antigens . Because of the bleeding tendency of yellow fever patients,
8280-562: The disease by the name "yellow fever" occurred in 1744. However, Dr. Mitchell misdiagnosed the disease that he observed and treated, and the disease was probably Weil's disease or hepatitis. McNeill argues that the environmental and ecological disruption caused by the introduction of sugar plantations created the conditions for mosquito and viral reproduction, and subsequent outbreaks of yellow fever. Deforestation reduced populations of insectivorous birds and other creatures that fed on mosquitoes and their eggs. In Colonial times and during
8395-498: The disease can only be confirmed virologically. Since mild cases of yellow fever can also contribute significantly to regional outbreaks, every suspected case of yellow fever (involving symptoms of fever, pain, nausea, and vomiting 6–10 days after leaving the affected area) is treated seriously. If yellow fever is suspected, the virus cannot be confirmed until 6–10 days following the illness. A direct confirmation can be obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction , where
8510-417: The disease characterized by recurring fever, this time accompanied by jaundice due to liver damage , as well as abdominal pain . Bleeding in the mouth, nose, eyes, and the gastrointestinal tract cause vomit containing blood , hence one of the names in Spanish for yellow fever, vómito negro ("black vomit"). There may also be kidney failure, hiccups, and delirium. Among those who develop jaundice,
8625-493: The emergence of symptoms is probably without effect; ribavirin and other antiviral drugs , as well as treatment with interferons , are ineffective in yellow fever patients. Symptomatic treatment includes rehydration and pain relief with drugs such as paracetamol (acetaminophen). However, aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often avoided because of an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding due to their anticoagulant effects. Yellow fever
8740-500: The fatality rate is 20 to 50%, while the overall fatality rate is about 3 to 7.5%. Severe cases may have a mortality rate greater than 50%. Surviving the infection provides lifelong immunity , and normally results in no permanent organ damage. Yellow fever can lead to death for 20% to 50% of those who develop severe disease. Jaundice, fatigue, heart rhythm problems, seizures and internal bleeding may also appear as complications of yellow fever during recovery time. Yellow fever
8855-550: The fleet set sail for the West Indies where, for the next six months, they would drive the pirates off the sea, and rout them from their hiding places in among the islands. He was executive officer aboard the Experiment during its campaign in the West Indies fighting pirates. Farragut was promoted to lieutenant in 1825. In 1847, Farragut, now a commander , took command of the sloop-of-war USS Saratoga when she
8970-517: The fleet succeeded in entering the bay. Farragut triumphed over the opposition of heavy batteries in Fort Morgan and Fort Gaines to defeat the squadron of Admiral Franklin Buchanan . On December 21, 1864, Lincoln promoted Farragut to vice admiral, which made him the senior ranking officer in the United States Navy. After the Civil War, Farragut was elected a companion of the first class of
9085-648: The fort; both were repulsed with heavy losses. Farragut's flotilla was splintered, yet was able to blockade the mouth of the Red River with the two remaining warships; he could not efficiently patrol the section of the Mississippi between Port Hudson and Vicksburg. Farragut's decision proved costly to the Union Navy and the Union Army, which suffered its highest casualty rate of the war at Port Hudson. Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, 1863, leaving Port Hudson as
9200-441: The genome of the virus is amplified. Another direct approach is the isolation of the virus and its growth in cell culture using blood plasma ; this can take 1–4 weeks. Serologically, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay during the acute phase of the disease using specific IgM against yellow fever or an increase in specific IgG titer (compared to an earlier sample) can confirm yellow fever. Together with clinical symptoms,
9315-624: The genus Haemagogus , which is indigenous to the Americas, have been known to carry the disease. The first definitive outbreak of yellow fever in the New World was in 1647 on the island of Barbados . An outbreak was recorded by Spanish colonists in 1648 in the Yucatán Peninsula , where the indigenous Mayan people called the illness xekik ("blood vomit"). In 1685, Brazil suffered its first epidemic in Recife . The first mention of
9430-441: The jungle and urban cycles. Different mosquitoes of the genus Aedes are involved. In recent years, this has been the most common form of transmission of yellow fever in Africa. Concern exists about yellow fever spreading to southeast Asia, where its vector A. aegypti already occurs. After transmission from a mosquito, the viruses replicate in the lymph nodes and infect dendritic cells in particular. From there, they reach
