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65-657: The David Livingstone Birthplace Museum is a biographical museum in Blantyre, South Lanarkshire , Scotland, dedicated to the life and work of the explorer and missionary David Livingstone . The museum is operated by the David Livingstone Trust and is housed in a category A listed building often referred to as Shuttle Row. The museum rests on the grounds of the David Livingstone Birthplace, which contains historic grounds as well as

130-633: A Scottish National Memorial to David Livingstone was established in 1925 and the tenement in which Livingstone was born was acquired in 1927. In 1926, the architect and town planner Sir Frank Mears was engaged to oversee the development of the project. The memorial opened publicly in 1929. The early "vision" of DLT was formed from rising concerns towards the dilapidated condition of the Blantyre Cotton Spinning Works (including David Livingstone's birthplace in Shuttle Row), and

195-541: A common source, or fonds , should be kept together – where practicable, physically, but in all cases intellectually, in the way in which they are catalogued and arranged in finding aids . Conversely, records of different provenance should be preserved and documented separately. In archival practice, proof of provenance is provided by the operation of control systems that document the history of records kept in archives, including details of amendments made to them. The authority of an archival document or set of documents of which

260-493: A detailed provenance is given in the Arnolfini portrait . The quality of provenance of an important work of art can make a considerable difference to its selling price in the market. This is affected by the degree of certainty of the provenance, the status of past owners as collectors, and in many cases by the strength of evidence that an object has not been illegally excavated or exported from another country. The provenance of

325-446: A great deal of effort into researching the provenance of paintings in their collections for which there is no firm provenance during that period. Documented evidence of provenance for an object can help to establish that it has not been altered and is not a forgery, a reproduction, stolen or looted art . Provenance helps assign the work to a known artist, and a documented history can be of use in helping to prove ownership. An example of

390-519: A model of Blantyre Works by Charles d’Orville Pilkington Jackson and a spinning jenny . Charles D'Orville Pilkington Jackson was commissioned to sculpt the several bronze tableaux depicting the life of Livingstone and a World Fountain in the Memorial grounds prior to the opening in 1929. After opening in 1929, an additional sculpture by Pilkington-Jackson was carved from oak and named "The last Journey" prior to being placed on display from 1930. In

455-472: A more general work on the artist, period or genre. Similarly, a photograph of a painting may show inscriptions (or a signature) that subsequently became lost as a result of overzealous restoration. Conversely, a photograph may show that an inscription was not visible at an earlier date. One of the disputed aspects of the "Rice" portrait of Jane Austen concerns apparent inscriptions identifying artist and sitter. Provenance – also known as custodial history –

520-588: A painting whose current ownership and location are known, it is important to record the physical details of the painting – style, subject, signature, materials, dimensions, frame, etc. The titles of paintings and the attribution to a particular artist may change over time. The size of the work and its description can be used to identify earlier references to the painting. The back of a painting can contain significant provenance information. There may be exhibition marks, dealer stamps, gallery labels and other indications of previous ownership. There may be shipping labels. In

585-417: A photograph of the item with its original owner. Simple yet definitive documentation such as that can increase its value by an order of magnitude, but only if the owner was of high renown. Many items that were sold at auction have gone far past their estimates because of a photograph showing that item with a famous person. Some examples include antiques owned by politicians, musicians, artists, actors, etc. In

650-409: A piano's provenance. Pianos can sell for millions of dollars, when the provenance is significant enough to increase its value well beyond what it would be worth as a musical instrument alone. When decisions need to be made in a court of law for a bankruptcy, or before a piano goes up for auction, or when an educational institution needs to establish a value for a deed of trust being established with

715-504: A private transaction, there may be a bill of sale or sales receipt that provides evidence of provenance. Where the artist is known, there may be a catalogue raisonné listing all the artist's known works and their location at the time of writing. A database of catalogues raisonné is available at the International Foundation for Art Research . Historic photos of the painting may be discussed and illustrated in

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780-505: A similar vein to the Pilkington-Jackson tableaux, the early founders of DLT had a desire to develop artistic representations of David Livingstone's life through the creation of imaginative story-focused displays. The initial appointment of Archibald Elliot Haswell Miller resulted in the creation of works designed to fit with the thematic scheme of each gallery. This included a series of 8 wall panels executed in tempera telling

845-460: A site. Artifacts can be moved through looting as well as trade, far from their place of origin and long before modern rediscovery. Many source nations have passed legislation forbidding the domestic trade in cultural heritage. Further research is often required to establish the true provenance and legal status of a find, and what the relationship is between the exact provenience and the overall provenance. In paleontology and paleoanthropology , it

