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46-583: The Daihatsu Sirion is a subcompact / supermini hatchback produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Daihatsu since 1998. The Sirion nameplate was first used on export versions of the Japanese market Storia (between 1998 and 2004) and Boon (between 2004 and 2015). There are 2 models of the 1998 -2004 Sirion. The M100 (3cylinder 998cc) and the M101 a 4 cylinder 1.3L model. Both M100 and M101 were available in manual or automatic transmissions. Since 2007,

92-478: A 90 mm × 60.14 mm (3.54 in × 2.37 in) bore and stroke. Output was 108 / 114 PS (79 / 84 kW; 107 / 112 hp) (black/grey valve cover) and 176 N⋅m (130 lb⋅ft) or 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) and 187 N⋅m (138 lb⋅ft) in SuperHighCompression The 2.4 L; 146.1 cu in (2,394 cc)

138-516: A bore and stroke of 93.03 mm × 68.5 mm (3.66 in × 2.70 in), and used a geared camshaft design. While based on the 2.6, the larger bore necessitated a different block. The European version used a "siamesed" two-port exhaust manifold , similar to the one used on the V4 , while the American version used three-port heads. The European approach was useful in that existing cars with

184-562: A group of younger buyers who otherwise shop for used cars. While fuel prices at the time were increasing, the small cars were planned before fuel prices soared; for example, Honda had announced that it would release a subcompact model as early as 2004. By 2008, sales of subcompact cars had dramatically increased in the wake of a continuing increase of fuel prices. At the same time, sales of pickup trucks and large sport utility vehicles had dropped sharply. By April 2008, sales of Toyota’s subcompact Yaris had increased 46 percent, and Honda’s Fit had

230-517: A higher average transaction price. Models that were no longer sold in the United States by the end of the decade include the Mazda 2 (discontinued after 2014), Scion xD (2016), Toyota Prius C (2017), Ford Fiesta (2019), Smart Fortwo (2019), Fiat 500 (2019), Toyota Yaris (2020), Honda Fit (2020), and Chevrolet Sonic (2020). Ford Cologne V6 engine The Ford Cologne V6

276-519: A limited run of approximately 150 "Capri turbos" with turbocharged 2.8 engines. These engines displayed RS badging and used a productionized version of an existing aftermarket kit offered by a Ford dealer in Germany. TVR Tasmin/280i used the Cologne 2.8 with Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection, as did the early TVR 'S' series in 2.8 and revised 2.9 efi injection form. Applications: The 2.9 L shares

322-497: A record month with an increase of 54 percent. However, low fuel prices and the added room in SUVs impacted subcompact sales negatively in the late 2010s. During this period, industry executives and analysts said that the subcompact car market was returning to historical norms after an unusual period when manufacturers had expanded small car lineups in anticipation of rising demand fueled by rising fuel prices, which has since eased. In

368-482: A second vehicle for use around town, not as a primary car. The Volkswagen Beetle was marketed with advertising pointing out the car's unconventional features as strengths and to get buyers to "think small." Prompted by the British government for exports, Ford was one of the first companies to try and sell inexpensive small cars in volume. From 1948 to 1970, approximately 250,000 economical English Fords were imported to

414-585: A single camshaft between the banks. The Cologne V6 was designed to be compatible in installation with the Ford Taunus V4 engine , having the same transmission bolt pattern, the same engine mounts, and in many versions, a cylinder head featuring "siamesed" exhaust passages, which reduced the three exhaust outlets down to two on each side. The latter feature was great for compatibility, but poor for performance. The 2.4, 2.8 (in U.S.), 2.9, and 4.0 had three exhaust ports, making them preferable. The engine

460-500: A standard feature. The engine was known for its substantial increase in power delivery above 4000 rpm relative to the unmodified version; in recent years, the engine has become a popular choice as a replacement engine for the Ford Sierra XR4x4 and XR4i. An improved version of this engine (code BOB) was available in the restyled 1995 Ford Scorpio. Differences included two simplex chains with two hydraulic tensioners and

506-550: Is a series of 60° cast iron block V6 engines produced by the Ford Motor Company from 1962 to 2011 in displacements between 1.8 L; 110.6 cu in (1,812 cc) and 4.0 L; 244.6 cu in (4,009 cc). Originally, the Cologne V6 was installed in vehicles intended for Germany and Continental Europe, while the unrelated British Essex V6 was used in cars for the British market. Later,

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552-465: The AMC Gremlin , Chevrolet Vega , and Ford Pinto . The term subcompact originated during the 1960s. However, it came into popular use in the early 1970s, as car manufacturers in the United States began to introduce smaller cars into their line-up. Previously, cars in this size were variously categorized, including "small cars" or "economy cars". Several of these small cars were produced in

