130-572: David Hockney (born 9 July 1937) is an English painter , draughtsman , printmaker , stage designer , and photographer . As an important contributor to the pop art movement of the 1960s, he is considered one of the most influential British artists of the 20th and 21st centuries. Hockney has owned residences and studios in Bridlington and London as well as two residences in California , where he has lived intermittently since 1964: one in
260-457: A Wacom pad and pen directly into Photoshop. Since 2009, Hockney has painted hundreds of portraits, still lifes and landscapes using the Brushes iPhone and iPad application, often sending them to his friends. In 2010 and 2011, Hockney visited Yosemite National Park to draw its landscape on his iPad. He used an iPad in designing a stained glass window at Westminster Abbey which celebrated
390-719: A camera lucida for his research into art history as well as his own work in the studio. He created over 200 drawings of friends, family, and himself using this antique lens-based device. In 2016, the Royal Academy exhibited Hockney's series entitled 82 Portraits and 1 Still-life which traveled to Ca' Pesaro in Venice, Italy, and the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao , in 2017 and to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 2018. Hockney calls
520-481: A diversity index of 0.433, and the percentage of Non-Hispanic Whites is 74.1%. Latinos make up 9.4%, Asians are at 6.7%, African American at 4.6% and others at 5.3%. In 2000, Mexico (7.9%) and the United Kingdom (7.8%) were the most common places of birth for the 22.8% of the residents who were born abroad, which was considered a low percentage of foreign-born when compared with the city or county as
650-558: A visual language of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world. Abstract expressionism was an American post- World War II art movement that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as Futurism , Bauhaus and Cubism , and
780-422: A C note) is analogous to "light" in painting, "shades" to dynamics , and "coloration" is to painting as the specific timbre of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage , which began with Cubism and
910-498: A book by John Staddon, Unlucky Strike . In October 2010, he and a hundred other artists signed an open letter to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, Jeremy Hunt , protesting against cutbacks in the arts. Painting Painting is a visual art , which is characterized by the practice of applying paint , pigment , color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or " support "). The medium
1040-522: A book in which the images were accompanied by the poem's text. In the summer of 1978, David Hockney stayed for six weeks with his friend the printer Ken Tyler at Tyler's studio in New York, Tyler Graphics Ltd. Tyler invited Hockney to try a new technique with liquid paper. The process is painting with the paper itself, so the artist had to do it himself by hand. Each image becomes a unique work between printmaking and painting. In six weeks, Hockney created
1170-439: A characteristic of the alliance between Symbolist writers and Neo-Impressionist artists: I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate
1300-402: A common graffiti medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate, and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A stencil protects a surface, except
1430-675: A computerised setup that let him punch in and program lighting cues at will and synchronise them to a soundtrack of the music. In 2017, Hockney was awarded the San Francisco Opera Medal on the occasion of the revival and restoration of his production for Turandot . The majority of his theatre works and stage design studies are found in the collection of The David Hockney Foundation. David Hockney has been featured in over 400 solo exhibitions and over 500 group exhibitions. He had his first one-man show at Kasmin Limited when he
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#17327867457261560-457: A converted bed and breakfast, in the seaside town of Bridlington , about 75 mi (121 km) from where he was born. The oil paintings he produced after 2005 were influenced by his intensive studies in watercolour, a series titled Midsummer: East Yorkshire (2003–2004). He created paintings made of multiple smaller canvases—two to fifty—placed together. To help him visualise work at that scale, he used digital photographic reproductions to study
1690-510: A diploma. After leaving the RCA, he taught at Maidstone College of Art for a short time. He taught at the University of Iowa in 1964. Hockney also taught at the University of Colorado, Boulder in 1965. Next he taught at the University of California, Los Angeles from 1966 to 1967 and then at the University of California, Berkeley in 1967. In 1964, Hockney moved to Los Angeles , where he
1820-423: A fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries. Acrylic paint is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion . Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes,
1950-569: A half hour in the swimming pool every morning; he has been able to stand for six hours at the easel. Hockney has synaesthetic associations between sound, colour and shape. Many of Hockney's works are housed in the 1853 Gallery at Salts Mill in Saltaire , near his hometown of Bradford. Another large group of works are held by The David Hockney Foundation. His work is in numerous public and private collections worldwide, including: In 1967, Hockney's painting Peter Getting Out of Nick's Pool won
2080-602: A kiln to be fired. This melts the Silica glass in the glaze and transforms it into a vibrant glossy version of itself. Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text , or design . Ink is used for drawing with a pen , brush , or quill . Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents , pigments, dyes, resins , lubricants , solubilizers, surfactants , particulate matter , fluorescers , and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes;
2210-556: A living artist of $ 58.4 million, held by Jeff Koons for one of his Balloon Dog sculptures. He had originally sold this painting for $ 20,000 in 1972. In recent years, David Hockney's iPad drawings have become the most successful segment of his print market. Since the initial release of the Arrival of Spring in Woldgate series, prices have increased from roughly £19,000 in 2014 up to the current auction record of £340,200 in 2022. In