910-429: A work of art may vary greatly in length, depending on context or the amount that is known, from a single name to an entry in a scholarly catalogue some thousands of words long. An expert certification can mean the difference between an object having no value and being worth a fortune. Certifications themselves may be open to question. Jacques van Meegeren forged the work of his father Han van Meegeren , who had forged

975-805: A £6.3 million grant for the refurbishment of the museum, collection and cafe buildings as part of the Birthplace Project. The project has been funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, Historic Environment Scotland and the Scottish Government. David Livingstone's writings and illustrations provide a detailed account into the cultural identities of the communities, people and environments he made contact with during his expeditions throughout Southern Africa . The diaries and writings of those who knew, worked with or came into contact with David Livingstone provide further insights into

1040-449: Is a core concept within archival science and archival processing . The term refers to the individuals, groups, or organizations that originally created or received the items in an accumulation of records, and to the items' subsequent chain of custody . The principle of provenance, also termed the principle of "archival integrity", and a major strand in the broader principle of respect des fonds , stipulates that records originating from

1105-578: Is a significant collection of 18th century - early 20th century books which was made available to the workers of the Blantyre Works Mill. These books would have been available to David Livingstone and his family when they lived in Shuttle Row in the 1800s. 55°48′08″N 4°05′02″W  /  55.80223°N 4.08385°W  / 55.80223; -4.08385 Biographical museum Too Many Requests If you report this error to

1170-417: Is an inscription on the object, or an account of it in written materials from the same era, an object of study in archaeology or cultural anthropology may have an early provenance – a known history that predates modern research – then a provenience from its modern finding, and finally a continued provenance relating to its handling and storage or display after the modern acquisition. Evidence of provenance in

1235-561: Is authenticated before a piano is inducted into a museum, sold at an auction, or appraised for an estate or legal action, when it has extraordinary value in connection to a composer, performer, event or location that has become famous. For example, the piano that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart used during the final 10 years of his life, is on display in the Mozarteum Museum in Salzberg, one of many historical pianos in museums around

1300-430: Is recognized that fossils can also move from their primary context and are sometimes found, apparently in-situ , in deposits to which they do not belong because they have been moved, for example, by the erosion of nearby but different outcrops . It is unclear how strictly paleontology maintains the provenience and provenance distinction. For example, a short glossary at a website, primarily aimed at young students, of

1365-406: Is that provenience is an artifact's "birthplace", while provenance is its " résumé ". This can be imprecise. Many artifacts originated as trade goods created in one region, but were used and finally deposited in another. Aside from scientific precision, a need for the distinction in these fields has been described thus: Archaeologists ... don't care who owned an object—they are more interested in

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1430-463: The American Museum of Natural History treats the terms as synonymous, while scholarly paleontology works make frequent use of provenience in the same precise sense as used in archaeology and paleoanthropology. While exacting details of a find's provenience are primarily of use to scientific researchers, most natural history and archaeology museums also make strenuous efforts to record how

1495-578: The U.S. Global Change Research Program . Some international academic consortia, such as the Research Data Alliance , have specific groups to tackle issues of provenance. In that case it is the Research Data Provenance Interest Group. Within computer science , informatics uses the term "provenance" to mean the lineage of data , as per data provenance, with research in the last decade extending

1560-561: The 1880s, about a century after provenance . Outside of academic contexts, it has been used as a synonymous variant spelling of provenance , especially in American English . Any given antiquity may have both a provenience, where it was found, and a provenance, where it has been since it was found. A summary of the distinction is that "provenience is a fixed point, while provenance can be considered an itinerary that an object follows as it moves from hand to hand." Another metaphor

1625-521: The BBC TV programme Fake or Fortune? the provenance of the painting Bords de la Seine à Argenteuil was investigated using a gallery sticker and shipping label on the back. Early provenance can sometimes be indicated by a cartellino , a trompe-l'œil representation of an inscribed label, added to the front of a painting. However, these can be forged, or can fade or be painted over. Auction records are an important resource to assist in researching

1690-507: The Mediterranean region during late Roman times" says an archaeologist. ... [P]rovenance for an art historian is important to establish ownership, but provenience is interesting to an archaeologist to establish meaning. In this context, the provenance can occasionally be the detailed history of where an object has been since its creation, as in art history contexts – not just since its modern finding. In some cases, such as where there