598-686: The Ford Mustang II temporarily downsized from the pony car class to become a subcompact car for its second generation. The Monza with its GM variants Pontiac Sunbird , Buick Skyhawk , Oldsmobile Starfire , and the Mustang II continued until the end of the decade. The Chevrolet Chevette was GM's new entry-level subcompact introduced as a 1976 model. It was an 'Americanized' design from Opel , GM's German subsidiary. Additionally, subcompacts that were imported and marketed through domestic manufacturers' dealer networks as captive imports included

644-575: The Renault Le Car and the Ford Fiesta . In 1977, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began to use a new vehicle classification system, based on interior volume instead of exterior size. Sedans with up to 100 cubic feet of passenger luggage volume were classified as subcompact. There was not a separate subcompact station wagon class with all up to 130 cubic feet of volume classified as "small." In 1978, Volkswagen began producing

690-715: The Suzuki Cultus (a three-cylinder hatchback, badged as the Chevrolet Sprint) and the Isuzu Gemini (a four-cylinder hatchback/sedan badged as the Chevrolet Spectrum). Subcompact cars were highly popular in the 1990s due to their affordability and fuel efficiency. These cars typically had engines under 1.6 liters and were ideal for city driving. During the 1990s GM offered the Geo brand featuring

736-645: The "Rabbit" version of the Golf — a modern, front-wheel drive design— in Pennsylvania. In 1982, American Motors began manufacturing the U.S. Renault Alliance — a version of the Renault 9 — in Wisconsin. Both models benefiting from European designs, development, and experience. To replace the aging Chevette in the second half of the 1980s, Chevrolet introduced marketed imported front-wheel drive subcompact cars:

782-507: The 2.8 Granada models for one year before being replaced with the 2.9 unit. Tuning options are very limited with the Bosch K-Jetronic models. The siamesed inlet and exhaust ports of the 2.8 only respond well to forced induction or an overbore; normal tuning will yield only minor power results. The MFI 2.8 Cologne (Capri/Sierra 2.8i) uses a very restricted induction setup, and no open air kit is available due to this. Ford offered

828-513: The Cologne V6 largely replaced the Essex V6 for British-market vehicles. These engines were also used in the United States, especially in compact trucks. During its production run the Cologne V6 was offered in displacements of 1.8, 2.0, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 2.9, and 4.0 litres . All except the Cosworth 24v derivative and later 4.0 litre SOHC engines were pushrod overhead-valve engines, with

874-628: The Suzuki-built Metro subcompact. Subcompact cars of the 1990s typically featured a small footprint, lightweight design, and engines with displacements generally under 1.6 liters. They were designed to provide maximum interior space while maintaining a compact exterior, making them ideal for city driving and parking. Several models defined the subcompact car market during the 1990s. Some of the most notable include: The 1990s focused on fuel efficiency and emissions, leading to innovations in fuel injection and aerodynamics. These subcompacts set

920-595: The U.S. in limited volumes, including the 1930 American Austin (later called the American Bantam) and the 1939 Crosley . From the 1950s onwards, various imported small cars were sold in the U.S., including the Nash Metropolitan , Volkswagen Beetle , and various small British cars. The term subcompact did not yet exist, so the Metropolitan was labeled a "compact or economy car" and marketed as

966-458: The U.S., because the EPA's name for this smaller category — "minicompact" — is not commonly used by the general public. The prevalence of small cars in the United States increased in the 1960s due to increased imports of cars from Europe and Japan. Widespread use of the term subcompact coincided with the early 1970s increase in subcompact cars built in the United States. Early 1970s subcompacts include

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1012-488: The US while over 235,000 went to Canada. Models such as the 1960 Ford Anglia were promoted as "The world's most exciting light car." Due to the increasing popularity of small cars imported from Europe and Japan during the late 1960s, the American manufacturers began releasing competing locally-built models in the early 1970s. The AMC Gremlin was described at its April 1970 introduction as "the first American-built import" and

1058-420: The United States, the segment experienced a 50 percent drop in sales in the first half of 2020 compared to 2019. In Canada, the subcompact share of the car market shrank to 1.6 percent for the year ending 2020, down from 2.4 percent in 2019. As a result, manufacturers stopped offering subcompact models and focused on larger cars instead, including subcompact crossover SUVs which offer higher profit margins and

1104-713: The V4 engine could be upgraded with relative ease. Output was rated at 90 to 115 bhp (67 to 86 kW; 91 to 117 PS) for the US market and 130 to 160 PS (96 to 118 kW; 128 to 158 bhp) for the European market, depending on the model. In Europe, the 2.8 was produced with carburetor 132 PS (97 kW; 130 bhp), mechanical fuel injection ( Bosch K-Jetronic , 160 PS (118 kW; 158 bhp), and electronic injection (Ford EEC-IV, 150 PS (110 kW; 148 bhp)). Electronic injection only featured on

