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102-558: David was the morganatic son of the Georgian King George IV and a woman of non-noble origin. Because of this, he was considered an illegitimate son in the circles of the Georgian nobility, so his father was succeeded by his sister Rusudan upon his death in 1223. Since Georgia became a Mongol vassal in 1236 and no longer depended so much on the will of the local nobility, Rusudan, fearing that he would want to ascend

204-511: A French peerage or not) were also legally noble ad infinitum . Rank was not based on hereditary titles, which were often assumed or acquired by purchase of a noble estate rather than granted by the Crown. Rather, the main determinant of relative rank among the French nobility was how far back the nobility of a family's male line could be verifiably traced. Other factors influencing rank included

306-478: A left-handed marriage , is a marriage between people of unequal social rank , which in the context of royalty or other inherited title prevents the principal's position or privileges being passed to the spouse, or any children born of the marriage. The concept is most prevalent in German-speaking territories and countries most influenced by the customs of the German-speaking realms. Generally, this

408-692: A nobleman by birth of the Xhosa Thembus that reside in the Transkei region of the Cape coast, was nevertheless unable to ascend the throne of the Kumkani (or king) of the entire Thembu tribe, even though he descended in the legitimate, male line from the holders of this title. Nearly two centuries ago, Ngubengcuka (d. 1832), who ruled as the Kumkani of the Thembu people, married and subsequently left

510-594: A "royal or sovereign family", could transmit succession rights and titles to descendants. Alexander III forbade Romanov morganatic marriages altogether by issuance of ukase #5868 on 24 March 1889 amending article #63 of the Statute on the Imperial Family in the Pauline laws . By ukase #35731, dated 11 August 1911, Nicholas II amended the amendment, reducing application of this restriction from all members of

612-477: A Germanic custom, was adopted from the Old High German term *morgangeba (modern German Morgengabe ), corresponding to Early English morgengifu . The literal meaning is explained in a 16th-century passage quoted by Du Cange as, "a marriage by which the wife and the children that may be born are entitled to no share in the husband's possessions beyond the 'morning-gift'". The morning gift has been

714-551: A Württemberg prince, had the distinction of being under consideration for the crowns of five realms at different times: that of the Kingdom of Württemberg in the 1890s, as the senior agnate by primogeniture when it became likely that King William II would die without male descendants, leaving as heir Duke Albrecht of Württemberg , a more distantly related, albeit dynastic, royal kinsman; the Principality of Albania in 1913;

816-659: A battle near Akhaldaba , and then brutally plundered the country. The Mongol campaign continued during the winter, and the following year the king was forced to flee to Imereti , which the Mongols failed to conquer. David's family was captured, and his wife Gvantsa was killed. Peace with the Mongols was achieved in 1262, when David Ulu returned to Tbilisi to reclaim his crown as a Mongol vassal, pledging allegiance to Hulegu , while David Narin only nominally recognized Mongol rule in Imereti. The reason for Hulegu's tolerance towards

918-457: A customary property arrangement for marriage found first in early medieval Germanic cultures (such as the Lombards ) and also among ancient Germanic tribes, and the church drove its adoption into other countries in order to improve the wife's security by this additional benefit. The bride received property from the bridegroom's clan. It was intended to ensure her livelihood in widowhood, and it

1020-692: A duke of Mecklenburg and heir to his uncle Duke Charles Michael . In 1949, and again in 1999, various morganatic members of the Bavarian Royal House were recognised as princes and princesses of Bavaria, with the current head of the house, Franz von Bayern , being among the beneficiaries of his father's ruling, having been born of a marriage initially deemed morganatic. In the former Royal Family of Saxony Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen adopted and designated as his heir his nephew Alexander Afif , thus bypassing his agnatic cousin's morganatic son, Rüdiger von Sachsen , and his three sons. When

1122-550: A lack of male heirs. In 1896 the Princely House of Schwarzburg , with the Sondershausen branch numbering two elderly childless princes and Rudolstadt just one childless prince, recognised Prince Sizzo von Leutenberg , morganatic son of Friedrich Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt , as a Prince of Schwarzburg and heir to the two principalities. The senior line of the dynasty ruling the Principality of Lippe

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1224-503: A morganatic marriage. The King estimated that the newspapers in favour had a circulation of 12.5 million, and those against had 8.5 million. Backed by Churchill and Beaverbrook, Edward proposed to broadcast a speech indicating his desire to remain on the throne or to be recalled to it if forced to abdicate, while marrying Mrs Simpson morganatically. In one section, Edward proposed to say: Neither Mrs. Simpson nor I have ever sought to insist that she should be queen. All we desired

1326-460: A number of its peoples have legalized traditional authority as manifested in the recognized hereditary transmission of chieftaincy in historically relevant regions of the continent (e.g., the Asantehene of Ghana ). An example of the form that morganatic unions tend to take amongst African royalty can be found in the biography of Nelson Mandela , the late leader of South Africa . Mandela,

