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96-603: The Dagobah System lies within the Dagobah subsector of the Sluis sector, located in the Outer Rim Territories galactic quadrant region, 50,250 light-years from Coruscant . The sun was called Dagobah Prime. It is noted as being one of the purest places in the galaxy, incredibly strong in the living force, and being chosen by Jedi Yoda as the planet to go into exile on to mask his presence and avoid discovery by

192-418: A decisive crisis , and comes home changed or transformed. Earlier figures had proposed similar concepts, including psychoanalyst Otto Rank and amateur anthropologist Lord Raglan . Eventually, hero myth pattern studies were popularized by Joseph Campbell , who was influenced by Carl Jung 's analytical psychology . Campbell used the monomyth to analyze and compare religions . In his book The Hero with

288-404: A Thousand Faces (1949), he describes the narrative pattern as follows: A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man. Campbell's theories regarding the concept of a "monomyth" have been

384-530: A low relative velocity . Population II , or metal-poor stars , are those with relatively low metallicity which can have hundreds (e.g. BD +17° 3248 ) or thousands (e.g. Sneden's Star ) times less metallicity than the Sun. These objects formed during an earlier time of the universe. Intermediate population II stars are common in the bulge near the center of the Milky Way , whereas Population II stars found in

480-512: A moment rises to a glimpse of the source. They behold the face of the father, understand — and the two are atoned. This is the point of realization in which a greater understanding is achieved. Armed with this new knowledge and perception, the hero is resolved and ready for the more difficult part of the adventure. Campbell discloses that Those who know, not only that the Everlasting lies in them, but that what they, and all things, really are

576-525: A multitude of preliminary victories, unsustainable ecstasies, and momentary glimpses of the wonderful land. This is where the hero gains items given to him that will help him in the future. Campbell proposes that The ultimate adventure, when all the barriers and ogres have been overcome, is commonly represented as a mystical marriage of the triumphant hero-soul with the Queen Goddess of the World. This

672-407: A passage beyond the veil of the known into the unknown; the powers that watch at the boundary are dangerous; to deal with them is risky, yet for anyone with competence and courage the danger fades. The belly of the whale represents the final separation from the hero's known world and self. By entering this stage, the person shows a willingness to undergo a metamorphosis. When first entering the stage

768-836: A star where a terrestrial planet would have runaway greenhouse conditions like Venus , but not so near the star that the atmosphere completely escapes. As with the habitable zone, the location of the Venus zone depends on several factors, including the type of star and properties of the planets such as mass, rotation rate, and atmospheric clouds. Studies of the Kepler spacecraft data indicate that 32% of red dwarfs have potentially Venus-like planets based on planet size and distance from star, increasing to 45% for K-type and G-type stars. Several candidates have been identified, but spectroscopic follow-up studies of their atmospheres are required to determine whether they are like Venus. The Milky Way

864-543: A symbolic death and rebirth in Jungian analysis . In The Power of Myth , Campbell agrees with Bill Moyers that the original Star Wars film 's trash-compactor scene on the Death Star is a strong example of this step of the journey. The road of trials is a series of tests that the hero must undergo to begin the transformation. Often the hero fails one or more of these tests, which often occur in threes. Eventually,

960-474: A system is 16 Cygni . The mutual inclination between two planets is the angle between their orbital planes . Many compact systems with multiple close-in planets interior to the equivalent orbit of Venus are expected to have very low mutual inclinations, so the system (at least the close-in part) would be even flatter than the Solar System. Captured planets could be captured into any arbitrary angle to

1056-438: A system, much material is gravitationally-scattered into distant orbits, and some planets are ejected completely from the system, becoming rogue planets . Planets orbiting pulsars have been discovered. Pulsars are the remnants of the supernova explosions of high-mass stars, but a planetary system that existed before the supernova would likely be mostly destroyed. Planets would either evaporate, be pushed off of their orbits by

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1152-461: A term for a mythological archetype or a supposed mytheme that re-occurs throughout the world's cultures. Omry Ronen referred to Vyacheslav Ivanov 's treatment of Dionysus as an "avatar of Christ" (1904) as "Ivanov's monomyth". The phrase "the hero's journey", used in reference to Campbell's monomyth, first entered into popular discourse through two documentaries. The first, released in 1987, The Hero's Journey: The World of Joseph Campbell ,