1150-487: The V6 was 2.0 L; 121.9 cu in (1,998 cc) with a 84 mm × 60.14 mm (3.31 in × 2.37 in) bore and stroke. Output is 85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp) and 151 N⋅m (111 lb⋅ft) or 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) and 158 N⋅m (117 lb⋅ft). Applications: The first enlargement of the V6 appeared in 1967. It was the 2.3 L; 139.9 cu in (2,293 cc) with

1196-477: The addition of a variable-length intake system called VIS . Power output was increased to 210 bhp (157 kW; 213 PS). This was mated to a fully electronically controlled A4LDE automatic transmission . The pushrod 4.0 / 4.0 L; 241.5 / 244.6 cu in (3,958 / 4,009 cc), with a bore and stroke 100 mm × 84 mm (3.94 in × 3.31 in) version, although produced in Cologne, Germany,

1242-454: The crank to the jackshaft, one in the front of the engine to drive the cam for the left bank, and one on the back of the engine to drive the cam for the right bank. In addition, the 4WD Ranger/Explorer with the SOHC 4.0 had a 4th timing chain driving what Ford called a balance shaft. Ford has since phased out the engine in favor of the more powerful and efficient Duratec 37 . The 4.0 SOHC engine

1288-688: The first U.S. built subcompact car. Also introduced in 1970 were the Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto . Plans for the subcompact AMC Gremlin pre-dated Vega and Pinto by several years because of AMC's strategy to recognize emerging market opportunities ahead of the competition. Sales of American-built "low weight cars" (including subcompacts) accounted for more than 30% of total car sales in 1972 and 1973, despite inventory shortages for several models. The Gremlin, Pinto and Vega were all rear-wheel drive and available with four-cylinder engines (the Pinto

1334-496: The light trucks (1986–92 Ranger and 1986–90 Bronco II) and 144 hp (107 kW; 146 PS) at 4800 rpm for the Merkur Scorpio in the US market and 150 to 160 hp (112 to 119 kW; 152 to 162 PS) for the European market. Bore and stroke was 93 mm × 72 mm (3.66 in × 2.83 in) for a total displacement of 2.9 L; 179.1 cu in (2,935 cc). In Europe, this engine

1380-563: The nameplate has also been used in Indonesia for the Malaysian-built Perodua Myvi , which in its first two generations were redesigned versions of the first and second-generation Boon, while the third generation is a fully independent model developed in-house by Perodua with technical supports from Daihatsu. Subcompact According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) car size class definition,

1426-510: The problem. When the engine is run for an extended period of time with this issue the engine can jump timing, damaging the heads and valves. Timing chain rattle was mitigated in later years of the SOHC (in most vehicles, after 2002) with updated cassettes and tensioners. This problem occurs with varying frequency among some Ford vehicles equipped with the SOHC engine including the Ford Mustang , Ford Explorer , and Ford Ranger . The 4.0 OHV

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1472-512: The same basic design as the 2.8 L model, bar a few subtle differences. The camshaft is chain-driven rather than gear driven, so it rotates in the same direction as the crankshaft. The arrangement of the exhaust valves is different, eliminating the "hot-spot" that existed on the 2.8 L model. The cylinder heads also sport a more conventional three-port exhaust manifold. Output was rated at 140 hp (104 kW; 142 PS) at 4600 rpm and 170 lb⋅ft (230 N⋅m) at 2600 rpm for

1518-515: The same block as the standard 2.9, power output was up to 195 PS (143 kW; 192 hp) and torque was boosted to 203 lb⋅ft (275 N⋅m) at 4500 rpm. This engine (code BOA) was used in the Ford Scorpio Cosworth 24V. This engine configuration was only paired with an improved A4LDe automatic gearbox with partial electronic shift control. No manual gearbox was offered from the factory. The standard Ford-issued block

1564-483: The stage for modern small cars, emphasizing efficiency and reliability. Because of consumer demand for fuel-efficient cars during the mid- to late-2000s, sales of subcompact cars made them the fastest growing market category in the U.S. In 2006, three major subcompact models were introduced to the market, the Toyota Yaris , Honda Fit , and Nissan Versa . These models were released by their manufacturers to aim at

1610-631: The subcompact category sits between the "minicompact" and " compact " categories. The EPA definition of a subcompact is a passenger car with a combined interior and cargo volume of 85–99 cubic feet (2,410–2,800 L). Current examples of subcompact cars are the Nissan Versa and Mitsubishi Mirage . The smaller cars in the A-segment/city car category (such as the Chevrolet Spark and Smart Fortwo) are sometimes called subcompacts in