1428-488: A reigning or mediatised royal house. Those princes that did so anyway lost all rights of succession to the throne themselves, and were no longer considered dynastic members of the royal house; their marriages were never considered morganatic but simply unequal . Standards of social classification and marital rules resembling the traditions of dynastic Europe can also be found in a number of sovereign nations in Africa . Here,

1530-554: A son named Mandela, who became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. However, because Mandela was only the Inkosi 's child by a wife of the Ixhiba lineage, a so-called "Left-Hand House", the descendants of his cadet branch of the Thembu royal family remain ineligible to succeed to the Thembu throne, which is itself one of the several traditional seats that are still officially recognized by South Africa's government. Instead,

1632-762: A title, but legitimated George and incorporated him into the Russian nobility under the surname "Brassov" in 1915: nonetheless he and his mother used the comital title from 1915, only being granted a princely prefix in exile by Cyril Vladimirovich, Grand Duke of Russia in 1928. In the throes of the First World War, Nicholas II allowed his sister Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia to end her loveless marriage to her social equal, Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg , and quietly marry commoner Colonel Nikolai Alexandrovich Kulikovsky . Both Michael's and Olga's descendants from these marriages were excluded from

1734-425: Is a marriage between a man of high birth (such as from a reigning , deposed or mediatised dynasty) and a woman of lesser status (such as a daughter of a low-ranked noble family or a commoner). Usually, neither the bride nor any children of the marriage has a claim on the bridegroom's succession rights , titles, precedence, or entailed property. The children are considered legitimate for all other purposes and

1836-564: The Almanach de Gotha to gazette dynastic events, Germany's deposed heads of state continued to notify its editors of changes in family members' status and traditional titles. In 1919 the morganatic wife and children of Prince Oskar of Prussia , the counts and countesses von Ruppin, were upgraded to princes and princesses of Prussia by the exiled Kaiser Wilhelm II . In 1928 Georg, Count von Carlow , morganatic son of Duke George Alexander of Mecklenburg and commoner Natalia Vanljarskaya, became

1938-420: The princes étrangers and, by royal command, with the so-called princes légitimés (i.e., out-of-wedlock but legitimised descendants of Henry IV and Louis XIV ), as well as with the nieces of Cardinal-prime ministers (i.e., Richelieu , Mazarin ). Just as the French king could authorize a royal marriage that would otherwise have been deemed unsuitable, by 1635 it had been established by Louis XIII that

2040-571: The Battle of Köse Dağ on 26 June 1243. After this battle, the Sultanate became a vassal state of the Mongol Empire and was forced to release David VII Ulu . Baiju demanded the submission of Principality of Antioch too in 1244. He made a raid on Abbasid Caliphate in 1245. He also led Mongol tumens to raid Syria in 1246. He received ambassadors from Pope Innocent IV in 1247. Embassy

2142-533: The Bourbons inherited the throne of France from the House of Valois in 1589, their dynasts married daughters of even the oldest ducal families of France — let alone noblewomen of lower rank — quite rarely (viz., Anne de Montafié in 1601, Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency in 1609 and, in exile from revolutionary France, Maria Caterina Brignole in 1798). Exceptions were made for equal royal intermarriage with

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2244-657: The Danish nobility . Neither of the children of Queen Margrethe II has married a person of either royal birth or of the titled aristocracy. Members of the Royal Family may still lose their place in the line of succession for themselves and their descendants if they marry without the monarch's permission. Morganatic marriage was not recognized as a concept in French law. Since the law did not distinguish, for marital purposes, between ruler and subjects, marriages between royalty and

2346-519: The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg found itself without a male heir at the beginning of the 20th century, the morganatic counts von Merenberg proposed themselves as heirs, being the last legitimate descendants in the male line of the House of Nassau . Grand Duke William IV , however, chose to confirm the law of succession stipulated in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna to allow a female descendant in

2448-763: The Irish Free State . The options were: The second option had European precedents, including Edward's own maternal great-grandfather, Duke Alexander of Württemberg , but no unambiguous parallel in British constitutional history. William Lyon Mackenzie King ( Prime Minister of Canada ), Joseph Lyons ( Prime Minister of Australia ) and J. B. M. Hertzog ( Prime Minister of South Africa ) opposed options 1 and 2. Michael Joseph Savage ( Prime Minister of New Zealand ) rejected option 1 but thought that option 2 "might be possible ... if some solution along these lines were found to be practicable" but "would be guided by

2550-747: The Principality of Monaco at turn of the 20th century, as the next heir by proximity of blood following the Hereditary Prince Louis , until the Monaco succession crisis of 1918 was resolved as the First World War ended; the prospective Grand Duchy of Alsace-Lorraine in 1917; and his abortive election by the Taryba as King Mindaugas II of Lithuania in July 1918. In the event, Duke Wilhelm obtained none of these thrones. Relying upon

2652-921: The Statute of Westminster 1931 , which provided in part that "any alteration in the law touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style and Titles shall hereafter require the assent as well of the Parliaments of all the Dominions as of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ." Baldwin suggested three options to the prime ministers of the five Dominions of which Edward was also king: Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and