1248-451: A very young A-type main-sequence star . There are now a total of 11 stars around which the presence of exocomets have been observed or suspected. All discovered exocometary systems ( Beta Pictoris , HR 10 , 51 Ophiuchi , HR 2174 , 49 Ceti , 5 Vulpeculae , 2 Andromedae , HD 21620 , HD 42111 , HD 110411 , and more recently HD 172555 ) are around very young A-type stars . Computer modelling of an impact in 2013 detected around

1344-414: Is the Everlasting, dwell in the groves of the wish-fulfilling trees, drink the brew of immortality , and listen everywhere to the unheard music of eternal concord. The ultimate boon is the achievement of the goal of the quest. It is what the hero went on the journey to get. All the previous steps serve to prepare and purify the hero for this step since in many myths the boon is something transcendent like

1440-435: Is 100,000 light-years across, but 90% of planets with known distances are within about 2000 light years of Earth, as of July 2014. One method that can detect planets much further away is microlensing . The upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope could use microlensing to measure the relative frequency of planets in the galactic bulge versus the galactic disk . So far, the indications are that planets are more common in

1536-482: Is also noted for being strong with the Force . Several scholars have interpreted Dagobah as the station of initiation when applying Joseph Campbell 's schema of the hero's journey , going back to ancient myths, to the character of Luke Skywalker: the hero retreats "from society to a world of more primal symbols where he must conquer his own darkness and return to the social world with a new redemptive knowledge." Dagobah

1632-582: Is also seen briefly in Return of the Jedi to depict Yoda's death and is featured in a deleted scene from Revenge of the Sith showing Yoda's arrival on the planet. George Lucas reportedly said it was removed so the film would not have "too many endings." The scene was released under the title "Exile to Dagobah" on the film's DVD. The Clone Wars featured Dagobah in a sixth-season episode, in which Yoda traveled to

1728-506: Is benign, protecting power of destiny. The fantasy is a reassurance—promise that the peace of Paradise , which was known first within the mother womb, is not to be lost; that it supports the present and stands in the future as well as in the past (is omega as well as alpha ); that though omnipotence may seem to be endangered by the threshold of the world. One has only to know and trust, and the ageless guardians will appear. Having responded to his own call, and continuing to follow courageously as

1824-579: Is constructed of" and that "Dagobah would also come to be the basis for [...] the notion that the film constitutes a form of mythology." Planetary system A planetary system is a set of gravitationally bound non-stellar bodies in or out of orbit around a star or star system . Generally speaking, systems with one or more planets constitute a planetary system, although such systems may also consist of bodies such as dwarf planets , asteroids , natural satellites , meteoroids , comets , planetesimals and circumstellar disks . For example,

1920-418: Is create new problems for himself and await the gradual approach of his disintegration. Once the hero has committed to the quest, consciously or unconsciously, their guide and magical helper appears or becomes known. More often than not, this supernatural mentor will present the hero with one or more talismans or artifacts that will aid them later in their quest. Campbell writes: What such a figure represents

2016-407: Is described as "like something out of a dream" and corresponds to "a spiritual plane". This primordial and isolated place of power, which seems hostile to civilization - the technological R2-D2 "is spat out unceremoniously" - is "a sanctuary of nature" and "creates a space, which like no other, influences the conception and development of the hero". Leah Deyneka linked the teeming nature of Dagobah with

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2112-567: Is estimated to be about 8 times less than the Sun. Different types of galaxies have different histories of star formation and hence planet formation . Planet formation is affected by the ages, metallicities, and orbits of stellar populations within a galaxy. Distribution of stellar populations within a galaxy varies between the different types of galaxies. Stars in elliptical galaxies are much older than stars in spiral galaxies . Most elliptical galaxies contain mainly low-mass stars , with minimal star-formation activity. The distribution of

2208-402: Is from subsurface microbes, and temperature increases as depth underground increases, so the subsurface can be conducive for life when the surface is frozen; if this is considered, the habitable zone extends much further from the star. Studies in 2013 indicate that an estimated 22±8% of Sun-like stars have an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone. The Venus zone is the region around

2304-468: Is in effect a meta myth , a philosophical reading of the unity of mankind's spiritual history, the Story behind the story". In his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), Campbell describes 17 stages of the monomyth. Not all monomyths necessarily contain all 17 stages explicitly; some myths may focus on only one of the stages, while others may deal with the stages in a somewhat different order. In