1656-756: Was also available with a V6 engine, and the Gremlin was also available with I6 and V8 engines). The Pontiac Astre , the Canadian-originated re-badged Vega variant was released in the U.S. in September 1974. Due to falling sales of the larger pony cars (such as the Chevrolet Camaro and first-generation Ford Mustang) in the mid-1970s, the Vega-based Chevrolet Monza was introduced as an upscale subcompact and

1702-472: Was available in both carburetted and fuel-injected forms. The smallest version of the V6 was the 1.8 L; 110.6 cu in (1,812 cc) with a 80 mm × 60.14 mm (3.15 in × 2.37 in) bore and stroke. Its output is 82 PS (60 kW; 81 hp) and 135 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft). Its only application was the Ford 17M P7 from 1968 to 1971. The original displacement of

1748-573: Was commonly fitted with the Bosch L-Jetronic fuel-injection system, married to Ford's EEC-IV engine management. Because of this difference over the 2.8 L model, this version was a more popular candidate for aftermarket modification (typically turbocharging) from companies such as Janspeed and Turbo Technics. Applications: A special twin DOHC (QUAD CAM) version of the 2.9 was created by Cosworth Engineering in 1991. Although it shared

1794-513: Was introduced in 1997 in the Ford Explorer, alongside the original pushrod version. It features a variable length intake manifold and produces 210 hp (157 kW; 213 PS) and 254 lb⋅ft (344 N⋅m) f . (The variable length intake manifold was discontinued in 1998, replaced by a standard intake.) It uses a jackshaft in place of a camshaft to drive a timing chain to each cylinder head. Three timing chains are used, one from

1840-407: Was machined differently to improve strength. In place of the single-cam arrangement, an endless duplex hydraulically tensioned timing chain was used to drive the overhead cams. The chain measured 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in). The casting and bearings for the standard underhead cam were repurposed for a shaft which drove the oil pump. Ignition was controlled by an EDIS -6 system, which would become

1886-705: Was not affected by this issue. A version of the engine is used in the Land Rover Discovery 3 / LR3 in Australia/North America and Ford Courier in Australia, producing 216 hp (161 kW; 219 PS) and 250 lb⋅ft (339 N⋅m) of torque at 3,000 rpm for the Land Rover version. The Ford Courier version produces 154 kW (209 PS; 207 hp) of power and 323 N⋅m (32.9 kg⋅m; 238 lb⋅ft) of torque. The Land Rover version of

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1932-448: Was notorious for the OEM timing chain guides and tensioners breaking, resulting in timing chain rattle or "death rattle". This problem can occur as early as 45,000 mi (72,000 km) in some vehicles. Due to the SOHC engine's unique design involving both front and rear timing chains, the repair of the timing guides would often require complete engine removal depending on the severity of

1978-477: Was only fitted to American vehicles. The OHV engine was produced until 2000 and was used in the Ford Explorer , Ford Aerostar , Mazda B4000, and Ford Ranger . Output was 160 hp (119 kW; 162 PS) and 305 N⋅m (225 lb⋅ft). Though some variation exists, typically 155 hp (116 kW; 157 PS) is quoted as horsepower for 1990–92 applications. Applications: The SOHC version

2024-475: Was the 1970-1973 Ford Capri RS 2600. It was replaced with the RS 3100. Weslake developed a racing version of the engine, bored to 96 mm (3.78 in) to give 3.0 L; 182.8 cu in (2,995 cc) of displacement and producing in excess of 320 PS (235 kW; 316 hp). The second-generation Cologne V6 was introduced in 1974. It displaced 2.8 L; 170.4 cu in (2,792 cc) with

2070-637: Was the 2.6 L; 155.6 cu in (2,550 cc) introduced in 1969. It had a 90 mm × 66.8 mm (3.54 in × 2.63 in) bore and stroke. Output was 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) and 205 N⋅m (151 lb⋅ft). Applications: The 2.6 RS was a special high-performance fuel-injected 2.6 L; 160.9 cu in (2,637 cc) version. It had a 90 mm × 69 mm (3.54 in × 2.72 in) bore and stroke, and produced 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) and 219.5 N⋅m (162 lb⋅ft). The only fuel injected first-generation engine, its sole application

2116-457: Was used only in Europe. Like the 2.9 L version, the camshaft is chain-driven, it has fuel injection system (EFI) and Ford's EEC-IV engine management. Bore and stroke is 84 mm × 72 mm (3.31 in × 2.83 in). Power output is 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) at 5800 rpm and 184 N⋅m (136 lb⋅ft) torque at 3500 rpm. Applications: The largest first-generation V6

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