2754-585: The younger brother of a then-exiled Duke of Nassau . The count filed a futile suit to establish that his morganatic status in Germany should not exclude him from succession to the throne of Luxembourg after the last male of the House of Orange , King William III of the Netherlands , died in 1890 and it became apparent that the House of Nassau faced the imminent extinction of its male members, as well, upon

2856-684: The "secret marriage" rendered it unnecessary for France to legislate the morganatic marriage per se . Within post-monarchical dynasties, until the end of the 20th century the heads of the Spanish and Italian Bourbon branches, the Orléans of both France and Brazil, and the Imperial Bonapartes have, in exile, exercised claimed authority to exclude from their dynasty descendants born of unapproved marriages — albeit without calling these marriages "morganatic". The practice of morganatic marriage

2958-713: The 1240s and 1250s, the Mongols retained their power in what is roughly modern-day Iran , and tolerated the independence of the Sultanate, Georgia, and petty states in Iran as clients, interfering with dynastic succession and extracting tribute militarily as necessary. However, the Abbasids in Baghdad and the Assassins in the Elbruz mountains maintained their independence until the coming of Hülegü , Möngke's brother, in 1255. Baiju

3060-467: The 21st century, most approved marriages in the British royal family are with untitled commoners and have been for several generations. In 1923, the future George VI (then second in line to the throne as Duke of York ), was the first future British monarch to marry a non-princess or prince since 1659 when the future James VII & II eloped with Anne Hyde . Wives of British peers are entitled to use

3162-591: The American divorcée Wallis Simpson , proposing that he be allowed to do so morganatically and remain king. Baldwin expressed his belief that Mrs. Simpson would be unacceptable to the British people as queen due to her status as a divorcee, which contradicted Church of England doctrine at the time, but agreed to take further soundings. The prospect of the marriage was rejected by the British Cabinet . The other Dominion governments were consulted pursuant to

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3264-721: The Biesterfelds would be deemed morganatic and the Schaumburg-Lippes would inherit the throne. Lippe's Parliament was blocked from voting on the matter by the German Empire's Reichstag , which instead created a panel of jurists selected by the King of Saxony to evaluate the evidence concerning the historical marital rules of the House of Lippe and render a decision in the matter, all parties agreeing to abide by their judgment. In 1897 and 1905 panels ruled in favour of

3366-676: The Constable ; the future Seljuk Sultan of Rum , Kilij Arslan IV ; and ambassadors of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta'sim and Ala ud din Masud of the Delhi Sultanate . all bearing homage , tribute, and presents. This event was related by the 13th century historian Juvayni : From Khitai there came emirs and officials; and from Transoxiana and Turkestan the emir Masʿud accompanied by grandees of that region. With

3468-575: The Danish throne followed the specifications of the Lex Regia until the Danish Act of Succession was passed in 1953. Prominent morganatic marriages include the 1615 marriage of King Christian IV of Denmark to noblewoman Kirsten Munk . Kirsten was titled "Countess of Schleswig-Holstein" and bore the King 12 children, all styled "Count/Countess of Schleswig-Holstein". King Frederick VII married

3570-616: The German-Polish noblewoman Countess Julia von Hauke (created Princess of Battenberg ) include Alexander, sovereign prince of Bulgaria , queen-consorts of Spain ( Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg ) and of Sweden ( Louise Mountbatten ), and, in the female line, Charles III (through his paternal grandmother, Alice of Battenberg ). Likewise, from the morganatic marriage of Duke Alexander of Württemberg and Countess Claudine Rhédey de Kis-Rhéde (created Countess von Hohenstein) descends Mary of Teck , who became Britain's queen in 1911 as

3672-527: The Ilkhanate. The nobles were encouraged to rise up against the crown, which naturally facilitated Mongol control over the country. In the same year, 1266, Sargis Jaqeli , prince of Samtkhe , who ruled city of Akhaltsikhe , received special protection and patronage from the new ilkhan of Abaqa Khan . In this way, Sargis was elevated to the rank of David and Georgia was torn into three entities. In 1270, David Ulu led Georgian and Armenian troops in support of

3774-541: The Imperial Family to grand dukes and grand duchesses only. This decree allowed marriages of the princes and princesses of the Blood Imperial with non-royal spouses, on the conditions that the emperor's consent be obtained, that the dynast renounce his or her personal succession rights, and that the Pauline laws restricting succession rights to those born of equal marriages continue in force. An early victim of

3876-575: The Mandelas were given the chiefdom of Mvezo and made hereditary counsellors to the Kumkani (i.e., privy counsellors ) in deference to their royal ancestry. Following the loss of this chiefdom (which has since been restored to the family) in the Apartheid era, the Mandelas retained their positions as nobles of the Transkei. This status entailed, however, a degree of subjugation to the head of