2400-400: Is reluctant to follow the call but is helped by a mentor figure. The initiation section begins with the hero then traversing the threshold to an unknown or "special world", where he faces tasks or trials, either alone or with the assistance of helpers. The hero eventually reaches "the innermost cave" or the central crisis of his adventure, where he must undergo "the ordeal" where he overcomes

2496-443: Is represented by a distant land, a forest, a kingdom underground, beneath the waves, or above the sky, a secret island, lofty mountaintop, or profound dream state; but it is always a place of strangely fluid and polymorphous beings, unimaginable torments, superhuman deeds, and impossible delight. The hero can go forth of his own volition to accomplish the adventure, as did Theseus when he arrived in his father's city, Athens, and heard

2592-450: Is the habitable zone of planetary systems where planets could have surface liquid water, and thus, the capacity to support Earth-like life. Heliocentrism is the doctrine that the Sun is at the centre of the universe, as opposed to geocentrism (placing Earth at the centre of the universe). The notion of a heliocentric Solar System with the Sun at its centre is possibly first suggested in

2688-610: Is the Imperishable; the names and forms of the deities who everywhere embody, dispense, and represent it come and go. This is the miraculous energy of the thunderbolts of Zeus , Yahweh , and the Supreme Buddha , the fertility of the rain of Viracocha , the virtue announced by the bell rung in the Mass at the consecration , and the light of the ultimate illumination of the saint and sage. Its guardians dare release it only to

2784-406: Is the crisis at the nadir, the zenith, or at the uttermost edge of the earth, at the central point of the cosmos, in the tabernacle of the temple, or within the darkness of the deepest chamber of the heart. ... The meeting with the goddess (who is incarnate in every woman) is the final test of the talent of the hero to win the boon of love (charity: amor fati ), which is life itself enjoyed as

2880-533: The Copernican theory that Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, put forward the view that the fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets. He was burned at the stake for his ideas by the Roman Inquisition . In the 18th century, the same possibility was mentioned by Sir Isaac Newton in the " General Scholium " that concludes his Principia . Making a comparison to

2976-519: The Galactic Empire . The similarly mono-thematic "swampy, fog-shrouded planet of Mimban" appearing in the novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye , published between the films Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back , "might have inspired the production design for Dagobah". Dagobah was originally featured in the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back . In its first appearance, the main protagonist of

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3072-531: The Sun together with the planetary system revolving around it, including Earth , form the Solar System . The term exoplanetary system is sometimes used in reference to other planetary systems. As of 24 July 2024, there are 7,026 confirmed exoplanets in 4,949 planetary systems, with 1007 systems having more than one planet . Debris disks are known to be common while other objects are more difficult to observe. Of particular interest to astrobiology

3168-582: The Vedic literature of ancient India , which often refers to the Sun as the "centre of spheres". Some interpret Aryabhatta 's writings in Āryabhaṭīya as implicitly heliocentric. The idea was first proposed in Western philosophy and Greek astronomy as early as the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos , but received no support from most other ancient astronomers. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium by Nicolaus Copernicus , published in 1543, presented

3264-474: The accretion of metals. The Sun is an example of a metal-rich star. These are common in the spiral arms of the Milky Way . Generally, the youngest stars, the extreme population I, are found farther in and intermediate population I stars are farther out, etc. The Sun is considered an intermediate population I star. Population I stars have regular elliptical orbits around the Galactic Center , with

3360-451: The galactic halo are older and thus more metal-poor. Globular clusters also contain high numbers of population II stars. In 2014, the first planets around a halo star were announced around Kapteyn's star , the nearest halo star to Earth, around 13 light years away. However, later research suggests that Kapteyn b is just an artefact of stellar activity and that Kapteyn c needs more study to be confirmed. The metallicity of Kapteyn's star

3456-635: The main sequence . Interplanetary dust clouds have been studied in the Solar System and analogs are believed to be present in other planetary systems. Exozodiacal dust, an exoplanetary analog of zodiacal dust , the 1–100 micrometre-sized grains of amorphous carbon and silicate dust that fill the plane of the Solar System has been detected around the 51 Ophiuchi , Fomalhaut , Tau Ceti , and Vega systems. As of November 2014 there are 5,253 known Solar System comets and they are thought to be common components of planetary systems. The first exocomets were detected in 1987 around Beta Pictoris ,

