98-508: The Jaguar XJ (X350) is a full-size four-door luxury sedan/saloon manufactured and marketed worldwide by Jaguar Cars for model years 2003–2009 as the third generation of the Jaguar XJ saloon, carrying the internal designation X350 and the internal designation X358 following its 2007 intermediate facelift . Both the X350 and X358 were available with a six-speed automatic transmission ,
196-452: A Gas Guzzler Tax ." Due to deprecation , the X350 remains sought after as a used car classic. Classic Motoring concluded: "The X350 and the 358 facelift carries on the XJ's tradition by offering not only astonishing value but also a driving experience that few others can match let alone surpass." Prices starts as low as £1,500 to as high as £20,000 for the low-mileage, more luxurious models. In
294-498: A half-life of 717,000 years. Excessive quantities of stable Mg have been observed in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions of some carbonaceous chondrite meteorites . This anomalous abundance is attributed to the decay of its parent Al in the inclusions, and researchers conclude that such meteorites were formed in the solar nebula before the Al had decayed. These are among
392-493: A magnesium-based engine . Magnesium also reacts exothermically with most acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), producing magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas, similar to the HCl reaction with aluminium, zinc, and many other metals. Although it is difficult to ignite in mass or bulk, magnesium metal will ignite. Magnesium may also be used as an igniter for thermite , a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide powder that ignites only at
490-471: A .32 coefficient of drag. Door shut lines were engineered uniformly to a 3.8 mm gap to adjacent body elements. The bonnet and boot were engineered to 3.5 mm to adjacent body elements. The doors opened to 62 degrees front and 65 degrees rear. The long-wheelbase model, introduced in 2005, was the longest vehicle Jaguar had manufactured at the time. With a five inch extension behind the B-pillar (i.e.
588-523: A 2007 review by Andy Enright for RAC , he concluded that "the Jaguar XJ makes a great used buy. It's reliable, well built and great fun to drive. Here's a British built car that knocks the Germans into a cocked hat." In a 2017 retrospective for Honest John Classics , Craig Cheetham wrote: "Like all Jaguar XJs, the X350 offers fantastic ride quality, ironing out bumps like no other car, while maintaining
686-532: A base price of US$ 115,995. The Portfolio trim level included a DVD player and 7-inch screens in the rear headrests. The Super V8 Portfolio, marketed in North American markets, became available in August 2005 and was exclusively available in two colours: Black Cherry and Winter Gold. The Super V8 Portfolio was powered by Jaguar's supercharged 400 PS (294 kW), 4.2 L, 32-valve, AJ-V8 engine with
784-531: A common reservoir. Magnesium is the eighth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust by mass and tied in seventh place with iron in molarity . It is found in large deposits of magnesite , dolomite , and other minerals , and in mineral waters, where magnesium ion is soluble. Although magnesium is found in more than 60 minerals , only dolomite , magnesite , brucite , carnallite , talc , and olivine are of commercial importance. The Mg cation
882-451: A facelift was available in 2007. A more radical, postmodern design was done for the XJ (X351) , which nonetheless shared the X350's platform, and the X350 remained the last of retro-designed Jaguars. As of February 2010, it had sold 295,365 units. Before its release in 2003, an X350 was tested by Jaguar historian Paul Skilleter. An X358 TDVi was featured in an episode of BBC 2 's Top Gear . It
980-574: A fixed or power-adjustable bench or individually powered and heated seats. The V8 engines remained in the new model but were the revised and more powerful versions found in the 2003 S-Type . The 294 PS 4.0 L and 375 PS 4.0 L supercharged engines from the X308 Mk II were replaced by the S-Type's 300 PS (221 kW; 296 hp) 4.2 L and 400 PS (294 kW; 395 hp) 4.2 L supercharged units respectively, while
1078-600: A footman/mechanic) was the first sedan, since it is the first known car to be produced with a roof. A one-off instance of similar coachwork is also known in a 1900 De Dion-Bouton Type D. A sedan is typically considered to be a fixed-roof car with at least four seats. Based on this definition, the earliest sedan was the 1911 Speedwell , which was manufactured in the United States. In American English , Latin American Spanish , and Brazilian Portuguese ,