3978-658: The Mongol Abaqa against Tekuder , who had found refuge in Western Georgia. David VII Ulu died of a bowel infection at the age of 55 in the spring of 1270. He was buried at Mtskheta . He was succeeded by his son Demetre II . He was married four times. His first wife, Jigda-Khatun , either a Mongol woman or a daughter of the Sultan of Rum , died in 1252, and was buried at the reginal necropolis in Mtskheta . In

4080-543: The Mongol forces sent to suppress spontaneous rebellions that broke out due to high taxes and the heavy burden of military service. The country suffered heavily from the consequences of rebellions against the Mongol authorities, and even more devastating than the Mongol punitive expeditions were the internal conflicts between currents loyal and disloyal to the Mongols . In 1259, Georgian nobles led by David Narin rose up against

4182-629: The Mongolian court. A part of the Georgian nobility, thinking that David the son of Rusudan had died, proclaimed David Ulu as the king of Georgia . In 1246 the two Davids (the future David VI , who had been in Mongolia since 1243, and the recently proclaimed David VII Ulu) attended the enthronement of Guyuk Khan at the Mongol court in Karakorum , Mongolia . The "two Davids", as incumbents for

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4284-491: The Mongols, separating the Kingdom of Western Georgia from the unified Georgia. When in 1260 Hulegu Khan requested the presence of Georgians and Armenians as part of the Mongol units in the Levant , remembering the losses of his troops in the 1258 Siege of Baghdad , David Ulu rebelled. A large Mongol army led by General Arghun Aqa invaded Georgia from the south, inflicted a heavy defeat on David and Sargis I Jaqeli in

4386-493: The Nassau male line to become successor to the throne (his own daughter Marie-Adélaïde ) instead. Paul I of Russia promulgated a strict new house law for Russia in 1797, eliminating the sovereign's right to designate the heir to the throne, but requiring that dynasts be born of authorized marriages. In 1820 a new law also stipulated that only children of Romanovs born of marriages with persons of equal status, i.e., members of

4488-542: The Nobility") has followed this lead, likewise enrolling some issue of unapproved marriages in its third section, "III B", with a similar explanation: "Families in this section, although verified, received no specific decree , but have been included by special agreement in the 1st and 2nd sections". Variations of morganatic marriage were also practised by non-European dynasties, such as the Royal Family of Thailand ,

4590-599: The Pauline laws was Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich , grandson of Catherine the Great , and viceroy of Poland. On 20 March 1820 his marriage to Princess Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was annulled to allow him to morganatically wed his longtime mistress, Countess Joanna Grudna-Grudzińska , in Warsaw on 24 May 1820, who was elevated to the title "Princess Łowicza" upon marriage, which produced no children. One emperor, Alexander II , married morganatically in 1880. Princess Ekaterina Mihailovna Dolgorukova , Alexander's second bride, had previously been his long-term mistress and

4692-505: The Romanovs was Grand Duke Paul Aleksandrovich , who went into exile in Paris to marry a commoner, Olga Valerianovna Karnovich in 1902. Paul returned to serve in the Russian army during the First World War, and Nicholas II rewarded his uncle's loyalty by elevating Olga and her children as Princess and Princes Paley in 1915. Paul's patriotism, however, sealed his fate, and he died at the hands of Russia's revolutionaries in 1919. One of his daughters, Princess Irene Pavlovna Paley (1903–1990),

4794-414: The Sultan of Erzurum , envoys from the Franks, and from Kerman and Fars also; and from ʿAla al-Din of Alamut , his governors in Quhistan , Shihab al-Din and Shams al-Din . And all this great assembly came with such baggage as befitted a court; and there came also from other directions so many envoys and messengers that two thousand felt tents had been made ready for them: there came also merchants with

4896-465: The Zulus. In the erstwhile princely state of Travancore , in India , the male members of the Travancore Royal Family were, under the existing matrilineal Marumakkathayam system of inheritance and family, permitted to contract marriages with women of the Nair caste only. These were morganatic marriages called Sambandhams wherein the children gained their mother's caste and family name, due to Marumakkathayam . Although they could not inherit

4998-433: The ballerina Louise Rasmussen , who was raised to the rank of "Countess Danner" in 1850. There were no children of this marriage. When Christian IX of Denmark 's brother, Prince Julius of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg married Elisabeth von Ziegesar in 1883, the king granted her the title "Countess of Røst ". Until 1971, Danish princes who married women who did not belong to a royal or noble family were refused

5100-411: The best possible relations with Georgians and Armenians . Numerous Georgian-Armenian military units participated in the Mongol conquest of Alamut in 1256, where they were personally led by David Ulu, and of Baghdad in 1258, and in the skirmishes between Mongol leaders during the campaign. Georgia lost tens of thousands of soldiers in these campaigns, and was left without native defenders against

5202-497: The bride was past child-bearing or the marrying prince already had dynastic heirs by a previous spouse of royal descent. The marriage ceremony took place without banns , in private (with only a priest, the bride and groom, and a few legal witnesses present), and the marriage was never officially acknowledged (although sometimes widely known). Thus, the wife never publicly shared in her husband's titles, rank, or coat of arms. The lower-ranked spouse, male or female, could only receive from