2340-410: A medium for portrait miniatures . In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals. Tempera , also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size ). Tempera also refers to
2470-413: A painter can be any of the blues: phthalocyanine blue , Prussian blue , indigo , Cobalt blue , ultramarine , and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like
2600-693: A performance of Mussorgsky 's Pictures at an Exhibition illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds. Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. Jackson Pollock underscores that interest with his 1950 painting Autumn Rhythm (Number 30) . Aesthetics is the study of art and beauty ; it was an important issue for 18th- and 19th-century philosophers such as Kant and Hegel . Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict
2730-512: A rate that was low in both the county and the city. The neighborhood of Hollywood Hills includes the Hollywood Bowl and Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) as well as three private and two public schools. The neighborhood includes: In 2000, 54.8% of residents aged 25 and older held a four-year degree, considered high when compared with the city and the county as a whole. There are five secondary or elementary schools within
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#17327867457262860-515: A series of lithographs recreating the art collection of a Hollywood star, each piece depicting an imagined work of art within a frame. Hockney went on to produce many other portfolios with Gemini G.E.L. including Friends, The Weather Series , and Some New Prints . During the 1960s he produced several series of prints he thought of as 'graphic tales', including A Rake's Progress (1961–63) after Hogarth , Illustrations for Fourteen Poems from C.P. Cavafy (1966) and Illustrations for Six Fairy Tales from
2990-449: A single subject, Hockney arranged a patchwork to make a composite image. Because the photographs are taken from different perspectives and at slightly different times, the result is work that has an affinity with Cubism , one of Hockney's major aims—discussing the way human vision works. Some pieces are landscapes , such as Pearblossom Highway #2 , others portraits including Kasmin 1982 ; and My Mother, Bolton Abbey, 1982 . Creation of
3120-497: A solution acrylic paint under the brand Magna paint . These were mineral spirit -based paints. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as latex house paints. In 1963, George Rowney (part of Daler-Rowney since 1983) was the first manufacturer to introduce artists' acrylic paints in Europe, under the brand name "Cryla". Acrylics are the most common paints used in grattage , a surrealist technique that began to be used with
3250-529: A spiritual value, and he attaches primary colors to essential feelings or concepts, something that Goethe and other writers had already tried to do. Iconography is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. Erwin Panofsky and other art historians first seek to understand the things depicted, before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning. In 1890,
3380-586: A suite of 20 etchings, each utilising Crommelynck's techniques and filled with references to Picasso. The frontispiece to the suite mentions Hockney's dual inspiration; "The Blue Guitar: Etchings By David Hockney Who Was Inspired By Wallace Stevens Who Was Inspired By Pablo Picasso". The etchings refer to themes in a poem by Wallace Stevens , The Man with the Blue Guitar . It was published by Petersburg Press in October 1977. That year, Petersburg also published
3510-552: A surface is the essence of painting, just as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music . Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including Goethe , Kandinsky , and Newton , have written their own color theory . Moreover,
3640-508: A surface to make a fixed or unfixed sand painting. Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. As a method of creating an art object, it adapts traditional painting medium such as acrylic paint , oils , ink , watercolor , etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by means of software driving industrial robotic or office machinery (printers). As
3770-416: A technique, it refers to a computer graphics software program that uses a virtual canvas and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a digital artwork a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art as
3900-470: A total of 29 artworks with a series of 17 sunflowers and swimming pools. Many of the works are very similar, differentiated by changes in colour choice and application of the colour. Some are solely coloured using paper pulp, while some use spray paint to achieve certain details. Some of Hockney's other print portfolios include Home Made Prints (1986), Recent Etchings (1998) and Moving Focus (1984–1986), which contains lithographs related to A Walk Around
4030-637: A variety of media, spanning six decades of the artist's career. Hockney came out as gay when he was 23, while studying at the Royal College of Art in London. Britain decriminalised homosexual acts seven years later in the Sexual Offences Act 1967 . Hockney has explored the nature of gay love in his work, such in as the painting We Two Boys Together Clinging (1961), named after a poem by Walt Whitman . In 1963 he painted two men together in
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4160-524: A verdict of death by misadventure . In November 2015 Hockney sold his house in Bridlington ending his connections with the town. Next he moved to Normandy and now lives near the village of Beuvron-en-Auge . He holds a California Medical Marijuana Verification Card , which enables him to buy cannabis for medical purposes. He has used hearing aids since 1979, but realised he was going deaf long before then. As of 2018, he has been keeping fit by spending
4290-500: A while. I don't want to give things I'm not too proud of... I thought this was a good painting because it's of England... it seems like a good thing to do." The painting was the subject of a BBC1 Imagine film documentary by Bruno Wollheim called David Hockney: A Bigger Picture (2009) which followed Hockney as he worked outdoors over the preceding two years. Hockney's first stage designs were for Ubu Roi at London's Royal Court Theatre in 1966, Stravinsky 's The Rake's Progress at
