116-685: Days Bay is a residential area in Lower Hutt in the Wellington Region of the North Island of New Zealand . It is walled on three sides by steep bush-clad slopes. Most of its level land is occupied by Williams Park and an independent boys' primary school , originally a part of Williams Park. Wellington shipowner, J H Williams, bought land in Days Bay near the end of the 19th century to create custom for his smaller vessels, building
232-428: A mustard seed , and are a transparent, purplish red. They are held together in a cream-coloured, round, ball shaped egg sac which is about 12 millimetres (0.47 in) in diameter. The female constructs five or six egg sacs over the next three to four weeks. Each egg sac contains about 70 to 90 fertilised eggs. The egg sacs are hung in the centre of the spider's web and the female spins more silk over them. Over time,
348-510: A National Park "for all time". He suggested maintenance costs then would be funded by the rents from the accommodation house and pavilion and an agreed portion of the ferry company's fares. No government help was forthcoming. After the uproar abated the auction went ahead. Wellington Harbour Ferries found revenue enough to maintain the ferry service but wanted the profits from more subdivision in Day's Bay. Its focus became property development, it had
464-558: A Road Board for it replacing the administration of the Hutt County Council. On its way through Parliament the idea became expanded into not just a roads board but a Borough Council. York Bay and Lowry Bay remained in Hutt County at the request of their residents as did, for the moment, Day's Bay. Rona Bay and Muritai became Eastbourne. The first meeting of the new Eastbourne Borough Council was set down for 8 June 1906. By
580-506: A distinct species. The katipō's family Theridiidae has a large number of species both in New Zealand and worldwide. They are commonly known as tangle-web spiders, cobweb spiders or comb-footed spiders. The common name katipō (singular and plural), often spelled "katipo", is from the Māori for "night stinger", derived from the words kakati (to sting) and pō (the night). This name
696-616: A ferry service to make the properties attractive. It lost Miramar business when trams arrived and, as expected by Williams, Harbour Board and Eastbourne Borough Council both pushed up wharf rentals. Duco was sent to the Chathams to fish and earn cash but disappeared with all hands. The council would not buy the bush-clad slopes for a reserve. The Council demanded they be allowed to buy the ferries. Eastbourne Borough Council committed themselves to their purchase on 26 June and took over Duchess and Cobar on 1 September 1913. The timetable
812-589: A few hours to days, with severe pain persisting for over 24 hours after being bitten in some cases. Treatment is based on the severity of the bite; the majority of cases do not require medical care, and patients with localised pain, swelling and redness usually only require local application of ice and routine analgesics . Hospital assessment is recommended if simple analgesia does not resolve local pain or clinical features of systemic envenoming occur. In more severe bites, redback antivenom can be given. Redback antivenom can also cross-neutralise katipō venom, and it
928-461: A fresh southerly sprang up, visit friends. There were four miles of road from the Waiwhetū Bridge to Days Bay. The Hutt County Council defended its practice "which is recognised good practice in road-making" of using a mix of gravel and sand on a muddy clay surface while admitting it was difficult to keep that surface in good condition in winter weather. The City and Suburban Highways Board took
1044-542: A further 700 acres of land by York Bay and Day's Bay including 200 acres in Portuguese Joe Bay. Days Bay (the prettiest spot in the harbour) was always ready for business and rapidly proved so popular the Chief Post Office by Queens Wharf undertook to a fly a flag to signal there would be no postponement of the day's harbour trip. Large wharf gates—since removed—had to be put up at Days Bay to control
1160-488: A last resort; if molested, the spider will usually fold up into a ball and drop to the ground or retreat to the nearest cover. If the threat continues, the spider may throw out silk against the interference. When restrained in any way or held against skin, such as if tangled up in clothing, the spider will then bite defensively. However, if the female is with an egg sac it will remain close by it and sometimes move offensively to bite any threat. Bites from katipō spiders produce
1276-405: A male katipō cannot mate with the female redback as the male katipō is heavier than the male redback, and when it approaches the web it triggers a predatory response in the female leading to the male being eaten before mating occurs. There is evidence of interbreeding between katipō and redbacks in the wild. The katipō has only one known direct predator : a small, undescribed native wasp from
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#17327908728551392-530: A new small pavilion, more than a century has elapsed and Williams Park has changed little. The original Māori name for Days Bay was Otuamotoro. This was a Ngati Ira fortified village "built by Te Hiha six generations ago" (as of 1865). Days Bay was at first known to settlers as Hawtrey Bay. It was settled by George Day and his family who had immigrated from Kent aboard the Arab in 1841. A William Tod appears to have employed George Day to look after his interests in
1508-399: A population density of 307 people per km . The city's population has remained stable from the 1990s to the 2013 census. In the five years between the 2013 and 2018 censuses, the population grew steadily across the city with an increasing amount of homes being purchased and the area seen as more affordable comparable to the rest of the region. Lower Hutt City had a population of 107,562 in
1624-405: A population of 80,000. The Hutt City Council comprises a mayor and 12 councillors. Campbell Barry became New Zealand's youngest mayor and was first elected in 2019, succeeding Ray Wallace . The city's six electoral wards (Northern, Western, Central, Eastern, Harbour and Wainuiomata) each elect one councillor, with the remaining six councillors elected at-large. Mayor and councillors elected in
1740-413: A setting with high natural amenities. J H Williams a Wellington ship owner and son of another prosperous Wellington ship owner like some other owners ran excursions to Lowry Bay in a work boat dressed for the day in flags and bunting. They were popular with church groups, employees out for their annual company picnic and the like as well as the general public. Lowry Bay's wharf was becoming unsound and at