1755-514: The Netherlands in 1898, often referred to as the " Dutch Manual ". Seamus Ross has argued a case for adapting established principles and theories of archival provenance to the field of modern digital preservation and curation. Provenance is also the title of the journal published by the Society of Georgia Archivists. In the case of books, the study of provenance refers to the study of

1820-829: The OPM Vocabulary and the PROV Ontology make extensive use of metadata models such as Dublin Core and Semantic Web technologies such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL). Current practice is to rely on the W3C PROV data model, OPM's successor. There are several maintained and open-source provenance capture implementation at the operating system level such as CamFlow, Progger for Linux and MS Windows, and SPADE for Linux, MS Windows , and MacOS . Operating system level provenance have gained interest in

1885-644: The Preservations Artisans Guild, were chosen by Mercersburg Academy to research and authenticate the provenance of the Lennon - Ono - Green - Warhol piano before it was put up for sale to fund a Deed of Trust by the Shaool Family to Mercersburg Academy for future student scholarships. Because this piano was part of a famous lawsuit in 2000 and had extensive coverage as the "Lost Lennon Piano", when provenance research done by Lile

1950-591: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 911700093 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:47:40 GMT Provenance The primary purpose of tracing the provenance of an object or entity is normally to provide contextual and circumstantial evidence for its original production or discovery, by establishing, as far as practicable, its later history, especially

2015-639: The acquisition of 19th century Blantyre Works Library and progressed with the steady acquisition of objects provenanced to the Blantyre Cotton Works including items such as bobbins used in mill, a handkerchief spun, woven and dyed at the Blantyre Works, the Works Bell, the Blantyre Works boardroom table, and a range archival material. In addition, there are some objects representative or associated with Blantyre Cotton Works including

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2080-698: The better-known provenance representation systems that preceded it, such as the Proof Markup Language and the Open Provenance Model. Interoperability is a design goal of most recent computer science provenance theories and models, for example the Open Provenance Model (OPM) 2008 generation workshop aimed at "establishing inter-operability of systems" through information exchange agreements. Data models and serialisation formats for delivering provenance information typically reuse existing metadata models where possible to enable this. Both

2145-609: The books owned by a writer may help to show which works influenced him or her. Many provenance studies are historically focused, and concentrated on books owned by writers, politicians and public figures. The recent ownership of books is studied, however, as is evidence of how ordinary or anonymous readers have interacted with books. Provenance can be studied both by examining the books themselves, for instance looking at inscriptions, marginalia , bookplates , book rhymes , and bindings, and by reference to external sources of information such as auction catalogues. Provenance for pianos

2210-438: The collection; a key example being the inventory created by Jacob Wainwright soon after David Livingstone died, written into Livingstone's last field diary. The collecting of material related to Blantyre Cotton Works was led by a desire to preserve the buildings and the heritage of the site as central to the understanding of David Livingstone's early life, including his family, home and work. This process  began in 1927 with

2275-650: The conceptual model of causality and relation to include processes that act on data and agents that are responsible for those processes. See, for example, the proceedings of the International Provenance Annotation Workshop (IPAW) and Theory and Practice of Provenance (TaPP). Semantic web standards bodies, including the World Wide Web Consortium in 2014, have ratified a standard data model for provenance representation known as PROV which draws from many of

2340-418: The context of an object within the community of its (mostly original) users. ... [W]e are interested in why a Roman coin turned up in a shipwreck 400 years after it was made; while art historians don't really care, since they can generally figure out what mint a coin came from by the information stamped on its surface. "It's a Roman coin, what else do we need to know?" says an art historian; "The shipping trade in

2405-522: The context of discussions about the restitution of cultural objects in museum collections of colonial origin , the AfricaMuseum in Belgium started to publicly present information about such objects in its permanent exhibition in 2021. The objective of provenance research is to produce a complete list of owners (together, where possible, with the supporting documentary proof) from when the painting

2470-786: The creation of an Emergency Executive Committee in January 1926. That same year, a broader vision to develop Shuttle Row into a memorial and visitor attraction unfolded and an international appeal was launched. On Whitsunday (5 June) 1927, the Executive Committee successfully acquired the site. With the site and buildings being secured, work on Shuttle Row was able to begin and the collection was able to subsequently grow, with an official opening ceremony on 5 October 1929. The 'Scottish National Memorial to David Livingstone Trust' (DLT) became legally recognised through its 'Memorandum and Articles of Association' on 20 October 1930. From 1999,

2535-421: The desire to create a permanent memorial to celebrate his life and legacy. In 1913, the centenary year of David Livingstone's birth, the buildings became condemned unfit for human habitation. This resulted in the steady formation of a movement led in-part by architect Sir Frank Charles Mears and Rev. James I. MacNair concerned for the preservation of the Shuttle Row and associated site buildings. This culminated in