4420-430: A whole. The median household income in 2008 dollars was $ 69,277, considered high for the city but about average for the county. The percentage of households earning $ 125,000 or more was high, compared to the county at large. The average household size of 1.8 people was relatively low. Renters occupied 56.5% of the housing units, and homeowners the rest. In 2000, there were 270 families headed by single parents, or 6.9%,
4550-480: A younger artist he had inspired, Elizabeth Peyton . In October 2006, the National Portrait Gallery in London organised one of the largest ever displays of Hockney's portraiture work, including 150 paintings, drawings, prints, sketchbooks, and photocollages from over five decades. The collection ranged from his earliest self-portraits to work he completed in 2005. Hockney assisted in displaying
4680-442: Is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include papyrus , bark papers, plastics, vellum or leather , fabric , wood and canvas . In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting. In Chinese , Korean , and Japanese painting it has been
4810-405: Is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from watercolor in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as chalk is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all water media, it
4940-406: Is abstract by nature—it does not try to represent the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. Wassily Kandinsky often used musical terms to identify his works; he called his most spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works as "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher", and subsequently embarked upon
5070-596: Is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco [afˈfresːko] , which derives from the Latin word for fresh . Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh lime mortar or plaster , for which
5200-757: Is bisected southeast–northwest by US 101 . The neighborhood is bounded on the northwest and north by the Los Angeles city line , on the east by a fireroad through Griffith Park, continuing on Western Avenue , on the south by Franklin Avenue and on the west by an irregular line that includes Outpost Drive. Bedrock of the Hills is a complex association of granitic and metamorphic rock plus interbedded sandstone and shale on which brown loamy soil, often shallow and with abundant stones, has developed. Hollywood Hills comprises several neighborhoods: According to
5330-440: Is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process. Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a fixative . Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with
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5460-442: Is commonly applied to the base with a brush , but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes , may be used. One who produces paintings is called a painter . In art , the term "painting" describes both the act and the result of the action (the final work is called "a painting"). The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer , pottery, leaf , copper and concrete , and
5590-444: Is dedicated to landscapes, especially trees and tree tunnels of his native Yorkshire. Works included oil paintings, watercolours, and drawings created on an iPad and printed on paper. Hockney said, in a 2012 interview, "It's about big things. You can make paintings bigger. We're also making photographs bigger, videos bigger, all to do with drawing." The exhibition drew more than 600,000 visitors in under 3 months. The exhibition moved to
5720-434: Is diluted with water. Gouache was a popular paint utilized by Egyptians, Painters such as Francois Boucher used this medium. This paint is best applied with sable brushes. Ceramic Glaze Glazing is commonly known as a premelted liquid glass. This glaze can be dipped or brushed on. This glaze appears chalky and there is a vast difference between the beginning and finished result. To be activated glazed pottery must be placed in
5850-578: Is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal, plastic, sand , cement , straw , leaves or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer . There is a growing community of artists who use computers to "paint" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as Adobe Photoshop , Corel Painter , and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. Jean Metzinger 's mosaic-like Divisionist technique had its parallel in literature;
5980-421: Is of crucial importance in the given work of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of " techne ", directly contributes to the aesthetic value. Music was important to the birth of abstract art since music
6110-604: Is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction). The first example of modernism in painting was impressionism , a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors ( en plein air ). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from
6240-471: Is the essence of landscape. For me anyway. Even Ansel Adams can't quite prepare you for what Yosemite looks like when you go through that tunnel and you come out the other side." Frustrated with the limitations of photography and its 'one-eyed' approach, he returned to painting. In December 1985 Hockney used the Quantel Paintbox , a computer program that allowed the artist to sketch directly onto
6370-720: The Chicago Lyric Opera , and Richard Strauss 's Die Frau ohne Schatten in 1992 at the Royal Opera House in London. In 1994, he designed costumes and scenery for twelve opera arias for the TV broadcast of Plácido Domingo 's Operalia in Mexico City. Technical advances allowed him to become increasingly complex in model-making. At his studio he had a proscenium opening 6 feet (1.8 m) by 4 feet (1.2 m) in which he built sets in 1:8 scale. He also used
6500-591: The Franco-Cantabrian region in western Europe, and in the caves in the district of Maros ( Sulawesi , Indonesia ). In November 2018, however, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo ( Kalimantan ). In December 2019, figurative cave paintings depicting pig hunting in