1856-683: A syndrome known as latrodectism . The venoms of all Latrodectus spiders are thought to contain similar components with the neurotoxin α- latrotoxin being the main agent responsible. Most bites are caused by female spiders; the male katipō was considered too small to cause systemic envenoming in humans. However, bites from male redback spiders have been reported, suggesting male Latrodectus spiders can cause envenoming in humans. Bites by male spiders are much rarer than those by females, perhaps due to their smaller jaws rather than lacking venom of similar potency to females or being unable to administer an effective bite. Māori legends recall many deaths,
1972-459: A time, leaving the female between each insertion. Copulation occurs over 10 to 30 minutes. After mating, the male retreats to groom , which is performed by running his palps and legs through his fangs and wiping them over his body. The male is not eaten by the female unlike some other widow spiders . The females lay their eggs in November or December. The eggs are round, about the size of
2088-485: A total population of 30,000. In 1927 the Public Works Department completed the construction of a branch railway line to Waterloo on the east side of the river; the route diverging from the main line between Lower Hutt and Petone. Two years later the railway workshops moved from Petone to a new larger site off the new branch at Woburn . In the late 1940s new suburbs of state housing developed along
2204-572: A useful tax source in his business and in any case he did not want to run a scheduled commuter ferry service to please permanent residents. Williams had successfully floated Wellington Steam Ferry Company Limited in 1900, a public listed company, and put his own business into its ownership. That way he raised enough extra capital to improve and expand the resort's facilities and acquire another ferry. He now put his share of Wellington Steam Ferry and its 226 acres of Day's Bay up for sale and in August 1905 it
2320-524: A wharf and turning the bay into a sports and resort development for day-trippers and holiday-makers. Williams sold his interest in 1905 and the new owners split off building sites on unneeded land. The Eastbourne Borough Council bought the ferries in 1913 and the accommodation, Days Bay House, was sold to Wellington's Croydon School. The following year the Wellington City Council with central government support and public subscription bought
2436-400: Is clinal over latitude and correlated with mean annual temperature. The katipō is so closely related to the redback that it was at one stage thought to be a subspecies, with the proposed name Latrodectus hasseltii katipo . Further research has shown that the katipō is distinct from the redback, having slight structural differences and striking differences in habitat preference, and it remains
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#17327908728552552-593: Is a city in the Wellington Region of New Zealand. Administered by the Hutt City Council , it is one of the four cities that constitute the Wellington metropolitan area . If considered a city it is New Zealand's sixth most populous , with a population of 115,500. The total area administered by the council is 376.4 km (145 sq mi) around the lower half of the Hutt Valley and along
2668-548: Is an endangered species of spider native to New Zealand . It is one of many species in the genus Latrodectus , such as the Australian redback ( L. hasseltii ), and the North American black widow . The species is venomous to humans, capable of delivering a potentially dangerous bite . It is a small to medium-sized spider, with the female having a round black or brown pea-sized body. Red katipō females found in
2784-465: Is due to the katipō needing temperatures higher than about 17 °C (63 °F) to be maintained during the development of their eggs – in the southern areas of New Zealand it is typically colder than this. The red katipō is found south of approximately 39°15′ S (the western tip of Taranaki on the west coast, and just north of Waipatiki Beach in Hawke's Bay on the east coast). The black katipō
2900-616: Is found north of approximately 38° S ( Aotea Harbour , just north of Kawhia on the west coast, and Waipiro Bay and just south of the Bay of Plenty on the east coast). Both forms are found in the area in between these latitudes. The katipō typically catches wandering ground invertebrates such as beetles (e.g. Cecyropa modesta ) or amphipods (e.g. Bellorchestia quoyana ), but it may occasionally catch moths , flies , and other spiders. Katipō can catch insects much larger than themselves. These larger insects often become entangled in
3016-745: Is generally characterised by extreme pain. Initially, the bite may be painful, but sometimes only feels like a pin prick or mild burning sensation. Within an hour victims generally develop more severe local pain with local sweating and sometimes piloerection (goosebumps). Pain, swelling and redness spread proximally from the site. Less commonly, systemic envenoming is heralded by swollen or tender regional lymph nodes ; associated features include malaise , nausea, vomiting, abdominal or chest pain , generalised sweating, headache , fever , hypertension and tremor . Rare complications include seizure , coma , pulmonary edema , respiratory failure or localised skin infection. The duration of effects can range from
3132-417: Is hammock-shaped and is made up of opaque yellowish-white silk. The web consists of a broad base with many supporting threads above and below, including a number of sticky guy lines anchored to debris in the sand. A cone-shaped retreat is built in the lower part of the web, although the katipō can normally be found near the main body of the web. The plants it builds its web in provide support and shelter for
3248-689: Is part of the larger Eastern Bays statistical area. Days Bay had a population of 597 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 21 people (3.6%) since the 2013 census , and a decrease of 3 people (−0.5%) since the 2006 census . There were 234 households, comprising 294 males and 300 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female, with 96 people (16.1%) aged under 15 years, 84 (14.1%) aged 15 to 29, 303 (50.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 111 (18.6%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 97.5% European/ Pākehā , 3.0% Māori , 0.5% Pasifika , 3.0% Asian , and 2.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. Although some people chose not to answer
3364-521: Is to say Rona Bay (or Brown's Bay or Okiwi) and Muritai (or Robinson's Bay) were in Day's Bay and the province of the Day's Bay Ratepayers Association, a free association of like-minded residents and not an elected body. Some letters to The Evening Post described the Association as a coterie . In the Spring of 1904 a bill was introduced to Parliament to constitute an Eastbourne Road District and