3552-756: The radial-velocity method . Nevertheless, several tens of planets around red dwarfs have been discovered by the Kepler space telescope by the transit method , which can detect smaller planets. After planets, circumstellar disks are one of the most commonly-observed properties of planetary systems, particularly of young stars. The Solar System possesses at least four major circumstellar disks (the asteroid belt , Kuiper belt , scattered disc , and Oort cloud ) and clearly-observable disks have been detected around nearby solar analogs including Epsilon Eridani and Tau Ceti . Based on observations of numerous similar disks, they are assumed to be quite common attributes of stars on

3648-401: The search for extraterrestrial intelligence and has been a prevalent theme in fiction , particularly science fiction. The first confirmed detection of an exoplanet was in 1992, with the discovery of several terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12 . The first confirmed detection of exoplanets of a main-sequence star was made in 1995, when a giant planet, 51 Pegasi b ,

3744-455: The " enchanted forest or sacred grove " which "figures frequently in fairy tales and myths; trees are believed to hold special powers and forests symbolize mastery and transformation." Miles Booy saw Dagobah as a "richly constructed [...] semiotic environment" which "does not point towards prior films but to widely circulated discourses concerning human consciousness". Its jungle and "dark swamp infested by reptiles" may be considered an image of

3840-407: The Sun's planets, he wrote "And if the fixed stars are the centres of similar systems, they will all be constructed according to a similar design and subject to the dominion of One ." His theories gained popularity through the 19th and 20th centuries despite a lack of supporting evidence. Long before their confirmation by astronomers, conjecture on the nature of planetary systems had been a focus of

3936-637: The World Womb, the World Navel, the Earthly Paradise . ... Allegorically, then, the passage into a temple and the hero-dive through the jaws of the whale are identical adventures, both denoting in picture language, the life-centering, life-renewing act. In the exemplary Book of Jonah , the eponymous Israelite refuses God's command to prophesy the destruction of Nineveh and attempts to flee by sailing to Tarshish . A storm arises, and

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4032-459: The array of analyses of hero myths." Campbell borrowed the word monomyth from James Joyce 's Finnegans Wake (1939). Campbell was a notable scholar of Joyce's work and in A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake (1944) co-authored the seminal analysis of Joyce's final novel. Campbell's singular the monomyth implies that the "hero's journey" is the ultimate narrative archetype, but the term monomyth has occasionally been used more generally, as

4128-447: The belly of the whale, and the heavenly land beyond, above, and below the confines of the world, are one and the same. That is why the approaches of and entrances to temples are flanked and defended by colossal gargoyles [equivalent to] the two rows of teeth of the whale. They illustrate the fact that the devotee at the moment of entry into a temple undergoes a metamorphosis. ... Once inside he may be said to have died to time and returned to

4224-406: The cluster has dispersed some of the captured planets with orbits larger than 10 AU would be slowly disrupted by the galactic tide and likely become free-floating again through encounters with other field stars or giant molecular clouds . The habitable zone around a star is the region where the temperature range allows for liquid water to exist on a planet; that is, not too close to the star for

4320-559: The conditions of their initial formation. Many systems with a hot Jupiter gas giant very close to the star have been found. Theories, such as planetary migration or scattering, have been proposed for the formation of large planets close to their parent stars. At present, few systems have been found to be analogous to the Solar System with terrestrial planets close to the parent star. More commonly, systems consisting of multiple Super-Earths have been detected. Planetary system architectures may be partitioned into four classes based on how

4416-471: The consequences unfold, the hero finds all the forces of the unconscious at his side. Mother Nature herself supports the mighty task. And in so far as the hero's act coincides with that for which his society itself is ready, he seems to ride on the great rhythm of the historical process. This is the point where the hero actually crosses into the field of adventure, leaving the known limits of their world and venturing into an unknown and dangerous realm where

4512-410: The different types of galaxies in the universe depends on their location within galaxy clusters , with elliptical galaxies found mostly close to their centers. Hero%27s journey In narratology and comparative mythology , the hero's quest or hero's journey , also known as the monomyth , is the common template of stories that involve a hero who goes on an adventure, is victorious in

4608-484: The disk than the bulge. Estimates of the distance of microlensing events is difficult: the first planet considered with high probability of being in the bulge is MOA-2011-BLG-293Lb at a distance of 7.7 kiloparsecs (about 25,000 light years). Population I , or metal-rich stars , are those young stars whose metallicity is highest. The high metallicity of population I stars makes them more likely to possess planetary systems than older populations, because planets form by