9545-480: The last remaining Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River. General Banks accepted the surrender of the Confederate garrison at Port Hudson on July 9, ending the longest siege in U.S. military history. Control of the Mississippi River was the centerpiece of the Union strategy to win the war, and, with the surrender of Port Hudson, the Confederacy was now cut in two. On August 5, 1864, Farragut won
9660-468: The liver and infect hepatocytes (probably indirectly via Kupffer cells ), which leads to eosinophilic degradation of these cells and to the release of cytokines . Apoptotic masses known as Councilman bodies appear in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Fatality may occur when cytokine storm , shock , and multiple organ failure follow. Yellow fever is most frequently a clinical diagnosis , based on symptomatology and travel history. Mild cases of
9775-482: The lucrative sugar trade in Saint-Domingue (Hispaniola), and with an eye on regaining France's New World empire, Napoleon sent an army under the command of his brother-in-law General Charles Leclerc to Saint-Domingue to seize control after a slave revolt. The historian J. R. McNeill asserts that yellow fever accounted for about 35,000 to 45,000 casualties of these forces during the fighting. Only one-third of
9890-491: The naval uniform dark dress tunic was adjusted—exterior epaulettes were removed, reverting to the sleeve ring and executive curl -rank insignia used by most navies. commodores ' uniforms display a broad stripe, and each succeeding rank receives an additional sleeve ring. There are no epaulettes on the exterior of the tunic, but they are still worn on the uniform shirt underneath. In the Indian Armed Forces , it
10005-475: The next outbreak occurring in 1849. It was likely introduced with the trafficking of slaves through the slave trade from Africa. Genotype I has been divided into five subclades, A through E. In late 2016, a large outbreak began in Minas Gerais state of Brazil that was characterized as a sylvatic or jungle epizootic . Real-time phylogenetic investigations at the epicentre of the outbreak revealed that
10120-430: The north to blockade Tuxpan , where she operated from April 30 to July 12 before Farragut returned to Veracruz. About two weeks later, Farragut began a round-trip voyage to carry dispatches to Tabasco , returning to Veracruz on August 11, 1847. On September 1, 1847, Farragut and Saratoga returned to blockade duty off Tuxpan, remaining there for two months despite a yellow fever outbreak on board. Farragut then brought
10235-481: The only way unvaccinated humans can become infected, which explains the low incidence of yellow fever cases on the continent. People who become infected in the jungle can carry the virus to urban areas, where A. aegypti acts as a vector. Because of this sylvatic cycle, yellow fever cannot be eradicated except by completely eradicating the mosquitoes that serve as vectors. In Africa, a third infectious cycle known as "savannah cycle" or intermediate cycle, occurs between
10350-482: The outbreak was caused by the introduction of a virus lineage from the Amazon region into the southeast region around July 2016, spreading rapidly across several neotropical monkey species, including brown howler monkeys, which serve as a sentinel species for yellow fever. No cases had been transmitted between humans by the A. aegypti mosquito, which can sustain urban outbreaks that can spread rapidly. In April 2017,
10465-588: The population of the transmitting mosquitoes. In areas where yellow fever is common, early diagnosis of cases and immunization of large parts of the population are important to prevent outbreaks . Once a person is infected, management is symptomatic; no specific measures are effective against the virus. Death occurs in up to half of those who get severe disease. In 2013, yellow fever was estimated to have caused 130,000 severe infections and 78,000 deaths in Africa. Approximately 90 percent of an estimated 200,000 cases of yellow fever per year occur in Africa. Nearly
10580-591: The ship back to Veracruz and, after a month there, got underway for the Pensacola Navy Yard in Pensacola , Florida , where Saratoga arrived on January 6, 1848, disembarked all of her seriously sick patients at the base hospital, and replenished her stores. On January 31, 1848, Farragut took the ship out of Pensacola bound for New York City , arriving there on February 19. Saratoga was decommissioned there on February 26, 1848. In 1853, Secretary of
10695-525: The ship's rigging until he reached the futtock shrouds under the main top. Fearing for his safety, the crew lashed him to the mast and rigging. When the monitor USS Tecumseh struck a mine and sank, the others began to pull back. "What's the trouble?" he shouted through a trumpet to USS Brooklyn . "Torpedoes", was the shouted reply. "Damn the torpedoes.", said Farragut, "Four bells, Captain Drayton , go ahead. Jouett , full speed." The bulk of