3480-525: Is used to treat envenoming from Latrodectus katipo in New Zealand. It is available from most major New Zealand hospitals. Antivenom will usually relieve the symptoms of systemic envenoming and is indicated in anyone suffering symptoms consistent with Latrodectus envenoming. Unlike some other antivenoms, it is not limited to patients with signs of severe, systemic envenoming. Particular indications for using antivenom are local then generalised pain, sweating or hypertension . However, good evidence to support
3596-675: The 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 135 people (6.9%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 63 people (3.1%) since the 2006 census . There were 813 households, comprising 1,023 males and 1,056 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female. The median age was 49.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 330 people (15.9%) aged under 15 years, 270 (13.0%) aged 15 to 29, 1,035 (49.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 441 (21.2%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 93.9% European/ Pākehā , 6.3% Māori , 1.2% Pasifika , 4.2% Asian , and 2.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas
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3712-802: The 2018 census , and an increase of 9,213 people (9.5%) since the 2013 census . There were 52,563 males, 53,505 females and 465 people of other genders in 38,895 dwellings. 3.9% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 37.4 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 20,415 people (19.2%) aged under 15 years, 19,740 (18.5%) aged 15 to 29, 50,733 (47.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 15,642 (14.7%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 64.1% European ( Pākehā ); 19.7% Māori ; 12.3% Pasifika ; 18.7% Asian ; 2.1% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.0% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
3828-818: The 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 3,030 people (2.9%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 9,324 people (9.5%) since the 2013 census . There were 53,082 males, 54,009 females and 468 people of other genders in 39,279 dwellings. 3.8% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 37.5 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 20,595 people (19.1%) aged under 15 years, 19,896 (18.5%) aged 15 to 29, 51,261 (47.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 15,807 (14.7%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 64.3% European ( Pākehā ); 19.6% Māori ; 12.2% Pasifika ; 18.6% Asian ; 2.1% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.1% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
3944-521: The Hutt Valley Campaign . The 1855 Wairarapa earthquake (in the range of magnitude 8.1 to 8.3) raised part of the lower valley, allowing reclamation of land from swamp. The fault escarpment from the earthquake is still visible, notably at Hutt Central School. On New Year's Day 1859 the first permanent lighthouse to be built in New Zealand was lit at Pencarrow Head. New Zealand's only female lighthouse keeper, Mary Jane Bennett , became
4060-599: The Māori language means "river of food from the sky". Lower Hutt occupies the lower regions of the flood plain of the river, one of the most significant features of the city. In the 20th century the Hutt River Board built stopbanks to contain the river, but the threat of flooding from heavy rainfall persists. In 1985 the river burst its banks, and since then floods have been on a smaller scale. Smaller streams and storm-water drains have also caused occasional problems when rainfall exceeds average levels. Much of
4176-646: The Remutaka Range . Lower Hutt's boundaries also include the islands in Wellington Harbour, the largest of which is Matiu / Somes Island . Lower Hutt has a wet oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ), which is similar to nearby Wellington, with relatively warm summers and mild winters with the occasional storm. A single major aquifer dominates the lower Hutt Valley: the river , originally named Heretaunga, and since 2010 known as "Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt River". Awakairangi in
4292-667: The South Island and the lower half of the North Island , are always black, and their abdomen has a distinctive red stripe bordered in white. In black katipō females found in the upper half of the North Island, this stripe is absent, pale, yellow, or replaced with cream-coloured blotches. These two forms were previously thought to be separate species. The male is much smaller than the female and quite different in appearance: white with black stripes and red diamond-shaped markings. Katipō are mainly found living in sand dunes close to
4408-569: The 1953 Wildlife Act , noted as "iconic, vulnerable to harm, and in serious decline". Under the Act, killing an absolutely-protected species such as a katipō is punishable by a fine or even imprisonment. The katipō has venom that is medically significant in humans, although bites are rare. The incidence of bites is low as it is a shy , non-aggressive spider. Their narrow range, diminishing population, and human awareness of where they live means humans rarely encounter katipō. The katipō will only bite as
4524-490: The 2022 local-body elections: Neighbouring councils are Wellington City Council (adjoining to the west), Porirua City Council to the north, Upper Hutt City Council to the north-east and South Wairarapa District Council to the east. The boundaries of the Lower Hutt city local body have evolved from a series of amalgamations and boundary changes over the years. The Hutt County Council , established in 1877, covered
4640-553: The Hutt River flooded, and in March 1840 the majority of Britannia settlers decided to move to Thorndon , (as of 2013 in the heart of Wellington city), though some settlers remained at the north end of the harbour. In the 1840s an area on the west bank of the Hutt River, in what is now Alicetown , formed the village then known as Aglionby. In 1846 conflict arose between European settlers and Māori , which led to armed conflict in
4756-582: The New Zealand Government forced local authorities to consolidate, which led to Lower Hutt amalgamating with the adjacent Boroughs of Petone and Eastbourne and with the Wainuiomata District (which had its independence for barely a year), and to the abolition of the Hutt County Council. The area of Lower Hutt is covered by two general electorates ( Hutt South and Remutaka ) and by two Māori electorates ( Ikaroa-Rāwhiti in