6630-794: The Glyndebourne Festival Opera in England in 1975, and The Magic Flute for Glyndebourne in 1978. In 1980, he agreed to design sets and costumes for a 20th-century French triple bill at the Metropolitan Opera House with the title Parade . The works were Parade , a ballet with music by Erik Satie ; Les mamelles de Tirésias , an opera with libretto by Guillaume Apollinaire and music by Francis Poulenc , and L'enfant et les sortilèges , an opera with libretto by Colette and music by Maurice Ravel . The reimagined set of L'enfant et les sortilèges from
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#17327867457266760-746: The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao , Spain from 15 May to 30 September, and from there to the Ludwig Museum in Cologne , Germany, between 27 October 2012 and 3 February 2013. From 26 October 2013 to 30 January 2014 David Hockney: A Bigger Exhibition was presented at the de Young Museum , one of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. The largest solo exhibition Hockney has had, with 397 works of art in more than 18,000 square feet,
6890-643: The Hollywood Hills , one in Malibu . He has an office and stores his archives on Santa Monica Boulevard in West Hollywood, California . On 15 November 2018, Hockney's 1972 work Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) sold at Christie's auction house in New York City for $ 90 million (£70 million), becoming the most expensive artwork by a living artist sold at auction . It broke
7020-443: The Hollywood Hills ; he later bought and expanded the house to include his studio. He also owned a 1,643-square-foot beach house at 21039 Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu , which he sold in 1999 for about $ 1.5 million. In the 1990s, Hockney returned more often to Yorkshire , usually every three months, to visit his mother who died in 1999. Until 1997, he rarely stayed for more than two weeks, when his friend Jonathan Silver who
7150-712: The John Moores Painting Prize at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool. In 1983, the Hamburg -based Alfred Toepfer Foundation awarded Hockney its annual Shakespeare Prize in recognition of his life's work. He was offered a knighthood in 1990 but declined it, before accepting an Order of Merit in January 2012. He was awarded The Royal Photographic Society 's Progress medal in 1988 and
7280-669: The Maros-Pangkep karst in Sulawesi were estimated to be even older, at at least 43,900 years old. The finding was noted to be "the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world". More recently, in 2021, cave art of a pig found in an Indonesian island, and dated to over 45,500 years, has been reported. However, the earliest evidence of the act of painting has been discovered in two rock-shelters in Arnhem Land , in northern Australia. In
7410-477: The Renaissance oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced tempera paints in the majority of Europe. Pastel is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder. The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including oil paints ; the binder is of a neutral hue and low saturation . The color effect of pastels
7540-541: The Royal College of Art in London, where he met R. B. Kitaj and Frank Bowling . While at the school Hockney said he felt at home and took pride in his work. At the Royal College of Art, Hockney featured–alongside Peter Blake –in the exhibition New Contemporaries , which announced the arrival of British Pop art . He was associated with the movement, but his early works display expressionist elements which are similar to some of Francis Bacon 's works. When
7670-607: The Royal Court Theatre , Glyndebourne , and the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. Hockney has returned to painting portraits throughout his career. From 1968, and for the next few years, he painted portraits and double portraits of friends, lovers, and relatives just under life-size in a realistic style that adroitly captured the likenesses of his subjects. Hockney has repeatedly been drawn to
7800-656: The Sublime , in terms that clearly gave priority to the former. Although he did not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken up by painters such as J.M.W. Turner and Caspar David Friedrich . Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with Poetry and Music , for its symbolic , highly intellectual purpose. Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include Kandinsky and Paul Klee . In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has
7930-766: The de Young Museum and the Royal Academy of Arts . His earlier photo collages influenced his shift to another medium, digital photography. He combined hundreds of photographs to create multi-viewpoint "photographic drawings" of groups of his friends in 2014. Hockney picked the process back up in 2017, this time using the more advanced Agisoft PhotoScan photogrammetric software which allowed him to stitch together and rearrange thousands of photos. The resulting images were printed out as massive photomurals and were exhibited at Pace Gallery and LACMA in 2018. In June 2007, Hockney's largest painting, Bigger Trees Near Warter or/ou Peinture sur le Motif pour le Nouvel Age Post-Photographique , which measures 15 by 40 feet (4.6 by 12.2 m),
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#17327867457268060-471: The history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by religious art . Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery , to Biblical scenes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling , to scenes from the life of Buddha (or other images of Eastern religious origin ). The oldest known paintings are approximately 40,000 years old, found in both
8190-502: The truth —it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a craft , similar to shoemaking or iron casting. By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in Ancient Greece . Leonardo da Vinci , on the contrary, said that " Italian : La Pittura è cosa mentale " ("English: painting is a thing of the mind "). Kant distinguished between Beauty and
8320-412: The "joiners" occurred accidentally. He noticed in the late 1960s that photographers were using cameras with wide-angle lenses. He did not like these photographs because they looked somewhat distorted. While working on a painting of a living room and terrace in Los Angeles, he took Polaroid shots of the living room and glued them together, not intending for them to be a composition on their own. On looking at