2600-435: The gift of a piano, then experts are usually hired to authenticate the piano's provenance. Piano provenance has emerged as a field of study with experts having college degrees in some specialty connected to the piano or to art combined with professional training and experience in the field. Most experts belong to some form of association. For example, Karen Earle Lile niece of Tony Terran and Kendall Ross Bean , members of

2665-406: The history of Blantyre Mills and Village. The centre depicts Livingstone's life from his early childhood working in the mill, to his travels throughout Southern Africa . These are illustrated with the aid of various pieces of his navigational and medical equipment, interspersed with artefacts from Livingstone's family, contemporaries, and Southern Africa . A committee to promote the creation of

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2730-440: The items in their collections were acquired. These records are often of use in helping to establish a chain of provenance. Scientific research is generally held to be of good provenance when it is documented in detail sufficient to allow reproducibility . Scientific workflow systems assist scientists and programmers with tracking their data through all transformations, analyses, and interpretations. Data sets are reliable when

2795-675: The legal term chain of custody . For museums and the art trade , in addition to helping establish the authorship and authenticity of an object, provenance has become increasingly important in helping establish the moral and legal validity of a chain of custody, given the increasing amount of looted art . These issues first became a major concern regarding works that had changed hands in Nazi-controlled areas in Europe before and during World War II. Many museums began compiling pro-active registers of such works and their history. Recently

2860-528: The more general sense can be of importance in archaeology. Fakes are not unknown, and finds are sometimes removed from the context in which they were found without documentation, reducing their value to science. Even when apparently discovered in situ , archaeological finds are treated with caution. The provenience of a find may not be properly represented by the context in which it was found, e.g. due to stratigraphic layers being disturbed by erosion, earthquakes, or ancient reconstruction or other disturbance at

2925-524: The museum. It is located in the former textile mill buildings which once housed 24 families including Livingstone's, and where he was born on 19 March 1813. The Collection at the David Livingstone Birthplace Museum held by The Scottish National Memorial to David Livingstone Trust (SC015490) contains a diverse range of material exploring the life, work and legacy of David Livingstone (including his family and associates) and

2990-624: The operational aspects at the Centre have been delivered through a Tripartite Management Agreement with the National Trust for Scotland (NTS), South Lanarkshire Council (SLC) and the David Livingstone Trust. NTS operated the Centre (including managing the Collection) with SLC undertaking the maintenance of the wider site. The Museum is now operated by the David Livingstone Trust, as of April 2017. The Trust have been successful in getting

3055-513: The ownership of individual copies of books. It is usually extended to include the study of the circumstances in which individual copies of books have changed ownership, and of evidence left in books that shows how readers interacted with them. Provenance studies may shed light on the books themselves, providing evidence of the role particular titles have played in social, intellectual and literary history. Such studies may also add to our knowledge of particular owners of books. For instance, looking at

3120-429: The piano. For a piano, provenance can be established by starting with the authentication of the brand of manufacture and serial number, which will usually identify age. Then bills of sale, tuning records, bills of lading, concert programs that identify a piano by serial number, letters, famous signatures inside or on the outside of a piano, statements under oath in a court of law and photographs can all help authenticate

3185-435: The potential of improving with age , the issue of provenance has a large bearing on the assessment of the contents of a bottle, both in terms of quality and the risk of wine fraud . A documented history of wine cellar conditions is valuable in estimating the quality of an older vintage due to the fragile nature of wine. Recent technology developments have aided collectors in assessing the temperature and humidity history of

3250-488: The processes used to create them are reproducible and analyzable for defects. Security researchers are interested in data provenance because it can analyze suspicious data and make large opaque systems transparent. Current initiatives to effectively manage, share, and reuse ecological data are indicative of the increasing importance of data provenance. Examples of these initiatives are National Science Foundation Datanet projects, DataONE and Data Conservancy, as well as

3315-564: The provenance is uncertain, because of gaps in the recorded chain of custody, will be considered to be severely compromised. The principles of archival provenance were developed in the 19th century by both French and Prussian archivists, and gained widespread acceptance on the basis of their formulation in the Manual for the Arrangement and Description of Archives by Dutch state archivists Samuel Muller, J. A. Feith, and R. Fruin, published in