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4872-473: The Taitā Gorge at the northern end of Lower Hutt, separating the city from neighbouring Upper Hutt. Lower Hutt includes the cluster of small settlements that extend down the eastern coast of Wellington Harbour . These include the two large townships of Wainuiomata and Eastbourne . The city also includes a large area of sparsely-populated land to the east of the harbour, extending to Pencarrow Head and into
4988-420: The Wellington City Council —the same amount—and from Mrs W R Williams, widowed mother of the park's founder, J H Williams. The Wellington City Council announced on 11 March 1914 that councillors had visited and inspected the land in Days Bay and after a special meeting in the evening in committee resolved to buy it on the terms submitted by the deputation of citizens and the vendors. The foreshore rights vested in
5104-419: The abdomen, cephalothorax , or entire body is brown, sometimes with a dull red or yellow stripe, or cream-coloured spots on its upper side. These different forms were at one point thought to be different species, but a 2008 study demonstrated they were different morphs of the same species. Adult males and juveniles are quite different in appearance to the female. They are smaller in size, being about one sixth
5220-584: The algal blooms as the cause of death of a small number of dogs swimming in the river, as well as of skin reactions in the case of swimmers. Seven bridges cross the Hutt River within the city of Lower Hutt, with several other bridges built and replaced from the 1850s onwards. Tributaries of the Hutt River within Lower Hutt include: Here are listed the following suburbs of Lower Hutt City (unofficial suburbs are in italics ). Notes: Lower Hutt City covers 376.40 km (145.33 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 115,500 as of June 2024, with
5336-504: The area while he went south. They had permission to cut and sell firewood and timber. The Days built their house in the bay and operated a schooner that ferried early settlers between the Hutt Valley and Wellington. After their house was severely damaged by an earthquake in November 1849 the Day family left the bay aboard the schooner Flirt , captained by their eldest son George Frederick Day, and sailed to Lyttelton in Canterbury ,
5452-826: The beach by 1901. These excursions were not on a regular schedule but fitted between the everyday commitments of Williams’ vessels. Generally passengers were carried by Duco which also performed tugboat duties but at the end of 1897 the specially designed and built for Williams, licensed for 1,029 passengers, electrically lit steamer Duchess arrived from her builders in Glasgow . It was the harbour's first glimpse of her twin-funnelled passenger liner profile. Then after seven more good years Williams became concerned that in 1909, only four years away, his lease of his Day's Bay wharf would expire. He had put ten successful years work into Day's Bay. The Evening Post reported about 4000 had visited Days Bay on Anniversary Day 1905. His real pleasure
5568-523: The brown widow ( Latrodectus geometricus ), and the European black widow ( Latrodectus tredecimguttatus ). The katipō's closest relative is the Australian redback spider ( Latrodectus hasseltii ). Latrodectus katipo and L. atritus (black katipō) were previously thought to be two separate species, but research has shown that they are a single species, L. katipo , with colour variation that
5684-425: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 19,026 (22.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 41,766 (48.5%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 19,980 (23.2%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 47,800, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 12,957 people (15.0%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
5800-425: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 19,188 (22.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 42,231 (48.6%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 20,148 (23.2%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 47,800, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 13,125 people (15.1%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
5916-418: The census's question about religious affiliation, 57.8% had no religion, 34.2% were Christian , 0.5% were Hindu , 1.0% were Buddhist and 2.0% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 255 (50.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 21 (4.2%) people had no formal qualifications. 174 people (34.7%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
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#17327908728556032-466: The company became a subsidiary of Watson's newly formed Wellington Harbour Ferries Limited. incorporated 1901, plant sold to Wellington Harbour Ferries Limited in 1906. incorporated 1906 (Wm Watson (1846–1938), president of the Bank of New Zealand, and other Seatoun residents, manager E G F Zohrab) to own a controlling share of Wellington Steam Ferry Company Limited and the plant from Miramar Ferry. In 1913
6148-410: The company would now vest in the Wellington City Council. Mrs W R Williams was given a copy of the following resolution by the council: "That this council place on record its deep sense of the public spirit manifested by Mrs W R Williams in contributing a sum of £1,500 towards the fund for the purchase of the Day's Bay grounds for public purposes and in recognition of her generosity hereby resolves that
6264-546: The crowds as well as barricades and at the city end the Wellington Harbour Board felt obliged to build a special Ferry Wharf—finished by autumn 1897—otherwise the swarms of trippers created real difficulties at their Queens Wharf. Newspaper reports of as many as six shark fins at once in the warmer waters of the eastern harbour and infestations of venomous katipō spiders in rotten wood on Day's Bay's high tide mark did not deter them. Donkey rides were there on
6380-505: The decline of suitable habitat. Foreign spiders have colonised areas where suitable habitat remains. The major coloniser is the South African spider Steatoda capensis . It was first reported in the 1990s and may have displaced the katipō along the west coast of the North Island from Wellington to Whanganui , although both the katipō and S. capensis have been found sharing the same dune systems or even co-existing under
6496-475: The eastern shores of Wellington Harbour , of which 78.54 km (30 sq mi) is urban. It is separated from the city of Wellington by the harbour, and from Upper Hutt by the Taita Gorge. Lower Hutt is unique among New Zealand cities, as the name of the council does not match the name of the city it governs. Special legislation has since 1991 given the council the name "Hutt City Council", while
6612-470: The eastern side of the Hutt Valley, from Waiwhetū to Taitā (then known as Taita), to alleviate nationwide housing shortages and to cater for the booming population . Between 1946 and 1954 the railway line from Waterloo extended through these new suburbs to Haywards , becoming the main line in 1954 when the existing main line between Haywards and Melling closed. By the end of the 1950s, Lower Hutt had
6728-471: The end of the 1880s Williams rebuilt it at his own expense. A refreshment booth was organised, playground equipment was brought in for young children and races and other activities set up for the older ones and the excursions became a great success. Williams' income came from carrying the people to Lowry Bay and not from their activities once on dry land. Wanting to participate in the takings from those shore activities he took an opportunity in November 1894 to buy
6844-448: The exterior of the egg sac may become covered with sand . After six weeks of incubation, during January and February, the spiderlings hatch. The young spiders then disperse from the web. Little is known about the dispersal mechanism that the spiderlings use to move away from the nest. In one study, observing spiders over 24 hours, 28% used a ballooning method, which is where the young spiders use air currents to carry themselves away from
6960-424: The extremities changing to brown. The black katipō female, found in the upper North Island, does not have a red stripe on the top of its body, and the abdominal colouration is usually lighter, but is otherwise very similar in appearance to the red katipō. The hourglass pattern on the underside of the abdomen may also be less distinct, losing the middle section, and may even be absent. Variations also exist where
7076-461: The family Ichneumonidae has been observed feeding on katipō eggs. The katipō is an endangered species and has recently become threatened with extinction . It is estimated that there are only a few thousand katipō left in about 50 areas in the North Island and eight areas in the South Island, making it rarer than some species of kiwi. A number of factors have contributed to its decline;
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#17327908728557192-497: The ferries were sold to the Eastbourne Borough Council and Day's Bay House to Miss Sommerville for Croydon School. The remaining Day's Bay land was bought by Wellington City Council and the companies were eventually wound up. 41°16′54″S 174°54′24″E / 41.2816°S 174.9068°E / -41.2816; 174.9068 Lower Hutt Lower Hutt ( Māori : Te Awa Kairangi ki Tai )
7308-718: The ground so as to catch crawling insects for food. Spiders inhabiting dune grasses construct their webs in open spaces between the grass tufts, while spiders inhabiting areas of shrubbery do so on the underside of a plant overhanging open sand. It has been found that these patches of open sand are necessary for katipō to build their webs as plants that envelop sand dunes in dense cover, such as exotic plants like kikuyu or buffalo grass, create an environment unsuitable for web construction. The katipō therefore prefers to spin its web amongst pīngao plants as this plant's growth pattern leaves patches of sand between each plant. The wind can then blow insects and other prey through these gaps and into
7424-540: The inaugural operator of the lighthouse. The railway line from central Wellington reached Lower Hutt station (subsequently Western Hutt ) in April 1874, with the line running north up the west side of the Hutt River to Silverstream opening two years later. Before the Second World War of 1939–1945, urban settlement in the lower Hutt Valley concentrated mainly on Petone , central Lower Hutt and Eastbourne, with
7540-425: The insect with a series of rapid movements. After the insect is firmly immobilised, the spider bites it several times, usually at the joints, before spinning more silk to strengthen the web, and then administering a last long bite which ultimately kills the insect. The spider then moves the prey up into the web until it is ready to eat. If food is readily available then it is common to see five or six insects hanging in
7656-424: The katipō is threatened with extinction . A katipō bite produces the toxic syndrome latrodectism ; symptoms include extreme pain and, potentially, hypertension , seizure , or coma . Bites are rare, an antivenom is available, and no deaths have been reported since 1923. The katipō is particularly notable in New Zealand as the nation is almost entirely devoid of dangerous native wildlife; this unique status means
7772-464: The katipō. S. capensis also belongs to the family Theridiidae and shares many of the katipō's features. It is of similar size, shape, general colouration, but it lacks the red stripe on its back, and may have some red, orange or yellow on its abdomen. Due to these similarities it is commonly known in New Zealand as the "false katipō". In 2010 the katipō was one of a dozen species of previously unprotected invertebrate given full protection under
7888-720: The land adjacent to the river is protected as reserve by the City Council and managed by the Greater Wellington Regional Council to provide popular recreational areas. From the river mouth, walking and cycling trails and grassed areas occur at various points along both sides of the river up the Hutt Valley to Te Mārua , 28 km further north in Upper Hutt. With lower river-levels in mid-summer, algal blooms have contributed to making slow-flowing areas anoxic. The Regional Council has cited
8004-562: The last of which appears to have been a Māori girl who – according to the missionary Thomas Chapman – died in approximately 1849. While there were reports of severe katipō bites in 19th or early 20th century records, no other fatalities from spider bites have since been reported in New Zealand. The most recent fatality seems to have been in 1901, as reported in the Evening Post on 25 September of that year: "AUCKLAND, This Day. Mr. George Twidle, aged 47, son of Mr. George Twidle of Pukekohe,
8120-589: The local tug and ferry service which he conducted for a number of years and eventually formed into the Wellington Steam Ferry Company Limited. He, and later through that company, developed Day's Bay Estate into a popular resort. He died at his residence, 22 Hobson Street, Thorndon , 19 January 1915 aged 57 leaving a son and three daughters. J H Williams held the piloting and tugboat contract at Wellington 1894–99, his tugs were Duco and Mana In 1900 he sold his business, including
8236-477: The lower North Island, has a large black globular abdomen , about the size of a garden pea , with slender legs and a white-bordered orange or red stripe on its back that runs from the uppermost surface of the abdomen back to the spinnerets . The dark velvet-black abdomen is described as satin or silky in appearance, rather than being shiny. The underside of the abdomen is black and has a red patch or partial red hourglass -shaped marking. It has mainly black legs with
8352-569: The major ones appear to be loss of habitat and the declining quality of the remaining habitat. Human interference with their natural habitat has been occurring for over a century following European settlement. Coastal dune modification resulting from agriculture , forestry , or urban development , along with recreational activities like the use of beach buggies , off-road vehicles, beach horse riding and driftwood collection have destroyed or changed areas where katipō lives. The introduction of many invasive exotic plants has also contributed to
8468-580: The mouth of the Hutt River ( Te Awa Kairangi in Māori language), and settlers set up New Zealand's first newspaper and bank. The city takes its name from the English name given to the river, named after one of the founding members, director and chairman of the New Zealand Company, Sir William Hutt . The dual name of Hutt River Te Awa Kairangi has been used since 2010. Within weeks of settlement
8584-527: The name of the place itself remains "Lower Hutt City". This name has led to confusion, as Upper Hutt is administered by a separate city council, the Upper Hutt City Council. The entire Hutt Valley includes both Lower and Upper Hutt cities. Lower Hutt is also often simply called "the Hutt". Before European settlement, thick forest covered most of the Hutt Valley, with areas of marshland close to
8700-438: The nest suspended by a single web strand, while the majority, 61%, used a bridging method where the spiderling uses its silk to move to nearby plants, and 11% still remained in the nest. The young spiderlings reach full maturity the following spring. The close relationship between the katipō and redback is shown when mating. A male redback is able to successfully mate with a female katipō producing hybrid offspring . However,
8816-470: The nest. The katipō is endemic to New Zealand. In the North Island it is found along the West Coast from Wellington to North Cape . On the east coast of the North Island it occurs irregularly, however, it is abundant on Great Barrier Island . In the South Island it is found in coastal regions south to Dunedin on the east coast and south to Greymouth on the west coast. This southern limit
8932-531: The north and Te Tai Tonga in the south). The city centres on the lower southern valley of the Hutt River , to the northeast of the city of Wellington . The valley widens into a delta as the river nears its mouth, so the central urban area of the city forms a triangle with its longest side along the shoreline. In the upper reaches of the city the Western and Eastern Hutt Hills become closer, culminating in
9048-460: The port for the new settlement of Christchurch . By December 1849 the family had settled in Sumner and George Day had become a road construction overseer, while the rest of the family appears to have continued their firewood, timber and shipping activities. A destination resort is a self-contained development that provides for visitor-oriented accommodations and developed recreational facilities in
9164-522: The principal 125 acres section of beachfront in Days Bay, got permission to build a wharf and had the rest of the Bay surveyed. Twelve months later his wharf was finished though he ran his first excursion there the month before on 9 October 1895. In November 1896 the Evening Post reported steamers Duco and Mana were unable to take all who wished to go to Day's Bay. The following winter Williams bought
9280-494: The region from Wellington's south coast up to Waikanae , excluding the Wellington City Council area. As the region grew, urban parts of the Hutt County became autonomous boroughs: Petone in 1888, Lower Hutt in 1891, Eastbourne in 1906, Johnsonville in 1908, Upper Hutt in 1908, Porirua in 1962 and Kapiti in 1974. In 1941 Lower Hutt became a city. It incorporated Normandale in 1957. In 1987–1989
9396-506: The reserve shall henceforth be known as Williams Park". For a long time the ferries also enjoyed the commuter traffic that found the road intolerable. The whole far or eastern side of the harbour had become known as Eastbourne by the turn of the 19th to 20th century but it was still referred to as the-district-round-about-Day's-Bay. Modern Eastbourne was then Rona Bay (within) Day's Bay and its broader neighbour to its south, Muritai (within) Day's Bay, both accessible by Day's Bay steamer. That
9512-461: The resort for the benefit of the public though without its accommodation and, in view of the large cash contribution by the founder's mother, named it Williams Park. Days Bay's ornate wooden late-Victorian Pavilion, providing teas on its deep verandahs, a restaurant, evening dances and outdoor concerts was very popular until it was totally destroyed by an early Sunday morning fire in October 1952. It
9628-468: The resort of Days Bay, into his Wellington Steam Ferry Company. In 1914, less than twelve months before he died, his mother gave a large sum of money to help Wellington City Council purchase from a subsequent owner the Day's Bay resort for the benefit of the public. In view of her considerable generosity the Wellington City Council named the resort Williams Park. The ferries and the hotel were bought by other interests. The area has particular associations with
9744-656: The river's mouth. Māori inhabited the shoreline, with a pā at each end of Petone beach. Māori welcomed the arrival of the New Zealand Company ship Tory in 1839, and William Wakefield (the company's agent) negotiated with some local chiefs to allow settlement. The first immigrant ship, the Aurora , arrived on 22 January 1840, an event still commemorated every year on the Monday closest as Wellington's Anniversary Day . A settlement, Britannia, grew up close to
9860-464: The road under their management in early 1926. It was intended to pave the road through Days Bay in late summer 1926 but there was a proposal for a subway to link the wharf and road entrance to the Pavilion. The subway was strongly and in the end successfully opposed by local residents and the paving in front of the park finally went ahead in 1927. Days Bay covers 0.49 km (0.19 sq mi) It
9976-447: The same piece of driftwood, suggesting that the two species can co-exist in similar habitats. It is possible that the displacement of the katipō by S. capensis is due to its ability to recolonise areas from which the katipō had been displaced after storms or other dune modifications. Furthermore, S. capensis breeds year-round, produces more offspring and lives in a greater range of habitats which leads to greater pressure on
10092-419: The sea when these dunes extend inland for long distances. Webs are typically established in low-growing dune plants and other vegetation such as the native pīngao ( Ficinia spiralis ) or the introduced marram grass ( Ammophila arenaria ). They may also build their webs under driftwood , stones, or other debris such as empty tin cans or bottles. Webs are almost always constructed over open sand and near
10208-513: The seashore. They are found throughout most of coastal New Zealand except the far south and west. Katipō feed mainly on ground dwelling insects , caught in an irregular tangled web spun amongst dune plants or other debris. After mating in August or September, the female katipō produces five or six egg sacs in November or December. The spiderlings hatch during January and February and disperse into surrounding plants. Due to habitat loss and colonisation of their natural habitat by other exotic spiders,
10324-406: The size of an adult female. Juveniles have a brown carapace , with a predominantly white abdomen which has a series of red-orange diamonds running along the dorsal region bordered on either side by irregular black lines. Males retain this colouration into adulthood. Due to its much smaller size, Urquhart (1886) believed the male to be a separate species and named it Theridion melanozantha . This
10440-529: The spider is well known, despite being rarely seen. Although the 'kātĕpo' was reported to the Linnean Society as early as 1855, the spider was formally described as Latrodectus katipo by L. Powell in 1870. Spiders of the genus Latrodectus have a worldwide distribution and include all of the commonly known widow spiders : the North American black widow spider ( Latrodectus mactans ),
10556-740: The studios were eventually sold off in 2012 to a consortium of Wellington investors. Avalon continues to operate independently with seven film and television studios used as primarily as a feature film production base. A large proportion of Lower Hutt's residents commute to the mainly commercial, service and government offices in Wellington City 12 km to the south-west. The Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand (CAA) has its headquarters in Aviation House in Petone , Lower Hutt. Katip%C5%8D The katipō ( Latrodectus katipo )
10672-467: The time of the first World War Williams Park's location was firmly Day's Bay, Eastbourne but civic administration remained separate from Eastbourne and there were complaints at the way Day's Bay in Hutt County took the bulk of the holiday traffic on Eastbourne' s Ferries having made no contribution to their upkeep. Of course the visitors would have been just as happy to get off the boat at Rona Bay, there you could take your pick from wharf or sandy beach or if
10788-479: The web and in the ensuing struggle, the web's ground anchor line breaks. The silk's elasticity causes the prey to become suspended a few centimetres off the ground. The katipō then moves to the prey, turns so that the spinnerets are facing the insect and spins silk over it. Like most theridiids, the tarsi of the hind legs have a row of strong curved bristles which are arranged as a comb . The katipō uses these to scoop sticky silk from its spinnerets and throws it over
10904-401: The web waiting to be ingested. The male's hunting behaviour is similar to the female's, although may not be as vigorous due to its smaller size. The male wanders as an adult and in August or September goes looking for the females' webs to mate . The male will enter the female's web and vibrate the silk as he approaches her. The female is usually aggressive at first and will chase the male from
11020-426: The web. Marram grass has been extensively planted in New Zealand to help stabilise sand dunes and has largely replaced pīngao in many areas. Because marram grass grows in a very tight formation only leaving small gaps between tuffs, this makes it difficult for the katipō to construct a suitable web for capturing prey. Like other theridiid spiders, the web is a disorganised, irregular tangle of fine textured silk. It
11136-457: The web. The courtship process consists of the male bobbing, plucking and tweaking the web along with periods of cautious approach and being chased by the female. Eventually, when she becomes docile and allows him to approach, the male will then approach the female as she hangs quietly upside down in the web. The male moves onto her ventral abdomen, tapping her rapidly until she moves to align his abdomen above hers. He then inserts his palps one at
11252-567: The world. Over the past 25 years service, distribution, and consumer-oriented sectors have increased. Lower Hutt remains the main location for light industrial activity in the Wellington Region. Until post-war housing development took over, the central and northern areas of the city were largely market gardens. In 2010 the lower reaches of the Waiwhetū Stream was cleaned up to remove toxins from decades of industry use. The channel
11368-625: The young Katherine Mansfield . The story " At the Bay " was based on her holiday experiences as a child when Day's Bay encompassed Rona Bay and Muritai and they took a house on the rise above St Alban's church. After she came back from school in England her father had a tiny family holiday cottage on Day's Bay's rocky beachfront by the point where what is now Marine Parade turns towards Sunshine Bay. Wellington Steam Ferry Company Limited incorporated 1900 (J H Williams, manager E G F Zohrab) Williams sold his interest in 1905 to William Watson's syndicate and
11484-513: Was $ 50,100, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 651 people (37.2%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 861 (49.2%) people were employed full-time, 324 (18.5%) were part-time, and 42 (2.4%) were unemployed. Wellesley College is a private boys' primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of 253 as of August 2024. James Herbert Williams (c.1858–1915) for many years connected with his father 's shipping business subsequently created
11600-429: Was 27.8, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.3% had no religion, 36.1% were Christian , 0.3% were Hindu , 0.3% were Muslim , 0.9% were Buddhist and 2.3% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 879 (50.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 99 (5.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income
11716-681: Was also widened to better protect against floods and native plantings and management has seen native waterlife and birds return to their habitat. Petone's Jackson Street and neighbouring areas have seen a resurgence in to one of Wellington's most popular retail and hospitality area. Lower Hutt has one of the greatest proportion of science, technology and high value manufacturing businesses in New Zealand. Crown research institute GNS Science and New Zealand's innovation centre and business accelerator Callaghan Innovation are based in Lower Hutt, along with over 800 research organisations in high-end manufacturing, research and technology. The suburb of Avalon
11832-409: Was apparently given to the species owing to the Māori belief that the spiders bite at night. Other common names include red katipō , black katipō and New Zealand's redback . The katipō is a small to medium-sized spider. The mature female has a body size of about 8 millimetres (0.31 in) with a leg span of up to 32 millimetres (1.3 in). The red katipō female, found in the South Island and
11948-439: Was badly damaged by fire in 1948 and sold for a trawler in 1950. Cobar replacement Ocean Cruiser , a stripped Fairmile with a puny stand-in for its three V12 petrol engines, proved unreliable and did not attract the hoped-for custom. Day's Bay House was built in 1903 for J H Williams's Wellington Steam Ferry Company. The resort hotel operation met with only moderate success and in 1913 with its immediate surrounds, 4 acres, it
12064-502: Was bitten by a katipo spider on 16 September. His arm swelled, and he suffered great pain till Saturday last, when he died. He leaves a widow and several children." Between 1967 and 1976, 23 of the 37 known hospitalisations for spider bites in New Zealand were attributed to katipō bites. The most recent reported katipō bites (as of 2016 ) were to a Canadian tourist in 2010 and a kayaker in 2012. The clinical features of latrodectism are similar for all species of Latrodectus spiders. It
12180-594: Was bought by a syndicate led by William Watson of the Bank of New Zealand . Wellington Steam Ferry became a subsidiary of Watson's newly formed Wellington Harbour Ferries Limited. Within a month an auction of 66 building sites was advertised. It seemed all Wellington protested. Harold Beauchamp , father of Katherine Mansfield appealed to the Premier, Richard Seddon , for the Government to acquire Days Bay and proclaim it
12296-409: Was eventually replaced by a small building. Better road access was achieved, a bus service provided and the ferries lost custom and Williams Park lost some of its visitors. Suburban electric trains up the west coast and the rise of private cars in the second half of the 20th century opened new options for Wellingtonians. Since public ownership in 1914, aside from the maturing of trees, no waterslide and
12412-507: Was home to New Zealand's television industry from 1975 until the late 1980s. The Avalon film and television studios were New Zealand's first purpose-built television studios, and is the largest television studio complex in Australasia. The studios were home to Television One from 1975 to 1980, when it merged with South Pacific Television to form Television New Zealand (TVNZ). After 1989 most of TVNZ's operations moved to Auckland, and
12528-524: Was in running his resort and finding extra work for his commercial vessels in their slack times. By 1905 there was less commercial work available. The Union Company had bought two tugs for its own operations and there were other smaller competitors. A wharf had been built at Rona Bay and building sites were being sold. The usual civic institutions were beginning to take root in the neighbourhood, initially an unelected group calling themselves The Day's Bay Ratepayers Association. Properly constituted they would see
12644-460: Was increased and the service made more convenient for East Harbour residents. In 1923 the council purchased Muritai but it proved an expensive vessel to run. The paving of the Hutt Road and the extension of the bitumen to Muritai lowered ferry custom and the council was obliged to buy a fleet of buses. Duchess was sold in 1934. Muritai was taken over for Defence purposes in August 1940. Cobar
12760-415: Was not rectified until 1933 when it was correctly identified as the male Latrodectus katipo . The katipō is restricted to a highly specialised habitat and is only found near the seashore among sand dunes . They generally reside on the landward side of dunes closest to the coast where they are most sheltered from storms and sand movement. They can sometimes be associated with dunes several kilometres from
12876-414: Was sold to Miss Gladys Sommerville and building and grounds became Croydon School . When the resort without hotel became available at the end of 1913 once again strong public pressure arose for the Government or Wellington City Council to buy it. Having no satisfaction from these organisations a Citizens' Committee was formed and it called for donations. Much the largest were from the Government, £4,000 and
12992-557: Was spoken by 95.1%, Māori language by 5.1%, Samoan by 4.2% and other languages by 17.8%. No language could be spoken by 2.3% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 27.6, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 33.9% Christian , 4.5% Hindu , 1.4% Islam , 1.1% Māori religious beliefs , 1.3% Buddhist , 0.4% New Age , 0.1% Jewish , and 1.8% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 49.6%, and 6.1% of people did not answer
13108-557: Was spoken by 95.1%, Māori language by 5.1%, Samoan by 4.3% and other languages by 17.9%. No language could be spoken by 2.3% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 27.7, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 34.0% Christian , 4.5% Hindu , 1.4% Islam , 1.1% Māori religious beliefs , 1.3% Buddhist , 0.4% New Age , 0.1% Jewish , and 1.8% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 49.4%, and 6.1% of people did not answer
13224-406: Was that 240 (47.9%) people were employed full-time, 111 (22.2%) were part-time, and 18 (3.6%) were unemployed. Eastern Bays statistical area covers 1.93 km (0.75 sq mi) and includes several other bays between Days Bay and Point Howard . It had an estimated population of 2,140 as of June 2024, with a population density of 1,109 people per km. Eastern Bays had a population of 2,079 at
13340-573: Was that 47,736 (55.4%) people were employed full-time, 10,263 (11.9%) were part-time, and 2,679 (3.1%) were unemployed. Historically, Petone, Seaview and Gracefield have been the main area for industry in the Wellington region, with industries including meat processing and freezing, motor vehicle assembly, and timber processing. As business have taken advantage of global manufacturing efficiencies, much of this large scale industry has changed to smaller design-led and medium-sized industries exporting to
13456-422: Was that 48,201 (55.4%) people were employed full-time, 10,395 (12.0%) were part-time, and 2,694 (3.1%) were unemployed. Lower Hutt's urban area covers 78.54 km (30.32 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 114,500 as of June 2024, with a population density of 1,458 people per km . Lower Hutt had a population of 106,530 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 2,985 people (2.9%) since
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