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5304-449: The coming to power of the great Khan Mongke in 1251. Georgia then came under the supreme rule of Batu Khan , who was given virtually independent rule over the western parts of the Mongol Empire by Mongke. Having embarked on an expedition to the Middle East in 1253, Mongke's brother Hulegu Khan was particularly keen to exploit the political and religious divisions of that part of the world. Attacking mostly Muslims , he tried to maintain

5406-447: The consort of King George V . Occasionally, children of morganatic marriages have overcome their non-dynastic origins and succeeded to their family's realms. Margrave Leopold inherited the throne of Baden, despite being born of a morganatic marriage, after all dynastic males of the House of Zähringen died out. The son of Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden , by his second wife Louise Caroline Geyer von Geyersberg , who belonged to

5508-488: The couple from the maelstrom of the Russian Revolution which proved fatal to so many Romanovs . She and her children were made counts de Torby , her younger daughter, Countess Nada (1896–1963) marrying, in 1916 Prince George of Battenberg , future Marquess of Milford Haven and scion of the House of Battenberg , a morganatic branch of the grandducal House of Hesse which had settled in England and inter-married with descendants of Queen Victoria . Less fortunate among

5610-403: The couple's daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna , as the rightful heir to the Romanov dynasty. The concept of morganatic marriages was never established under Swedish law. The 1810 Act of Succession did, until late 20th century, prohibit princes of the royal house from entering unequal marriages with enskild mans dotter (daugther of a private man);i.e. excluding those not belonging to

5712-403: The crown of France. Antiquity of nobility in the legitimate male line, not noble quarterings , was the main criterion of rank in the ancien régime . Unlike the status of a British peer's wife and descendants (yet typical of the nobility of every continental European country), the legitimate children and male-line descendants of any French nobleman (whether titled or not, whether possessing

5814-447: The decision of the Home government". Thus the majority of the Commonwealth's prime ministers agreed that there was "no alternative to course (3)". On 24 November, Baldwin consulted the three leading opposition politicians in Britain: Leader of the Opposition Clement Attlee , Liberal leader Sir Archibald Sinclair and Winston Churchill . Sinclair and Attlee agreed that options 1 and 2 were unacceptable and Churchill pledged to support

5916-454: The defense of the Siba fortress against the Golden Horde. In 1265, his troops, as the vanguard of the Ilkhanate army, defeated Berke and pushed his troops out of Shirvan . As Hulegu died in the same year, Berke began to prepare a major offensive. The following year, his army penetrated into Georgia, but the offensive was abruptly stopped due to the death of the khan in the vicinity of Tbilisi . However, Georgia's troubles continued, but now with

6018-405: The deposed Royal House of Georgia. After the annexation of Georgia in 1801, Leonida's family were deemed ordinary nobility in Imperial Russia rather than royalty, leading to claims that her 1948 marriage to Vladimir (who, however, also belonged to a deposed dynasty by then) was unequal and should be considered morganatic. As a result, some factions within Russia's monarchist movement did not support

6120-454: The dynasticity of the challenged ancestresses and their descendants, largely because, although neither had been of dynastic rank, the Lippes had historically accepted such marriages for the junior lines when approved by the Head of House. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a few families considered in Germany to be morganatic were considered for crowns elsewhere, constituting unexpected rehabilitation of their status. The first of these

6222-558: The dynasty, in particular in the matter of marital selection, which proved so onerous an issue to Nelson Mandela that it prompted the departure to Johannesburg that eventually led to his political career. Like the House of Battenberg in Europe, Mandela's family has since rehabilitated its dynastic status to some extent: Mandela was still in prison when his daughter Zenani was married to Prince Thumbumuzi Dlamini in 1973, elder brother of both King Mswati III of Swaziland and Queen Mantfombi , Great Wife of Goodwill Zwelithini , King of

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6324-407: The emir Arghun there came the celebrities and notables of Khorasan, Iraq, Lur, Azerbaijan and Shirvan. From Rum came Sultan Rukn al-Din and the Sultan of Takavor ( Trebizond ); from Georgia, the two Davits ; from Aleppo, the brother of the Lord of Aleppo ; from Mosul, the envoy of Sultan Badr al-Din Luʾluʾ ; and from the city of Peace, Baghdad, the chief qadi Fakhr al-Din. There also came

6426-526: The eventual death of Grand Duke William IV . Olga's brother, Prince George Aleksandrovich Yurievsky (1872–1913), in 1900 wed Countess Alexandra von Zarnekau (1883–1957), daughter of the morganatic marriage of the Russo-German Duke Constantine Petrovich of Oldenburg with Agrafena Djaparidize . Merenberg's sister, Sophia (1868–1927), likewise contracted a morganatic marriage in 1891, with Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia , whose cousin, Emperor Nicholas II banished them to England, unwittingly saving

6528-417: The family marries mostly within the Kerala Kshatriya class. The concept of morganatic marriage has never clearly existed in any part of the United Kingdom, and historically the English crown descended through marriages with commoners as late as the 17th century. Only two of the six marriages Henry VIII made to secure an heir were with royal brides, and Elizabeth Woodville , queen of Edward IV of England ,