4704-429: The dragon thought to be Sin (repressed id ). But this requires an abandonment of the attachment to ego itself, and that is what is difficult. One must have faith that the father is merciful, and then a reliance on that mercy. Therewith, the center of belief is transferred outside of the bedeviling god's tight scaly ring, and the dreadful ogres dissolve. It is in this ordeal that the hero may derive hope and assurance from

4800-435: The duly proven. Having found bliss and enlightenment in the other world, the hero may not want to return to the ordinary world to bestow the boon onto their fellow beings. Campbell continues: When the hero-quest has been accomplished, through penetration to the source, or through the grace of some male or female, human or animal personification, the adventurer still must return with his life-transmuting trophy. The full round,

4896-536: The elixir of life itself, or a plant that supplies immortality, or the holy grail . Campbell confers that The gods and goddesses then are to be understood as embodiments and custodians of the elixir of Imperishable Being but not themselves the Ultimate in its primary state. What the hero seeks through his intercourse with them is therefore not finally themselves, but their grace, i.e., the power of their sustaining substance. This miraculous energy-substance and this alone

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4992-433: The encasement of eternity. And when the adventurer, in this context, is not a youth but a maid, she is the one who, by her qualities, her beauty, or her yearning, is fit to become the consort of an immortal. Then the heavenly husband descends to her and conducts her to his bed—whether she will or not. And if she has shunned him, the scales fall from her eyes; if she has sought him, her desire finds its peace. In this step,

5088-431: The end, that the father and mother reflect each other, and are in essence the same. Campbell later expounds: The problem of the hero going to meet the father is to open his soul beyond terror to such a degree that he will be ripe to understand how the sickening and insane tragedies of this vast and ruthless cosmos are completely validated in the majesty of Being. The hero transcends life with its peculiar blind spot and for

5184-448: The existence of exomoons has not yet been confirmed. The star 1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6 , in the constellation Centaurus , is a strong candidate for a natural satellite. Indications suggest that the confirmed extrasolar planet WASP-12b also has at least one satellite. Unlike the Solar System, which has orbits that are nearly circular, many of the known planetary systems display much higher orbital eccentricity . An example of such

5280-404: The fact that our conscious views of what life ought to be seldom correspond to what life really is. Generally, we refuse to admit within ourselves, or within our friends, the fullness of that pushing, self-protective, malodorous, carnivorous, lecherous fever which is the very nature of the organic cell. Rather, we tend to perfume, whitewash, and reinterpret; meanwhile imagining that all the flies in

5376-556: The film, Luke Skywalker , is attempting to land his X-wing starfighter on the planet and is met with a dense fog causing him to crash land in a small bayou . Shortly after his landing, the Jedi Master Yoda is introduced during his time in exile. Yoda reluctantly agrees to train Skywalker and during his training many aspects of the planet's environment are utilized. Moss-covered rocks are used for training in telekinesis ,

5472-560: The first mathematically predictive heliocentric model of a planetary system. 17th-century successors Galileo Galilei , Johannes Kepler , and Sir Isaac Newton developed an understanding of physics which led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that the Earth moves around the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that governed Earth. In the 16th century the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno , an early supporter of

5568-401: The helpful female figure, by whose magic (pollen charms or power of intercession) they are protected through all the frightening experiences of the father's ego-shattering initiation. For if it is impossible to trust the terrifying father-face, then one's faith must be centered elsewhere ( Spider Woman , Blessed Mother ); and with that reliance for support, one endures the crisis—only to find, in

5664-408: The hero faces those temptations, often of a physical or pleasurable nature, that may lead them to abandon or stray from their quest, which does not necessarily have to be represented by a woman. A woman is a metaphor for the physical or material temptations of life since the hero-knight was often tempted by lust from his spiritual journey. Campbell relates that The crux of the curious difficulty lies in

5760-414: The hero may encounter a minor danger or setback. According to Campbell, The idea that the passage of the magical threshold is a transit into a sphere of rebirth is symbolized in the worldwide womb image of the belly of the whale. The hero, instead of conquering or conciliating the power of the threshold, is swallowed into the unknown and would appear to have died. ... This popular motif gives emphasis to