10810-577: The sylvatic outbreak continued moving toward the Brazilian coast, where most people were unvaccinated. By the end of May the outbreak appeared to be declining after more than 3,000 suspected cases, 758 confirmed and 264 deaths confirmed to be yellow fever. The Health Ministry launched a vaccination campaign and was concerned about spread during the Carnival season in February and March. The CDC issued
10925-473: The term, as only flag officers in command of commands or formations actually have their own flags (technically a commodore has only a broad pennant , not a flag), and army and air force generals in command of commands or formations also have their own flags, but are not called flag officers. Base commanders, usually full colonels , have a pennant that flies from the mast or flagpole on the base, when resident, or on vehicles that carry them. A flag officer's rank
11040-528: The torpedoes . . . full speed ahead." Born near Knoxville, Tennessee , Farragut was fostered by naval officer David Porter after the death of his mother. When he was 11 years old, Farragut served in the War of 1812 under the command of his adoptive father. He received his first command in 1823, at the age of 22, and went on to participate in anti-piracy operations in the Caribbean Sea . He then served in
11155-505: The transmission of yellow fever. Vaccination is recommended for those traveling to affected areas, because non-native people tend to develop more severe illness when infected. Protection begins by the 10th day after vaccine administration in 95% of people, and had been reported to last for at least 10 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) now states that a single dose of vaccine is sufficient to confer lifelong immunity against yellow fever disease. The attenuated live vaccine stem 17D
11270-527: The urban cycle, both in Africa and South America, a sylvatic cycle (forest or jungle cycle) is present, where Aedes africanus (in Africa) or mosquitoes of the genus Haemagogus and Sabethes (in South America) serve as vectors. In the jungle, the mosquitoes infect mainly nonhuman primates; the disease is mostly asymptomatic in African primates. In South America, the sylvatic cycle is currently
11385-596: The vector A. aegypti . Five genotypes (Angola, Central/East Africa, East Africa, West Africa I, and West Africa II) occur only in Africa. West Africa genotype I is found in Nigeria and the surrounding region. West Africa genotype I appears to be especially infectious, as it is often associated with major outbreaks. The three genotypes found outside of Nigeria and Angola occur in areas where outbreaks are rare. Two outbreaks, in Kenya (1992–1993) and Sudan (2003 and 2005), involved
11500-599: The virus is transmitted from mosquitoes to humans or other primates. In the "urban cycle", only the yellow fever mosquito A. aegypti is involved. It is well adapted to urban areas, and can also transmit other diseases, including Zika fever , dengue fever , and chikungunya . The urban cycle is responsible for the major outbreaks of yellow fever that occur in Africa. Except for an outbreak in Bolivia in 1999, this urban cycle no longer exists in South America. Besides
11615-498: The war's outbreak, Farragut moved with his Virginian-born wife to Hastings-on-Hudson , a small town just outside New York City. He offered his services to the Union, and was initially given a seat on the Naval Retirement Board. Offered a command by his foster brother, David Dixon Porter, for a special assignment, he hesitated upon learning the target might be Norfolk. As he had friends and relatives living there, he
11730-423: The world. In 1927, yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated. Yellow fever begins after an incubation period of three to six days. Most cases cause only mild infection with fever, headache, chills, back pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, muscle pain, nausea, and vomiting. In these cases, the infection lasts only three to six days. But in 15% of cases, people enter a second, toxic phase of
11845-461: The wound, and the virus reaches the bloodstream of the bitten person. Transovarial transmissionial and transstadial transmission of yellow fever virus within A. aegypti , that is, the transmission from a female mosquito to its eggs and then larvae, are indicated. This infection of vectors without a previous blood meal seems to play a role in single, sudden breakouts of the disease. Three epidemiologically different infectious cycles occur in which
11960-692: Was a hereditary member of the Military Society of the War of 1812 and a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States . Loyall died on October 1, 1916, as noted on one side of the family monument that he and his mother erected to the memory of his father in Woodlawn Cemetery. Farragut had a brother named William A. C. Farragut. William was also in the Navy but had a far less distinguished career. He