6630-653: The family's history of military command, high-ranking offices held at court and marriages into other high-ranking families. A specific exception was made for bearers of the title of duke who, regardless of their origin, outranked all other nobles. But the ducal title in post-medieval France (even when embellished with the still higher status of "peer") ranked its holder and his family among France's nobility and not, as in Germany and Scandinavia (and, occasionally, Italy, viz. Savoy , Medici , Este , della Rovere , Farnese and Cybo-Malaspina ) among Europe's reigning dynasties which habitually intermarried with one another. Once

6732-451: The feminine form of their husbands' peerages under English common law , while wives of royal princes share their husbands' styles by custom unless the Sovereign formally objects. For example, Catherine Middleton , a commoner, became the Duchess of Cambridge upon her marriage on 29 April 2011 to Prince William , who had been created Duke of Cambridge that morning. Camilla Parker Bowles , second wife of Charles, Prince of Wales (as he

6834-516: The government. The letters and diaries of working-class people and ex-servicemen generally demonstrate support for the King, while those from the middle and upper classes tend to express indignation and distaste. The Times , The Morning Post , the Daily Herald , and newspapers owned by Lord Kemsley , such as The Daily Telegraph , opposed the marriage. On the other hand, the Express and Mail newspapers, owned by Lord Beaverbrook and Lord Rothermere , respectively, appeared to support

6936-448: The heads of both ruling and formerly reigning German dynasties initially continued the practice of rejecting dynastic titles and/or rights for descendants of "morganatic" unions, but gradually allowed them, sometimes retroactively, effectively de-morganatizing the wives and children. This was accommodated by Perthes' Almanach de Gotha (which categorised German princely families by rank until it ceased publication after 1944) by inserting

7038-445: The imperial succession. The Sarajevo assassination in 1914, killing both the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, triggered the First World War . Although the issue of morganatic marriages were ineligible to succeed to their families' respective thrones, children of morganatic marriages have gone on to achieve dynastic success elsewhere in Europe. Descendants of the 1851 marriage of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine to

7140-462: The king could also legally void the canonically valid, equal marriage of a French dynast to which he had not given consent (e.g., Marguerite of Lorraine, Duchess of Orléans ). Moreover, there was a French practice, legally distinct from morganatic marriage but used in similar situations of inequality in status between a member of the royal family and a spouse of lower rank: an "openly secret" marriage. French kings authorized such marriages only when

7242-504: The meantime (1249/50), he bigamously contracted a union with an Alan woman, Altun, whom he repudiated in 1252. His third wife Gvantsa , widow of the Georgian noble Avag Zakarian and daughter of Kakhaber, eristavi (duke) of Racha and Takveri , was executed on the orders of Hulegu Khan in 1262. In 1263, David married Esukan , daughter of the Mongol Noyan Chormaqan . He had two sons and one daughter, including: Morganatic marriage Morganatic marriage , sometimes called

7344-421: The minor nobility, Leopold became a prince in 1817, at the age of 27, as the result of a new law of succession. Baden's grand-ducal family faced extinction, so Leopold was enfranchised by international treaty and married to a princess, ascending the throne in 1830. His descendants ruled the grand duchy until the abolition of the monarchy in 1918. Other reigning German families adopted similar approaches when facing

7446-472: The mother of his three legitimised children, the princes and princesses Yurievsky . Beginning a novel tradition, one of that couple's daughters, Princess Olga Aleksandrovna Yurievskaya (1873–1925), in 1895 married the child of an 1868 morganatic marriage in the House of Nassau , George, Count von Merenberg (1871–1965). His mother was a daughter of renowned author Alexander Pushkin but, despite being of noble birth, she could not in 1868 dynastically marry

7548-427: The noble heiresses to great fiefs became the norm through the 16th century, helping to aggrandize the House of Capet while gradually diminishing the number of large domains held in theoretical vassalage by nobles who were, in practice, virtually independent of the French crown: by the marriage of Catherine de' Medici to the future King Henry II in 1533, the last of these provinces, the county of Auvergne , came to

7650-520: The offspring of such marriages in a third section of the almanac under entries denoted by a symbol (a dot within a circle) that "signifies some princely houses which, possessing no specific princely patent , have passed from the first part, A, or from the second part into the third part in virtue of special agreements". The Fürstliche Häuser ("Princely Houses") series of the Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels ("Genealogical Manual of

7752-648: The polygamous Mongols as to their non-principal wives, and other families of Africa and Asia. Morganatic , already in use in English by 1727 (according to the Oxford English Dictionary ), is derived from the medieval Latin morganaticus from the Late Latin phrase matrimonium ad morganaticam and refers to the gift given by the groom to the bride on the morning after the wedding, the morning gift , i.e., dower . The Latin term, applied to