5856-433: The hero will overcome these trials and move on to the next step. Campbell explains that Once having traversed the threshold, the hero moves in a dream landscape of curiously fluid, ambiguous forms, where he must survive a succession of trials. This is a favorite phase of the myth-adventure. It has produced a world literature of miraculous tests and ordeals. The hero is covertly aided by the advice, amulets, and secret agents of

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5952-596: The horrible history of the Minotaur ; or he may be carried or sent abroad by some benign or malignant agent as was Odysseus , driven about the Mediterranean by the winds of the angered god, Poseidon . The adventure may begin as a mere blunder... or still, again, one may be only casually strolling when some passing phenomenon catches the wandering eye and lures one away from the frequented paths of man. Examples might be multiplied, ad infinitum , from every corner of

6048-425: The journey. All the previous steps have been moving into this place, all that follow will move out from it. Although this step is most frequently symbolized by an encounter with a male entity, it does not have to be a male—just someone or something with incredible power. Per Campbell, Atonement consists in no more than the abandonment of that self-generated double monster—the dragon thought to be God ( superego ) and

6144-401: The lesson that the passage of the threshold is a form of self-annihilation . ... [I]nstead of passing outward, beyond the confines of the visible world, the hero goes inward, to be born again. The disappearance corresponds to the passing of a worshiper into the temple—where he is to be quickened by the recollection of who and what he is, namely dust and ashes unless immortal. The temple interior,

6240-401: The main obstacle or enemy, undergoing " apotheosis " and gaining his reward (a treasure or " elixir "). In the return section, the hero must return to the ordinary world with his reward. He may be pursued by the guardians of the special world, or he may be reluctant to return and may be rescued or forced to return by intervention from the outside. The hero again traverses the threshold between

6336-572: The mass of the planets is distributed around the host star: Multiplanetary systems tend to be in a "peas in a pod" configuration meaning they tend to have the following factors: Most known exoplanets orbit stars roughly similar to the Sun : that is, main-sequence stars of spectral categories F, G, or K. One reason is that planet-search programs have tended to concentrate on such stars. In addition, statistical analyses indicate that lower-mass stars ( red dwarfs , of spectral category M) are less likely to have planets massive enough to be detected by

6432-482: The masses of gas from the exploding star, or the sudden loss of most of the mass of the central star would see them escape the gravitational hold of the star, or in some cases the supernova would kick the pulsar itself out of the system at high velocity so any planets that had survived the explosion would be left behind as free-floating objects. Planets found around pulsars may have formed as a result of pre-existing stellar companions that were almost entirely evaporated by

6528-476: The norm of the monomyth, requires that the hero shall now begin the labor of bringing the runes of wisdom, the Golden Fleece , or his sleeping princess , back into the kingdom of humanity, where the boon may redound to the renewing of the community, the nation, the planet, or the ten thousand worlds. But the responsibility has been frequently refused. Even Gautama Buddha , after his triumph, doubted whether

6624-417: The ointment , all the hairs in the soup, are the faults of some unpleasant someone else. But when it suddenly dawns on us or is forced to our attention that everything we think or do is necessarily tainted with the odor of the flesh, then, not uncommonly, there is experienced a moment of revulsion: life, the acts of life, the organs of life, a woman in particular as the great symbol of life, become intolerable to

6720-479: The orbital periods of the planets are in integer ratios. The Kepler-223 system contains four planets in an 8:6:4:3 orbital resonance . Giant planets are found in mean-motion resonances more often than smaller planets. In interacting systems the planets' orbits are close enough together that they perturb the orbital parameters. The Solar System could be described as weakly interacting. In strongly interacting systems Kepler's laws do not hold. In hierarchical systems

6816-643: The planet as part of his own training to gain immortality through the Force. In the Star Wars expanded universe , Yoda confronted a Bpfasshi Dark Jedi on Dagobah, some years before the events in The Empire Strikes Back , and the cave where the Dark Jedi died became strong in the dark side of the Force. Star Wars Tales later retconned this event to take place earlier, with another Jedi of Yoda's species named Minch replacing Yoda. Dagobah

6912-772: The planet, named 'Mount Yoda' after the Jedi Master. Largely looked over by the Galactic Republic , Dagobah is the only habitable planet in the system of the same name within the Sluis sector. A cloudy and swampy world of dense foliage, countless living things of all sizes, including reptiles , amphibians , and swarming insects, fill its environs with a hum of constant noise. All of its creatures appear completely unintelligent . Larger life-forms occupy cave-like hollows formed by petrified forests. Carnivorous "gnarltrees" reproduce as spiderlike mobile creatures which eventually metamorphose into their rooted form. The planet