12075-492: Was about 5 × 10 substitutions/site/year, similar to that of other RNA viruses. The main vector ( A. aegypti ) also occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, the Pacific, and Australia, but yellow fever had never occurred there until jet travel introduced 11 cases from the 2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak in Africa. Proposed explanations include: But none is considered satisfactory. Another proposal
12190-411: Was developed in 1937 by Max Theiler . The WHO recommends routine vaccination for people living in affected areas between the 9th and 12th month after birth. Up to one in four people experience fever, aches, and local soreness and redness at the site of injection. In rare cases (less than one in 200,000 to 300,000), the vaccination can cause yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease, which
12305-407: Was endemic in Africa, local populations had developed some immunity to it. When an outbreak of yellow fever would occur in an African community where colonists resided, most Europeans died, while the indigenous Africans usually developed nonlethal symptoms resembling influenza . This phenomenon, in which certain populations develop immunity to yellow fever due to prolonged exposure in their childhood,
12420-514: Was placed in command of USS Ferret , which was his first command of a U.S. naval vessel. He served in the Mosquito Fleet , a fleet of ships fitted out to fight pirates in the Caribbean Sea . After learning his old captain, Commodore Porter, would be commander of the fleet, he asked for, and received, orders to serve aboard Greyhound , one of the smaller vessels, commanded by John Porter, brother of David Porter. On February 14, 1823,
12535-450: Was promoted to rear admiral along with 13 other officers – three others on the active list and ten on the retired list. Later that year, Farragut passed the batteries defending Vicksburg, Mississippi , but had no success there. A makeshift Confederate ironclad forced his flotilla of 38 ships to withdraw in July 1862. While an aggressive commander, Farragut was not always cooperative. At
12650-556: Was recommissioned at Norfolk Navy Yard in Norfolk , Virginia . Assigned to the Home Squadron for service in the Mexican–American War , Saratoga departed Norfolk on March 29, 1847, bound for the Gulf of Mexico under Farragut's command and upon arriving off Veracruz , Mexico , on April 26, 1847, reported to the squadron's commander, Commodore Matthew C. Perry , for duty. On April 29, Perry ordered Farragut to sail Saratoga 150 nautical miles (170 mi; 280 km) to
12765-551: Was released from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on June 29, 1995. The Tennessee State Capitol Commission and Historical Commission voted on July 22, 2021, to move a bust of Admiral Farragut, as well as busts of Nathan Bedford Forrest and Admiral Albert Gleaves , from the Tennessee Capitol to the Tennessee State Museum . The process of moving them officially began on July 23, 2021. Farragut's likeness
12880-574: Was relieved to learn the target was changed to his former childhood home of New Orleans. Farragut was appointed under secret instructions on February 3, 1862, to command the Gulf Blockading Squadron , sailing from Hampton Roads on the screw steamer USS Hartford , bearing 25 guns, which he made his flagship , accompanied by a fleet of 17 ships. He reached the mouth of the Mississippi River , near Confederate forts St. Philip and Jackson , situated opposite one another along
12995-665: Was supported by the GAVI alliance and governmental organizations in Europe and Africa. According to the WHO, mass vaccination cannot eliminate yellow fever because of the vast number of infected mosquitoes in urban areas of the target countries, but it will significantly reduce the number of people infected. Demand for yellow fever vaccine has continued to increase due to the growing number of countries implementing yellow fever vaccination as part of their routine immunization programmes. Recent upsurges in yellow fever outbreaks in Angola (2015),
13110-401: Was the highest rank in the United States Navy from its beginning in 1775 until 1857, when Congress created the temporary rank of flag officer, which was bestowed on senior Navy captains who were assigned to lead a squadron of vessels in addition to command of their own ship. This temporary usage gave way to the permanent ranks of commodore and rear admiral in 1862. The term "flag officer"
13225-485: Was warranted as a midshipman on January 16, 1809 – a year before David Farragut would begin his career – and was promoted to lieutenant on December 9, 1814. He remained at that rank until he was transferred to the Reserve List on December 15, 1855. He died on December 20, 1859. David Farragut was a Freemason and a Scottish Rite freemason. The area formerly known as Campbell's Station, Tennessee, only
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