7854-407: The prohibition against bigamy applies. In some countries, a woman could also marry a man of lower rank morganatically. As a result of the above, a king deciding to enter into a morganatic marriage who does not have children from a previous marriage thereby gives up the chance of being succeeded by his own children and accepts that succession would pass to his other relatives. After World War I ,

7956-530: The rare and precious things that are produced in the East and the West. In order to control the country more easily, due to the apparent succession crisis, although the majority of the nobility did not side with the illegitimate son, the Mongols divided the Georgian nobles into two rival parties, each representing its own candidate for the crown. But there were also conflicts among the Mongols themselves, whereby David Ulu

8058-815: The rebel lies in the fact that since 1261, the Il-kan was at war with the Golden Horde , which was on a larger scale. The territory of the Caucasus , and as part of it the Kingdom of Georgia itself, became the scene of war between Hulegu and the Khan of the Golden Horde Berke in the following years. David Ulu provided his support for the conflict between the Il-Khanate and the Golden Horde in 1263-1265. In 1263, King David's troops participated in

8160-557: The royal spouse what property the king allowed. In secret marriage, Louis XIV wed his second wife, Madame de Maintenon , in 1683 (she was nearly 50, so no children were likely); Louis the Grand Dauphin wed Marie Émilie de Joly de Choin in 1695; Anne Marie d'Orléans ( La Grande Mademoiselle ) wed Antoine, Duke de Lauzun in 1682; and Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans wed the Marquise de Montesson in 1773. The mechanism of

8262-457: The sovereign's authorization, renouncing their right of succession to the throne and royal title ( Prince Aage of Denmark morganatically eloped with Matilda Calvi, daughter of Count Carlo Giorgio di Bergolo, in January 1914 but renounced his dynastic rights and titles subsequently). They were granted the non-royal prefix of "Prince" and their descendants bear the title Count af Rosenborg in

8364-402: The succession. After the murder of Nicholas II and his children, the Imperial Family's morganatic marriages restricted the number of possible claimants. Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich , Nicholas's cousin, proclaimed himself as Emperor in exile. Controversy accompanied the marriage of his son Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich to Princess Leonida Georgievna Bagration-Mukhransky , a descendant of

8466-585: The system of Marumakkatayam . Traditionally the female members of the family married Namboodiri Brahmins while male members marry ladies of the Nair caste. These wives of the male members are not royalty or didn't receive any royal titles or power, per the matrilineal system but instead get the title of Nethyar Amma. Their position ceases when the Maharaja dies. The children born to Neytharammas will be known by their mother's caste and hold no key royal titles. Currently

8568-528: The throne of Georgia , attended the enthronement ceremony of the Mongol Khan Güyük on 24 August 1246, near the Mongol capital at Karakorum , together with a large number of foreign ambassadors: the Franciscan friar and envoy of Pope Innocent IV , John of Plano Carpini and Benedict of Poland ; Grand Duke Yaroslav II of Vladimir ; the brother of the king of Armenia and historian, Sempad

8670-527: The throne, sent him into captivity at the court of her son-in-law, Sultan Kaykhusraw II . Then in 1243 she sent her son, also David , to the court of the great khan in Karakorum , so that he could be recognized as the heir apparent to the Kingdom of Georgia . After the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, which subdued the Sultanate of Rum to the Mongols , Kaykhusraw was forced to release David Ulu. Rusudan died in 1245, still waiting for her son's return from

8772-589: The throne, they did receive a title of nobility , Thampi (son of the Maharajah) and Kochamma (daughter of the Maharajah). These were the members of the Ammaveedus and their titles ensured a comfortable lifestyle and all other luxuries. The descendants of these Ammaveedu members were simply called Thampi and Thankachi and they didn't get any other distinguishing privileges. The Cochin Royal family also followed

8874-477: Was Prince Alexander of Battenberg , who in 1877 was agreed upon by the Great Powers as the best candidate for the new throne of Bulgaria. He was, however, unable to hold onto his crown, and was also unable to obtain the hand in marriage of Princess Viktoria of Prussia despite the efforts of her imperial mother and grandmother . Wilhelm, Duke of Urach (1864–1928), whose father was the morganatic son of

8976-583: Was a Mongol commander in Persia , Armenia , Anatolia and Georgia . He was appointed by Ögedei Khan to succeed Chormagan . He was the last direct imperial governor of the Mongol Near East; after his death Hulagu 's descendants inherited domains he once commanded. Baiju belonged to Besut tribe of Mongols and was a relative of Jebe . His father was a mingghan commander under Genghis Khan and he inherited this contingent upon his death. Baiju

9078-467: Was a second-in-command of Chormaqan and took part in an attack on Jalal ad-Din near Isfahan in 1228. After Chormaqan's paralysis in 1241, Baiju took over his troops and became a tümen commander by appointment of Ögedei Khan . After Ögedei's death, Baiju started to take orders from Batu , former's nephew. Baiju immediately moved against the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm , weakening its power at

9180-424: Was also a commoner. Another link in the English succession involving marriage with a commoner was between John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford . When they married after co-habiting for several years all children born previously were subsequently legitimated by Act of Parliament. King Henry IV later declared that they could not inherit the crown, but it is not clear that he had the right to do this. This marriage