7008-605: The planets are arranged so that the system can be gravitationally considered as a nested system of two-bodies, e.g. in a star with a close-in hot Jupiter with another gas giant much further out, the star and hot Jupiter form a pair that appears as a single object to another planet that is far enough out. Other, as yet unobserved, orbital possibilities include: double planets ; various co-orbital planets such as quasi-satellites, trojans and exchange orbits; and interlocking orbits maintained by precessing orbital planes . Free-floating planets in open clusters have similar velocities to

7104-487: The plots of heroes' journeys. In narratology and comparative mythology , others have proposed narrative patterns such as psychoanalyst Otto Rank in 1909 and amateur anthropologist Lord Raglan in 1936. Both Rank and Raglan have lists of cross-cultural traits often found in the accounts of mythical heroes and discuss hero narrative patterns in terms of Freudian psychoanalysis and ritualism. According to Robert Segal, "The theories of Rank, Campbell, and Raglan typify

7200-400: The power of significant affirmative action and becomes a victim to be saved. His flowering world becomes a wasteland of dry stones and his life feels meaningless—even though, like King Minos , he may through titanic effort succeed in building an empire of renown. Whatever house he builds, it will be a house of death: a labyrinth of cyclopean walls to hide from him his Minotaur. All he can do

7296-410: The pure, the pure, pure soul. ... The seeker of the life beyond life must press beyond [the woman], surpass the temptations of her call, and soar to the immaculate ether beyond. In this step, the hero must confront and be initiated by whatever holds the ultimate power in their life. In many myths and stories, this is the father or a father figure who has life and death power. This is the center point of

7392-482: The rest of the system. As of 2016 there are only a few systems where mutual inclinations have actually been measured One example is the Upsilon Andromedae system: the planets c and d have a mutual inclination of about 30 degrees. Planetary systems can be categorized according to their orbital dynamics as resonant, non-resonant-interacting, hierarchical, or some combination of these. In resonant systems

7488-410: The rules and limits are unknown. Campbell tells us, With the personifications of his destiny to guide and aid him, the hero goes forward in his adventure until he comes to the "threshold guardian" at the entrance to the zone of magnified power. Such custodians bound the world in four directions—also up and down—standing for the limits of the hero's present sphere, or life horizon. Beyond them is darkness,

7584-402: The sailors cast lots to determine that Jonah is to blame. He allows himself to be thrown overboard to calm the storm, and is saved from drowning by being swallowed by a "great fish". Over three days, Jonah commits to God's will, and he is vomited safely onto the shore. He subsequently goes to Nineveh and preaches to its inhabitants. Jonah's passage through the belly of the whale can be viewed as

7680-485: The star NGC 2547 -ID8 by the Spitzer Space Telescope , and confirmed by ground observations, suggests the involvement of large asteroids or protoplanets similar to the events believed to have led to the formation of terrestrial planets like the Earth. Based on observations of the Solar System's large collection of natural satellites, they are believed common components of planetary systems; however,

7776-634: The star loses mass, planets that are not engulfed move further out from the star. If an evolved star is in a binary or multiple system, then the mass it loses can transfer to another star, forming new protoplanetary disks and second- and third-generation planets which may differ in composition from the original planets, which may also be affected by the mass transfer. The Solar System consists of an inner region of small rocky planets and outer region of large giant planets . However, other planetary systems can have quite different architectures. Studies suggest that architectures of planetary systems are dependent on

7872-402: The stars and so can be recaptured. They are typically captured into wide orbits between 100 and 10 AU. The capture efficiency decreases with increasing cluster size, and for a given cluster size it increases with the host/primary mass. It is almost independent of the planetary mass. Single and multiple planets could be captured into arbitrary unaligned orbits, non-coplanar with each other or with

7968-426: The stellar host spin, or pre-existing planetary system. Some planet–host metallicity correlation may still exist due to the common origin of the stars from the same cluster. Planets would be unlikely to be captured around neutron stars because these are likely to be ejected from the cluster by a pulsar kick when they form. Planets could even be captured around other planets to form free-floating planet binaries. After