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#17327839539101176-679: A four-door station wagon from 1958 until 1960 in the Rambler and Ambassador series. In 1973, the US government passed Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 216 creating a standard roof strength test to measure the integrity of roof structure in motor vehicles to come into effect some years later. Hardtop sedan body style production ended with the 1978 Chrysler Newport . Roofs were covered with vinyl, and B-pillars were minimized by styling methods like matt black finishes. Stylists and engineers soon developed more subtle solutions. A close-coupled sedan
1274-510: A high purity product is easily achievable. China is almost completely reliant on the silicothermic Pidgeon process . Besides the Pigeon process, the second most used process for magnesium production is electrolysis . This is a two step process. The first step is to prepare feedstock containing magnesium chloride and the second step is to dissociate the compound in electrolytic cells as magnesium metal and chlorine gas . The basic reaction
1372-605: A horizontal trunk lid. The term is generally only referred to in marketing when it is necessary to differentiate between two sedan body styles (e.g., notchback and fastback) of the same model range. Several sedans have a fastback profile but a hatchback-style tailgate is hinged at the roof. Examples include the Peugeot 309 , Škoda Octavia , Hyundai Elantra XD , Chevrolet Malibu Maxx , BMW 4 Series Grand Coupe , Audi A5 Sportback , and Tesla Model S . The names hatchback and sedan are often used to differentiate between body styles of
1470-773: A long-wheelbase configuration was introduced, along with the supercharged variation of the XJ8 with the more luxurious Vanden Plas or Daimler interior. Its primary competitor was the Maserati Quattroporte . A distinctive wire mesh grille and chrome-finished side mirrors set the Super V8 and the XJR apart from the less expensive XJ saloons. In 2005, the Super V8 model was replaced by the Daimler Super Eight in all markets other than North America. The Daimler Super Eight
1568-476: A manufacturer produces two-door sedan and four-door sedan versions of the same model, the shape and position of the greenhouse on both versions may be identical, with only the B-pillar positioned further back to accommodate the longer doors on the two-door versions. A sedan chair, a sophisticated litter , is an enclosed box with windows used to transport one seated person. Porters at the front and rear carry
1666-565: A new 3.5 L V8 was also introduced for the European market, was derived from the 4.2 L engine, and was rated at 265 PS (195 kW; 261 hp). The 243 PS (179 kW; 240 hp) 3.2 L V8 from the previous model was replaced by the 3.0 L V6 from the X-Type and S-Type. The V6 powers the XJ6, while the XJ8 was powered by a naturally aspirated V8. The XJR was powered by
1764-574: A railroad train's club carriage (e.g.,, the lounge or parlour carriage). From the 1910s to the 1950s, several United States manufacturers have named models either Sedanet or Sedanette. The term originated as a smaller version of the sedan; however, it has also been used for convertibles and fastback coupes. Models that have been called Sedanet or Sedanette include the 1917 Dort Sedanet, King , 1919 Lexington , 1930s Cadillac Fleetwood Sedanette, 1949 Cadillac Series 62 Sedanette, 1942-1951 Buick Super Sedanet , and 1956 Studebaker . Sedans, as
1862-418: A range of petrol and diesel engines ( V6 , V8 , and supercharged V8), numerous trim levels, and short wheelbase (2003–2009) or long wheelbase (2005–2009) car body configurations . Extended-length models were the longest vehicles Jaguar had manufactured. The X350 was noted for its advanced electrical systems, self-leveling, adaptive air suspension , and full aluminum unibody chassis and bodywork, among
1960-472: A six-speed automatic transmission manufactured by ZF Friedrichshafen . North American XJ models were equipped with the 300 hp (224 kW; 304 PS) naturally aspirated engine or an optional 400 hp (298 kW; 406 PS) supercharged 4.2 L V8 engine. The latter engine's valvetrain had a dual overhead cam design with four valves per cylinder and its top speed was electronically limited to 155 mph (249 km/h). At introduction,