8450-699: The 1983 exhibition Hockney Paints the Stage is a permanent installation at the Spalding House branch of the Honolulu Museum of Art . He designed sets for another triple bill of Stravinsky 's Le sacre du printemps , Le rossignol , and Oedipus Rex for the Metropolitan Opera in 1981 as well as Richard Wagner 's Tristan und Isolde for the Los Angeles Music Center Opera in 1987, Puccini 's Turandot in 1991 at
8580-423: The 2000 U.S. census, 21,588 people lived in the neighborhood's 7.05 square miles, averaging 3,063 people per square mile. It is among the lowest population densities in the city and county. The population was estimated at 22,988 in 2008. The median age for residents was 37, considered old for the city and the county . The percentages of residents aged 19 to 64 were among the county's highest. The neighborhood has
8710-803: The 2001 book Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters , which was revised in 2006. Like his father, Hockney was a conscientious objector and worked as a medical orderly in hospitals during his National Service , 1957–1959. David Hockney was a founder of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles , in 1979. He was on the advisory board of the political magazine Standpoint ; he contributed original sketches for its launch edition in June 2008, as well as agreeing to allow Standpoint to publish his previous views and pictures over
8840-529: The 2001 television programme and book Secret Knowledge , Hockney posited that the Old Masters used camera obscura as well as camera lucida and lens techniques that projected the image of the subject onto the surface of the painting. Hockney argues that this technique migrated gradually from Northern Europe to Italy, and is the reason for the photographic style of painting seen in the Renaissance and later periods of art. He published his conclusions in
8970-576: The British cultural figures of his life that he most admires. He is an honorary member of the Printmakers Council . On 21 June 2006, Hockney's painting The Splash sold for £2.6 million. It was offered for auction again on 11 February 2020, with an estimate of £20–30 million and sold, to an unknown buyer, for £23.1 million. His A Bigger Grand Canyon , a series of 60 canvases that combined to produce one enormous picture,
9100-595: The Brothers Grimm (1969). In 1973 Hockney began a fruitful collaboration with Aldo Crommelynck , Picasso's preferred printer. In his atelier, he adopted Crommelynck's trademark sugar lift, as well as a system of the master's own devising of imposing a wooden frame onto the plate to ensure colour separation. Their early work together included Artist and Model (1973–74) and Contrejour in the French Style (1974). In 1976–77 Hockney created The Blue Guitar ,
9230-557: The David Hockney Studio. Hockney's current partner is longtime companion Jean-Pierre Gonçalves de Lima. Also known as JP, he also works with Hockney in his studio as his chief assistant. In March 2013, Hockney's 23-year-old assistant, Dominic Elliott, died as a result of drinking drain cleaner at Hockney's Bridlington studio; he had earlier taken both drugs and alcohol. Hockney's partner drove Elliott to Scarborough General Hospital where he later died. The inquest returned
9360-399: The East, ink and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions. The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first photograph was produced in 1829, photographic processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of
9490-710: The Hotel Courtyard, Acatlan . A retrospective of his prints, including 'computer drawings' printed on fax machines and inkjet printers, was exhibited at Dulwich Picture Gallery in London 5 February – 11 May 2014 and Bowes Museum , County Durham 7 June – 28 September 2014, with an accompanying publication, Hockney, Printmaker , by Richard Lloyd. In the early 1980s, Hockney began to produce photo collages —which, in his early explorations within his personal photo albums, he referred to as "joiners"—first using Polaroid prints and subsequently 35mm, commercially processed colour prints. Using Polaroid snaps or photolab-prints of
9620-515: The Italian word for plaster, intonaco , is used. A secco painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster ( secco is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as egg ( tempera ), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall. Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oil , such as linseed oil , poppyseed oil which
9750-549: The Parisian painter Maurice Denis famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order." Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as Cubism , were reflections on the means of painting rather than on the external world— nature —which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by
9880-403: The RCA said it would not let him graduate if he did not complete an assignment of a life drawing of a live model in 1962, Hockney painted Life Painting for a Diploma in protest. He had refused to write an essay required for the final examination and said that he should be assessed solely on his artworks. Recognising his talent and growing reputation, the RCA changed its regulations and awarded him
10010-744: The Special 150th Anniversary Medal and Honorary Fellowship in recognition of a sustained, significant contribution to the art of photography in 2003. He was made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1997 and awarded The Cultural Award from the German Society for Photography (DGPh). He is a Royal Academician . In 2012, he was appointed to the Order of Merit , an honour restricted to 24 members at any one time for their contributions to
10140-772: The Tate and over 5,000 visitors per day in Paris. After the blockbuster exhibitions in 2017 of the works of decades past, Hockney went on to display his newest paintings on hexagonal canvases and mural-size 3D photographic drawings at Pace Gallery in 2018. He revisited paintings of Garrowby Hill, the Grand Canyon, and Nichols Canyon Road, this time painting them on hexagonal canvases to enhance aspects of reverse perspective. In 2019, his early work featured in his native Yorkshire at The Hepworth Wakefield . In April–June 2022 an exhibition "Hockney's Eye: The Art and Technology of Depiction"
10270-583: The advent of this type of paint. Acrylics are used for this purpose because they easily scrape or peel from a surface. Aerosol paint (also called spray paint) is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a valve button. A form of spray painting , aerosol paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store. Aerosol primer can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics. Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint
10400-437: The age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic temperaments —their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge. The Feminist art movement began in the 1960s during the second wave of feminism. The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally. Color , made up of hue , saturation , and value , dispersed over
10530-460: The artist's ability to work quickly. Another difference is that watercolors must be painted onto a porous surface, primarily watercolor paper. Acrylic paints can be used on many different surfaces. Both acrylic and watercolor are easy to clean up with water. Acrylic paint should be cleaned with soap and water immediately following use. Watercolor paint can be cleaned with just water. Between 1946 and 1949, Leonard Bocour and Sam Golden invented
10660-945: The arts and sciences. He was a Distinguished Honoree of the National Arts Association, Los Angeles, in 1991 and received the First Annual Award of Achievement from the Archives of American Art , Los Angeles, in 1993. He was appointed to the board of trustees of the American Associates of the Royal Academy Trust, New York in 1992 and was given a Foreign Honorary Membership to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1997. In 2003, Hockney
10790-443: The computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer. Other- Unruly Painting Methods. Painting is not confined to one method over another. Artists such as Andy Warhol Explored the limits of painting. Oxidization was utilized by Andy Warhol as he painted canvases sprawled on
10920-517: The day's work. In spring 2020 he stayed at La Grande Cour, a farmhouse and studio in Normandy , during the global COVID-19 pandemic . Hockney has experimented with painting, drawing, printmaking, watercolours, photography, and many other media including a fax machine, paper pulp, computer applications and iPad drawing programs. The subject matter of interest ranges from still lifes to landscapes, portraits of friends, his dogs, and stage designs for
11050-423: The diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, c. 1907 ) Rhythm , for artists such as Piet Mondrian , is important in painting as it is in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form or any kind of information
11180-488: The dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, Ethiopia and other countries also have long traditions. Finger-painting with watercolor paints originated in China . There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor brush pens, and watercolor pencils . Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry. Gouache
11310-484: The exhibition stating “What we love the most about Hockney is that he doesn't stop experimenting with age. Many of his iPad drawings are on display and while not his finest work, they show he's willing to try out new tools and techniques”. The show then travelled to Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris and The Metropolitan Museum of Art . The wildly popular retrospective landed among the top ten ticketed exhibitions in London and Paris for 2017 with over 4,000 visitors per day at
11440-422: The final composition, he realised it created a narrative, as if the viewer moved through the room. He began to work more with photography after this discovery, stopping painting for a while to pursue this new technique exclusively. However over time, he discovered what he could not capture with a lens, saying: "Photography seems to be rather good at portraiture, or can be. But, it can't tell you about space, which
11570-435: The finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting , or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time. Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques but may also impede
11700-426: The first seven of his ten Compositions . Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the color of middle C on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello. Kandinsky's stage design for
11830-470: The ground. He then had his assistants and friends urinate on the still-wet Paint to witness the visible changes that would occur. Menstrual Painting Other interesting painting mediums have helped women and menstruating individuals gain freedom and liberty over their bodies. Blood from menstrual periods has been used to paint images across the world for centuries. Sarah Maple, a contemporary artist, has used her menstrual blood to create portraits to help erase
11960-418: The historic value of craft and documentation in favour of concept . This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of pluralism , there is no consensus as to a representative style of
12090-444: The image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic. Action painting , sometimes called gestural abstraction , is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied. The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style
12220-424: The ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. Enamels are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike most painted techniques,
12350-450: The late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of realism . The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism
12480-698: The lowest layer of material at these sites, there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old. Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a limestone rock-shelter in the Kimberley region of North-Western Australia, that is dated to 40,000 years old. There are examples of cave paintings all over the world—in Indonesia , France , Spain , Portugal , Italy , China , India , Australia , Mexico , etc. In Western cultures, oil painting and watercolor painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In
12610-825: The medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as viscosity , miscibility , solubility , drying time, etc. Encaustic painting , also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though canvas and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of waxes , damar resin , linseed oil , or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape
12740-594: The most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored Paris Salon , the Impressionists organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés , created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. Abstract painting uses
12870-767: The north, Griffith Park on the north and east, Los Feliz on the southeast, Hollywood on the south and Hollywood Hills West on the west. It includes Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery , the Hollywood Reservoir , the Hollywood Sign , the Hollywood Bowl and the John Anson Ford Theater . The Hollywood Hills straddle the Cahuenga Pass within the Santa Monica Mountains . It
13000-439: The observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably Impressionism , Post-Impressionism , Fauvism , Expressionism , Cubism , and Dadaism —challenged the Renaissance view of the world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of stylization and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time. Modern and Contemporary art has moved away from
13130-473: The paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or collaged into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox icon tradition. Watercolor
13260-433: The painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book What is Painting? , Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas. In Mirror of The World, Bell writes: A work of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a history of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination. Different types of paint are usually identified by
13390-426: The painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following: Modernism describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural movements , originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in
13520-496: The painting Domestic Scene, Los Angeles , one showering while the other washes his back. In the summer of 1966, while teaching at UCLA , he met Peter Schlesinger , an art student who posed for paintings and drawings, and with whom he became romantically involved. Another of Hockney's romantic partners who was the subject of his work was Gregory Evans; the two met in 1971 and began a relationship in 1974. While no longer romantically involved, they still work together, with Evans managing
13650-722: The painting may incorporate multiple other materials, including sand, clay , paper, plaster , gold leaf , and even whole objects. Painting is an important form of visual art , bringing in elements such as drawing , composition , gesture , narration , and abstraction . Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in still life and landscape painting ), photographic , abstract, narrative, symbolistic (as in Symbolist art ), emotive (as in Expressionism ) or political in nature (as in Artivism ). A portion of
13780-487: The paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting . A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as poster paint . Fresco
13910-438: The paintings started in 2013 "twenty-hour exposures" because each sitting took six to seven hours on three consecutive days. Hockney experimented with printmaking as early as a lithograph Self-Portrait in 1954 and worked in etchings during his time at RCA. In 1965, the print workshop Gemini G.E.L. approached him to create a series of lithographs with a Los Angeles theme. Hockney responded by creating The Hollywood Collection ,
14040-459: The previous record which was set by the 2013 sale of Jeff Koons ' Balloon Dog (Orange) for $ 58.4 million. Hockney held the record until 15 May 2019 when Koons reclaimed the honour by selling his Rabbit for more than $ 91 million at Christie's in New York. David Hockney was born in Bradford , West Riding of Yorkshire , England, the fourth of five children of Kenneth Hockney (1904-1978) who
14170-637: The reign of Queen Elizabeth II . Unveiled in September 2018, the Queen's Window is located in the north transept of the Abbey and features a hawthorn blossom scene which is set in Yorkshire. From 2010 to 2014, Hockney created multi-camera movies using three to eighteen cameras to record a single scene. He filmed the landscape of Yorkshire in various seasons, jugglers and dancers, and his own exhibitions within
14300-582: The same subjects – his family, employees, artists Mo McDermott and Maurice Payne, various writers he has known, fashion designers Celia Birtwell and Ossie Clark ( Mr. and Mrs. Clark and Percy , 1970–71), curator Henry Geldzahler , art dealer Nicholas Wilder , George Lawson and his ballet dancer lover, Wayne Sleep , and also his romantic interests throughout the years, including Peter Schlesinger and Gregory Evans. Perhaps more than all of these, Hockney has turned to his own figure year after year, creating over 300 self-portraits. From 1999 to 2001 Hockney used
14430-490: The same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an oil medium in which one end of the molecule has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a solution . Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto
14560-580: The screen. The resulting work was featured in a BBC series that profiled several artists. In 1999–2001, David's sister, Margaret, began experimenting with digital photography, scanning and computer printing, particularly making images of flowers scanning a small Japanese vase and fresh flowers. In 2003, she was experimenting with Photoshop , scanning summer flowers and building up images in layers which Margaret printed out on an A3 printer. In 2004, David went to stay with Margaret and she helped him scan his sketchbook of Yorkshire landscape and David soon began using
14690-401: The specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut logos or hand-cut by artists. Water miscible oil paints (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of oil paint engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water, rather than having to use chemicals such as turpentine . It can be mixed and applied using
14820-425: The surface can be handled and wetted Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects, but have also been used for other purposes. Limoges enamel was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds, on plaques or objects such as salts or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as
14950-411: The taboo covering the topic of periods. Style is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an individual artist's work. It can also refer to the movement or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed
15080-536: The use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent. The word " red ", for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as F or C♯ . For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.). Painters deal practically with pigments , so " blue " for
15210-630: The works and the exhibition, which ran until January 2007, was one of the gallery's most successful. In 2009, "David Hockney: Just Nature" attracted some 100,000 visitors at the Kunsthalle Würth in Schwäbisch Hall , Germany. From 21 January 2012 to 9 April 2012, the Royal Academy presented A Bigger Picture , which included more than 150 works, many of which take entire walls in the gallery's brightly lit rooms. The exhibition
15340-468: The years. He is a staunch pro-tobacco campaigner. In 2005 he fought to stop the ban on smoking in pubs and restaurants. At the Labour Party conference he held up a card saying "DEATH awaits you all even if you do smoke". He was invited to guest-edit BBC Radio's Today programme on 29 December 2009 in which he aired his views on the subject. In 2013 he wrote a foreword and provided illustrations for
15470-491: Was 26 in 1963, and by 1970 the Whitechapel Gallery in London had organised the first of several major retrospectives, which subsequently travelled to three European institutions. LACMA also hosted a retrospective exhibition in 1988 which travelled to The Met , New York, and Tate , London. In 2004, he was included in the cross-generational Whitney Biennial , where his portraits appeared in a gallery with those of
15600-546: Was an accountant's clerk who later ran his own accountancy business, and who had been a conscientious objector in the Second World War , and Laura (1900-1999) née Thompson, a devout Methodist and strict vegetarian. He was educated at Wellington Primary School, Bradford Grammar School , Bradford College of Art (his teachers there included Frank Lisle and his fellow students included Derek Boshier , Pauline Boty , Norman Stevens, David Oxtoby, and John Loker ) and
15730-705: Was awarded the Lorenzo de' Medici Lifetime Career Award of the Florence Biennale, Italy. Commissioned by The Other Art Fair, a November 2011 poll of 1,000 British painters and sculptors declared him Britain's most influential artist of all time. In 2012, Hockney was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork–the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover–to celebrate
15860-520: Was bought by the National Gallery of Australia for $ 4.6 million. Beverly Hills Housewife (1966–67), a 12-foot-long acrylic that depicts the collector Betty Freeman standing by her pool in a long hot-pink dress, sold for $ 7.9 million at Christie's in New York in 2008, the top lot of the sale and a record price for a Hockney. This was topped in 2016 when his Woldgate Woods landscape made £9.4 million at auction. The record
15990-413: Was broken again in 2018 with the sale of Piscine de Medianoche ( Paper Pool 30) for $ 11.74 million and then doubled in the same Sotheby's auction when Pacific Coast Highway and Santa Monica sold for $ 28.5 million. On 15 November 2018, David Hockney's 1972 painting Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) sold at Christie's for $ 90.3 million with fees, surpassing the previous auction record for
16120-814: Was curated by Gregory Evans and included the only public showing of The Great Wall , developed during research for Secret Knowledge , and works from 1999 to 2013 in a variety of media from camera lucida drawings to watercolours, oil paintings, and digital works. From 9 February to 29 May 2017 David Hockney was presented at the Tate Britain , becoming the most-visited exhibition in the gallery's history. The exhibition marked Hockney's 80th year and gathered together "an extensive selection of David Hockney's most famous works celebrating his achievements in painting, drawing, print, photography and video across six decades". Tabish Khan in his five-star review for Londonist draws attention to Hockney's adaptation of new technology for
16250-557: Was held at the Fitzwilliam Museum , Cambridge and at the city's Heong Gallery. In 2023 the Honolulu Museum of Art (HoMA) presented "David Hockney: Perspective Should Be Reversed, Prints from the Collections of Jordan D. Schnitzer and His Family Foundation." The exhibition is the largest retrospective print exhibition of Hockney's career, with more than 100 colourful prints, collages and photographic and iPad drawings, in
16380-522: Was hung in the Royal Academy 's largest gallery in its annual Summer Exhibition . This work "is a monumental-scale view of a coppice in Hockney's native Yorkshire, between Bridlington and York. It was painted on 50 individual canvases, mostly working in situ, over five weeks last winter." In 2008, he donated it to Tate in London, saying: "I thought if I'm going to give something to the Tate I want to give them something really good. It's going to be here for
16510-448: Was inspired to make a series of paintings of swimming pools in the comparatively new acrylic medium using vibrant colours. He lived at various times in Los Angeles, London, and Paris from the late 1960s to 1970s. In 1974 he began a decade-long personal relationship with Gregory Evans who moved with him to the US in 1976 and as of 2019 remains a business partner. In 1978 he rented a home in
16640-467: Was terminally ill, encouraged him to capture the local surroundings. At first he did this with paintings based on memory, some from his boyhood. In 1998, he completed his painting of the Yorkshire landmark, Garrowby Hill . Hockney returned to Yorkshire for increasingly longer stays and by 2003 was painting the countryside en plein air in both oils and watercolour. He set up residence and studio in
16770-405: Was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even frankincense ; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with Early Netherlandish painting in northern Europe, and by the height of
16900-433: Was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s and is closely associated with abstract expressionism (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably). Other modernist styles include: Hollywood Hills The Hollywood Hills is a residential neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California . It borders Studio City , Universal City and Burbank on
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