8064-678: The subconscious, with Yoda fulfilling the role of the analyst who "raises to the surface" what has been submerged. Dan Catalano commented that Dagobah as "an eerie location filled with strange wildlife and shrouded in as much mystery as fog", removed from the technology-filled galaxy, is a fitting device to underline Yoda's status as a " Wise Man archetype " in the tradition of Merlin , who likewise can be found in places of "wild nature" in Arthurian myths . Booy commented that within Star Wars "[n]o other environment attempts such imagery as Dagobah

8160-564: The subject of criticism from scholars, particularly folklorists , who have dismissed the concept as a non-scholarly approach suffering from source-selection bias, among other criticisms. More recently, the hero's journey has been analyzed as an example of the sympathetic plot, a universal narrative structure in which a goal-directed protagonist confronts obstacles, overcomes them, and eventually reaps rewards. The study of hero myth narratives can be traced back to 1871 with anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor 's observations of common patterns in

8256-497: The supernatural helper whom he met before his entrance into this region. Or it may be that he here discovers for the first time that there is a benign power everywhere supporting him in his superhuman passage. ... The original departure into the land of trials represented only the beginning of the long and really perilous path of initiatory conquests and moments of illumination. Dragons have now to be slain and surprising barriers passed—again, again, and again. Meanwhile, there will be

8352-486: The supernova blast, leaving behind planet-sized bodies. Alternatively, planets may form in an accretion disk of fallback matter surrounding a pulsar. Fallback disks of matter that failed to escape orbit during a supernova may also form planets around black holes . As stars evolve and turn into red giants , asymptotic giant branch stars, and planetary nebulae they engulf the inner planets, evaporating or partially evaporating them depending on how massive they are. As

8448-408: The terminology of Claude Lévi-Strauss , the stages are the individual mythemes which are "bundled" or assembled into the structure of the monomyth. The 17 stages may be organized in a number of ways, including division into three "acts" or sections: In the departure part of the narrative, the hero or protagonist lives in the ordinary world and receives a call to go on an adventure. The hero

8544-413: The undergrowth makes treks through the jungles more challenging, and vines hanging from tall trees are used as means to get across small bodies of water and other obstacles. Skywalker is shown to sense the strength of the Force in a particular cave on the planet which Yoda tells him to go into. Inside the cave, Skywalker is met with a mental challenge the dark side of the Force developed for him. The planet

8640-402: The unknown, and danger; just as beyond the parental watch is a danger to the infant and beyond the protection of his society danger to the members of the tribe. The usual person is more than content, he is even proud, to remain within the indicated bounds, and popular belief gives him every reason to fear so much as the first step into the unexplored. ... The adventure is always and everywhere

8736-509: The water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies depending on the size and age of the star; this means the habitable zone will also vary accordingly. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet. Habitable zones have usually been defined in terms of surface temperature; however, over half of Earth's biomass

8832-409: The world. Often when the call is given, the future hero first refuses to heed it. This may be from a sense of duty or obligation, fear, insecurity, a sense of inadequacy, or any of a range of reasons that work to hold the person in his current circumstances. Campbell says that Refusal of the summons converts the adventure into its negative. Walled in boredom, hard work, or "culture," the subject loses

8928-413: The worlds, returning to the ordinary world with the treasure or elixir he gained, which he may now use for the benefit of his fellow man. The hero himself is transformed by the adventure and gains wisdom or spiritual power over both worlds. The hero begins in a situation of normality from which some information is received that acts as a call to head off into the unknown. According to Campbell, this region

9024-402: Was accompanied by a 1990 companion book, The Hero's Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work (with Phil Cousineau and Stuart Brown, eds.). The second was Bill Moyers 's series of seminal interviews with Campbell, released in 1988 as the documentary (and companion book) The Power of Myth . Cousineau in the introduction to the revised edition of The Hero's Journey wrote "the monomyth

9120-589: Was also visited by the main characters of the Galaxy of Fear series, where it was home for a time to a tribe of cannibals. During the events of Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy , a team of Jedi Knights from the New Jedi Order visit Dagobah, to find the cave drained of its former menace. After the events of Return of the Jedi , the New Republic founded a military base on one of the greatest mountains of

9216-417: Was found in a four-day orbit around the nearby G-type star 51 Pegasi . The frequency of detections has increased since then, particularly through advancements in methods of detecting extrasolar planets and dedicated planet-finding programs such as the Kepler mission . Planetary systems come from protoplanetary disks that form around stars as part of the process of star formation . During formation of

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