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3380-461: The provenance of paintings. If a painting has been in private hands for an extended period and on display in a stately home , it may be recorded in an inventory – for example, the Lumley inventory . The painting may also have been noticed by a visitor who subsequently wrote about it. It may have been mentioned in a will or a diary. Where the painting has been bought from a dealer, or changed hands in

3445-407: The provenience is recorded in three dimensions on a site grid with great precision, and may also be recorded on video to provide additional proof and context. In older work, often undertaken by amateurs, only the general site or approximate area may be known, especially when an artifact was found outside a professional excavation and its specific position not recorded. The term provenience appeared in

3510-495: The same concerns have come to prominence for works of African art , often exported illegally, and antiquities from many parts of the world, but currently especially in Iraq , and then Syria . In archaeology and paleontology , the derived term provenience is used with a related but very particular meaning, to refer to the location (in modern research, recorded precisely in three dimensions) where an artifact or other ancient item

3575-419: The security community notably to develop novel intrusion detection techniques. Other implementations exist for specific programming and scripting languages, such as RDataTracker for R , and NoWorkflow for Python . In the geologic use of the term, provenance instead refers to the origin or source area of particles within a rock, most commonly in sedimentary rocks . It does not refer to the circumstances of

3640-456: The sequences of its formal ownership, custody and places of storage. The practice has a particular value in helping authenticate objects. Comparative techniques, expert opinions and the results of scientific tests may also be used to these ends, but establishing provenance is essentially a matter of documentation . The term dates to the 1780s in English. Provenance is conceptually comparable to

3705-437: The smartphone user. This takes the trust issue out of the hands of the owner and gives it to a third party for verification. Archaeology and anthropology researchers use provenience to refer to the exact location or find spot of an artifact , a bone or other remains, a soil sample, or a feature within an ancient site, whereas provenance covers an object's complete documented history. Ideally, in modern excavations,

3770-583: The story of David Livingstone's early life installed prior to opening in 1929 before being supplemented by a further four murals and recorded as such in 1932. Each of the murals were financed through concerted efforts by DLT, successfully seeking support from a range of Christian, youth and educational establishments across Scotland. Since 1932, this collection has steadily grown to include a total of 19 works by Haswell Miller consisting of paintings executed on canvas and board representative of themes and stories related to David Livingstone. The Blantyre Works Library

3835-481: The value of a painting, and establishing provenance may help confirm the date, artist and, especially for portraits, the subject of a painting. It may confirm whether a painting is genuinely of the period it seems to date from. The provenance of paintings can help resolve ownership disputes. For example, provenance between 1933 and 1945 can determine whether a painting was looted by the Nazis . Many galleries are putting

3900-408: The wine which are two key components in establishing perfect provenance. For example, there are devices available that rest inside the wood case and can be read through the wood by waving a smartphone equipped with a simple app. These devices track the conditions the case has been exposed to for the duration of the battery life, which can be as long as 15 years, and sends a graph and high/low readings to

3965-591: The work of Vermeer . Jacques sometimes produced a certificate with his forgeries, stating that a work was created by his father. John Drewe was able to pass off as genuine paintings, a large number of forgeries that would have easily been recognised as such by scientific examination. He established an impressive, but false provenance. Because of this, galleries and dealers accepted the paintings as genuine. He created this false provenance by forging letters and other documents, including false entries in earlier exhibition catalogues. Sometimes provenance can be as simple as

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4030-515: The world. The 300,000th Steinway piano that was presented to President Franklin D. Roosevelt by Theodore Steinway, on behalf of the Steinway family is on display in the White House. It is one of many pianos with a provenance that have extraordinary value because of art, sculpture or design incorporated into the cabinet. It has legs carved into golden eagles and figures painted on the body of

4095-418: Was commissioned or in the artist's studio through to the present time. In practice, there are likely to be gaps in the list and documents that are missing or lost. The documented provenance should also list when the painting has been part of an exhibition and a bibliography of when it has been discussed, or illustrated in print. Where the research is proceeding backwards, to discover the previous provenance of

4160-402: Was found. Provenance covers an object's complete documented history. An artifact may thus have both a provenience and a provenance. The provenance of works of fine art , antiques and antiquities is of great importance, especially to their owner. There are a number of reasons why painting provenance is important, which mostly also apply to other types of fine art. A good provenance increases

4225-672: Was revealed by the Alex Cooper Auctioneers to the public, the provenance became the subject of dozens of newspapers and magazines that picked up the story. In the case of sculpture or art that are incorporated into the piano's cabinet, experts might be come from the field of art valuation and belong to an appraiser society such as the American Society of Appraisers or the International Society of Appraisers. In transactions of old wine with

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