9282-541: Was at the time), legally held the title " Princess of Wales " but at the time that the engagement was announced it was declared that she would be known by the title " Duchess of Cornwall " and, in Scotland, Duchess of Rothesay (derived from other titles her husband held as heir apparent ) in deference, it has been reported, to public feelings about the title's previous holder, the Prince's first wife Lady Diana Spencer . It

9384-545: Was bordering on extinction as the 20th century approached, prompting a succession dispute between the Lippe-Biesterfeld and Schaumburg-Lippe branches of the dynasty which evoked international intervention and troop movements. It centered on whether some ancestresses of the Biesterfeld branch had been legally dynastic; if so, that line stood next to inherit the princely crown according to primogeniture. If not,

9486-692: Was headed by Ascelin of Lombardy and found him at Sisian , on 24 May 1247. Embassy's disrespect and Ascelin's refusal to triple genuflection angered Baiju, he insulted the pope and demanded his submission as well. Ascelin left for Rome on 24 July 1247. Meanwhile he was replaced by new khagan Güyük with Eljigidei . His next two attempts to invade the Abbasid Caliphate in Iraq met less success in 1249–50. He again rose to prominence as Eljigidei and his entire family were purged by Batu for his opposition to election of Möngke Khan in 1251. Under Baiju in

9588-427: Was important, as King Henry VII was descended from it, but Parliament still declared that he was king, so some issues remained unresolved. The marriage of George IV as Prince of Wales to Maria Fitzherbert in 1785 is frequently referred to as morganatic: it was in fact doubly in breach of law, as a marriage to a Catholic and one not having been sanctioned by the king. As in nearly all European monarchies extant in

9690-429: Was married while in exile in 1923, to her cousin, Prince Theodor Aleksandrovich of Russia , (1898-1968). Nicholas II forbade his brother, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia , from marrying twice-divorced noblewoman Natalya Sergeyevna Wulfert ( née Sheremetevskaya), but the couple eloped abroad in 1911. The Tsar refused his brother's request to grant the bride or their son, George Mikhailovich (1910–1931)

9792-476: Was most common in the German-speaking parts of Europe, where equality of birth ( Ebenbürtigkeit ) between the spouses was considered an important principle among the reigning houses and high nobility. The German name was Ehe zur linken Hand ("marriage by the left hand") and the husband gave his left hand during the wedding ceremony instead of the right. Perhaps the most famous example in modern times

9894-521: Was simultaneously stated that at such time, if any, her husband acceded to the throne, she would be known as " Princess Consort " rather than "Queen", although as the king's wife she would legally be queen. However, in her 2022 Accession Day message, Queen Elizabeth II stated that it was her "sincere wish" for Camilla to be "known as Queen Consort", and, on Charles' accession, Camilla took this title. On 16 November 1936 Edward VIII informed Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he intended to marry

9996-477: Was supported by Baiju Noyan , the general and commander of Persia, and his contemporary brother Batu Khan , Khan of the Golden Horde . The Mongols appointed David VII as ulu ("senior") ruler, while David VI was appointed narin (junior) ruler. In the following years, both David Ulu and David Narin showed unwavering loyalty to the Mongols even after the change at the head of the Mongol Empire and

10098-461: Was supposedly reproached by Hulegu for failing to extend Mongol power further, and, indeed, was replaced by him as supreme commander as early as 1255, but served under him ably in further campaigns: against the Sultanate of Rum (to extract tribute and replace the sultan Kaykavus II ) in 1256, in the assault on Baghdad in 1258, and in the advance on Syria towards Egypt in September 1259. It

10200-589: Was that our married happiness should carry with it a proper title and dignity for her, befitting my wife. Now that I have at last been able to take you into my confidence, I feel it is best to go away for a while, so that you may reflect calmly and quietly, but without undue delay, on what I have said. Baiju Noyan Baiju Noyan or Baichu ( Mongolian : ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠤ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠨ ; Persian : بایجو نویان ; Chinese : 拜住 ; pinyin : Bàizhù ; in European sources: Bayothnoy ; fl.  died c.  1258 )

10302-494: Was the 1900 marriage of the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary , Archduke Franz Ferdinand , and Bohemian aristocrat Countess Sophie Chotek von Chotkowa . The marriage was initially resisted by Emperor Franz Joseph I , but after pressure from family members and other European rulers, he relented in 1899 (but did not attend the wedding himself). The bride was made Princess (later Duchess ) of Hohenberg , their children took their mother's new name and rank, but were excluded from

10404-483: Was to be kept separate as the wife's discrete possession. However, when a marriage contract is made wherein the bride and the children of the marriage will not receive anything else (other than the dower) from the bridegroom or from his inheritance or clan, that sort of marriage was dubbed as "marriage with only the dower and no other inheritance", i.e., matrimonium morganaticum . Royal men who married morganatically: Royal women who married morganatically: Succession to

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