2058-429: A solid solution with calcium oxide by calcining the mineral dolomite , which is a solid solution of calcium and magnesium carbonates: Reduction occurs at high temperatures with silicon. A ferrosilicon alloy is used rather than pure silicon as it is more economical. The iron component has no bearing on the reaction, having the simplified equation: The calcium oxide combines with silicon as the oxygen scavenger, yielding
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#17327839539102156-414: A specific category of automobiles, have had serious social consequences shaped by their design and use. Their compact and fuel-efficient nature has made them a preferred choice for urban and suburban settings, promoting individual mobility. However, this accessibility has contributed to increased urban sprawl and car dependency. Sedans, like other private vehicles, encourage dispersed living patterns, reducing
2254-675: A supercharged 4.2 L V8. The XJ6 and the XJ TDVi are the only X350 models not sold in the Americas. In 2005, Jaguar introduced the diesel -powered XJ TDVi, featuring the same Ford – Peugeot -developed 2.7-litre twin-turbocharged V6 found in the S-Type. The engine, known as the AJD-V6 , is rated at 204 PS (150 kW; 201 hp) and 321 lb⋅ft (435 N⋅m) of torque, and was fitted with electronically controlled active engine mounts to minimise vibration at idle. Both X350 and X358 used
2352-403: A top speed of 249 km/h (155 mph) and a 0 to 97 km/h (0 to 60 mph) acceleration time of about 5 seconds. The Super V8 was the most expensive model, with the XJR being the second most expensive model in the range. The Super V8, which debuted in the 2003 model year in the new X350 body style, was initially of a short-wheelbase configuration. This became an option in 2004 when
2450-994: A total production of 83,566. While it was generally well received and profitable, sales were less than Jaguar had expected. It was followed by the XJ X351 . The X350's aluminum bodyshell used an aerospace construction method, a hybrid of adhesive bonding and rivet joinery and known as rivet-bonding or riv-bonding, which was an industry first in volume automotive production. Both chassis and car body formed an aluminum unibody structure. Using aluminium rather than steel required new techniques, technological development, and production layout, along with significant investment. The stressed aluminum unibody used 15 aluminum castings, 35 extrusions, and 284 stampings, which were bonded using 120 yards of robotically-applied, heat-cured, aerospace-grade epoxy adhesives, and approximately 3,200 self-piercing zinc-coated, boron steel rivets, which were Jaguar's first use of self-piercing rivets. In addition to
2548-687: A trip computer, electrically adjustable pedals with 2.5 inch travel, 4 power points, all window one-touch up/down power operation, metallic paint (no-cost option), a full-size spare tyre, electronically tilt and telescoping steering wheel, keyless entry, puddle lamps, electronic park brake, and 8-speaker, 320-watt sound system with boot-mounted 6-CD changer and in-dash CD player. Safety systems included four-channel anti-lock brakes with emergency brake assist , traction control , dynamic stability control , and front, side thorax, and full-length side curtain airbags. Electronic coordination of seatbelts and airbags, marketed as Advanced Restraint Technology System (ARTS)
2646-796: A true sense of gravitas. The proportions, stance and obvious dynamic quality clearly display that all-important Jaguar DNA and give it real presence on the road." At introduction, standard equipment included mirror-matched walnut burl wood grain trim throughout the interior, piano-black center console trim, leather seating, wood-trimmed steering wheel, leather-covered overhead assist handles, dual-zone automatic climate control , glass electric tilt and slide sunroof with single-touch open/close, rain-sensing automatic wipers, automatic headlights, front fog lights, 24 lamp LED taillights, front and rear parking sensors , boot power latching mechanism, electrically adjustable steering wheel with memory and entry/exit function, electrochromic self-dimming side mirrors with compass,
2744-545: A variety of compounds important to industry and biology, including magnesium carbonate , magnesium chloride , magnesium citrate , magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia), magnesium oxide , magnesium sulfate , and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate ( Epsom salts ). As recently as 2020, magnesium hydride was under investigation as a way to store hydrogen. Magnesium has three stable isotopes : Mg , