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32-552: The exact date of the formal establishment of the office is unknown. According to some sources, the first defterdar was the Kadı (judge) of Mihaliç, Çelebi bin Mehmed, appointed in 1359 or 1360, during the reign of Murad I . During the reign of Bayezid I (1389–1402), the poet Zahiri is mentioned as the defterdar . In the classical period, the finances of the Empire were organized under

64-528: A bishop . In English, the feminine form of the title is despotess (from ‹See Tfd› Greek: δεσπότισσα , translit.   despótissa ; Bulgarian: деспотица , romanized:  despotítsa ; Serbian: деспотица /[despotica] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= ( help ) ), which denoted the spouse of a despot, but the transliterated traditional female equivalent of despotes , despoina ( ‹See Tfd› Greek: δέσποινα , translit.   déspoina , lit.  "lady of

96-518: A different meaning: " despotism " is a form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power. The semantic shift undergone by the term is mirrored by " tyrant ", an ancient Greek word that originally bore no negative connotation, and the Latin " dictator ", a constitutionally sanctioned office of the Roman Republic . In colloquial Modern Greek , the word is often used to refer to

128-516: A noble title, but bore the titles of their husbands. Thus the spouse of a despot, the despotess ( despotissa ), had the right to bear the same insignia as he. Among the women of the court, the despotesses likewise took the first place after the empress. The use of the title spread also to the other countries of the Balkans. The Latin Empire used it to honour the Doge of Venice Enrico Dandolo and

160-713: A religious significance for the local Muslims. It was vandalized between 1999 and 2006 and was renovated recently. His other remains were carried to Bursa , his Anatolian capital city, and were buried in a tomb at the complex built in his name. Murad was the son of Orhan and Nilüfer Hatun , a slave concubine who was of ethnic Greek descent. Murad I had at least seven consorts: Murad I had at least five sons: Murad I had at least five daughters: [REDACTED] Media related to Murad I at Wikimedia Commons Despot (court title) Despot or despotes ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : δεσπότης , translit.   despótēs , lit.  "lord, master")

192-473: A single Defterdar , literally the main bookkeeper, in charge of a single imperial treasury ( Hazine-i Amire ). Starting in 1793, smaller treasuries independent of the imperial treasury were organized, each with a separate defterdar in charge. In 1837, a modern ministry was founded under the name of Maliye Nezareti , merging most of the independent treasuries back to the Imperial Treasury. In 1840,

224-536: The Caesar another appellatory epithet, eutychestatos ( εὐτυχέστατος , 'most fortunate') or paneutychestatos ( πανευτυχέστατος , 'most fortunate of all'). During the last centuries of Byzantium's existence, the title was awarded to the younger sons of emperors (the eldest sons were usually crowned as co-emperors, with the title of basileus ) as well as to the emperor's sons-in-law ( gambroi ). The title entailed extensive honours and privileges, including

256-634: The Empire of Trebizond . With the political fragmentation of the period, the term gave rise to several principalities termed "despotates" which were ruled either as independent states or as appanages by princes bearing the title of despot; most notably the Despotate of Epirus , the Despotate of the Morea , the Despotate of Dobruja and the Serbian Despotate . In modern usage, the word has taken

288-541: The Palaiologoi , as well as the Latin Emperors who claimed their succession and imitated their styles, continued to use the term despotes in its more generic sense of 'lord' in their personal seals and in imperial coinage. In a similar manner, the holders of the two immediately junior titles of sebastokrator and Caesar could be addressed as despota ( δεσπότα ). The despot shared with

320-534: The Serbian Empire it was widely awarded among the various Serbian magnates, with Jovan Oliver being the first holder, and it was held by lesser principalities as well, including the self-proclaimed Albanian despots of Arta . In the 15th century, the Venetian governors of Corfu were also styled as despots. As the title of despot was conferred by the emperor and usually implied a degree of submission by

352-488: The 12th century, the honorific was used interchangeably with the more formal title of basileus . Although it was used for high-ranking nobles from the early 12th century, the title of despot began being used as a specific court title by Manuel I Komnenos , who conferred it in 1163 to the future King Béla III of Hungary , the Emperor's son-in-law and, until the birth of Alexios II in 1169, heir-presumptive. According to

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384-415: The 15th century and later, decades after the actual event. One Western source states that during the first hours of the battle, Murad I was assassinated by Serbian nobleman and knight Miloš Obilić by knife. Most Ottoman chroniclers (including Dimitrie Cantemir ) state that he was assassinated after the finish of the battle while going around the battlefield. His older son Bayezid , who was in charge of

416-487: The Byzantine world, these were chiefly the Despotate of Epirus and the Despotate of the Morea . The close association of title and territory began already from the late 13th century and became widespread from the mid-14th century, as a steady succession of despots began to rule over the same territory. Nevertheless, the term "despotate" is technically inaccurate: the title of despot, like every other Byzantine dignity,

448-550: The awardee, the Palaiologan emperors tried long to persuade the Emperors of Trebizond , who also claimed the Byzantine imperial title, to accept the title of despot instead. Only John II of Trebizond and his son Alexios II , however, accepted the title, and even they continued to use the usual imperial title of basileus in their own domains. With the death of the last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI on May 29, 1453,

480-528: The contemporary Byzantine historian John Kinnamos , the title of despot was analogous to Béla's Hungarian title of urum , or heir-apparent. From this time and until the end of the Byzantine Empire, the title of despot became the highest Byzantine dignity, which placed its holders "immediately after the emperor" ( Rodolphe Guilland ). Nevertheless, the Byzantine emperors from the Komnenoi to

512-403: The control of large estates – the domains of Michael VIII's brother John Palaiologos for instance included the islands of Lesbos and Rhodes – to finance their extensive households. Like the junior titles of sebastokrator and Caesar however, the title of despot was strictly a courtly dignity, and was not tied to any military or administrative functions or powers. Women could not hold

544-541: The creation of a despot became irregular. The title was granted by Pope Paul II to Andreas Palaiologos , heir to the Byzantine throne in 1465, and by the king of Hungary to the heirs of the Serbian Despotate . From the mid-14th century on, various territories were given to imperial princes with the rank of despot to rule as semi-autonomous appanages , some of which have become widely known in historiography as "despotates" (sing. δεσποτάτον , despotaton , in Greek); in

576-460: The house"), is also commonly used. The original Greek term δεσπότης ( despotes ) meant simply 'lord' and was synonymous with κύριος ( kyrios ). As the Greek equivalent to the Latin dominus , despotes was initially used as a form of address indicating respect. As such it was applied to any person of rank, but in a more specific sense to God (e.g. Revelation 6:10), bishops and

608-515: The leadership of Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo . There are different accounts from different sources about when and how Murad I was assassinated. The contemporary sources mainly noted that the battle took place and that both Prince Lazar and the Sultan lost their lives in the battle. The existing evidence of the additional stories and speculations as to how Murad I died were disseminated and recorded in

640-622: The left wing of the Ottoman forces, took charge after that. His other son, Yakub Bey , who was in charge of the other wing, was called to the Sultan's command center tent by Bayezid, but when Yakub Bey arrived he was strangled, leaving Bayezid as the sole claimant to the throne. In a letter from the Florentine senate (written by Coluccio Salutati ) to the King Tvrtko I of Bosnia , dated 20 October 1389, Murad I's (and Yakub Bey's) killing

672-638: The local ruler of the Rhodope region, Alexius Slav . After ca. 1219 it was regularly borne (it is not clear whether the title was awarded by the Emperor or usurped) by the Venetian podestàs in Constantinople, as the Venetian support became crucial to the Empire's survival. In 1279/80, it was introduced in Bulgaria to placate the powerful magnate (and later Tsar) George Terter in 1279/80. During

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704-556: The merging of the remaining independent treasuries was completed. Ministers of Finance in the classical period were called Defterdar , were members of the Divan-ı Hümayun and held rank higher than agha (military commander of the central organization, situated in Istanbul) and bey (provincial governor), and lower than vizier and kazasker (chief judge). Starting from 1837, Ministers of Finance were called Maliye Nazırı , held

736-534: The patriarchs, and primarily the Roman and Byzantine Emperors . Occasionally it was used in formal settings, for example on coins (since Leo III the Isaurian ) or formal documents. During the 8th and 9th centuries, co-emperors appear on coinage with the address despotes , but this was still a mark of respect rather than an official title. Senior emperors were also occasionally addressed as despotes . Before

768-683: The princes of Serbia and Bulgaria as well as the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos to pay him tribute. Murad I administratively divided his sultanate into the two provinces of Anatolia ( Asia Minor ) and Rumelia (the Balkans). According to the Ottoman sources, Murad I's titles included Bey , Emîr-i a’zam (Great Emir ), Ghazi , Hüdavendigâr , Khan , Padishah , Sultânü’s-selâtîn (Sultan of sultans), Melikü’l-mülûk ( Malik of maliks), while in Bulgarian and Serbian sources he

800-581: The rank of vizier , and were titled Pasha . The office of the Defterdar continued until 1837. In 1837, a modern ministry was founded under the name of Maliye Nezareti (Ministry of Finance). Murad I Murad I ( Ottoman Turkish : مراد اول ; Turkish : I. Murad, Murad-ı Hüdavendigâr (nicknamed Hüdavendigâr , from Persian : خداوندگار , romanized :  Khodāvandgār , lit.   'the devotee of God ' – meaning " sovereign " in this context); 29 June 1326 – 15 June 1389)

832-599: Was defeated on September 26, 1371 , by Murad's capable second lieutenant Lala Şâhin Paşa , the first governor ( beylerbey ) of Rumeli . In 1385, Sofia fell to the Ottomans . In 1386, Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović defeated an Ottoman force at the Battle of Pločnik . The Ottoman army suffered heavy casualties, and was unable to capture Niš on the way back. In 1389, Murad's army fought the Serbian Army and its allies under

864-630: Was a senior Byzantine court title that was bestowed on the sons or sons-in-law of reigning emperors, and initially denoted the heir-apparent of the Byzantine emperor . From Byzantium it spread throughout the late medieval Balkans and was also granted in the states under Byzantine cultural influence, such as the Latin Empire , the Second Bulgarian Empire , the Serbian Empire and its successor states ( Bulgarian and Serbian : деспот , romanized :  despót ), and

896-415: Was described as "the ruler of Acarnania , the despot John" rather than "the despot of Acarnania" by the emperor-historian John VI Kantakouzenos ( r.  1347–1354 ). According to the mid-14th-century Book of Offices of Pseudo-Kodinos and the descriptions given by the historian George Pachymeres , the despot's insignia in the Byzantine court were characterised by the colours purple and white, and

928-478: Was described. A party of twelve Serbian lords slashed their way through the Ottoman lines defending Murad I. One of them, allegedly Miloš Obilić , had managed to get through to the Sultan's tent and kill him with sword stabs to the throat and belly. Murad's internal organs were buried in Kosovo field and remain to this day on a corner of the battlefield in a location called Meshed-i Hudavendigar which has gained

960-422: Was not hereditary nor intrinsic to a specific territory. Even in the so-called "despotates", a son of a despot might succeed to his father's territory but could not and would not hold the title unless it was conferred anew by the emperor. In normal Byzantine usage, a clear distinction was drawn between the personal dignity of despot and any other offices or attributes of its holder. Thus for instance John II Orsini

992-680: Was referred to as Tsar . In a Genoese document, he was referred to as dominus armiratorum Turchie (Master lord of Turks). Murad fought against the powerful beylik of Karaman in Anatolia and against the Serbs , Albanians , Bulgarians and Hungarians in Europe. In particular, a Serb expedition to expel the Turks from Adrianople led by the Serbian brothers King Vukašin and Despot Uglješa ,

List of Ottoman ministers of finance - Misplaced Pages Continue

1024-689: Was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1362 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan Gazi and Nilüfer Hatun . Murad I came into the throne after his elder brother Süleyman Pasha 's death. Murad I conquered Adrianople , renamed it to Edirne , and in 1363 made it the new capital of the Ottoman Sultanate. Then he further expanded the Ottoman realm in Southern Europe by bringing most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule, and forced

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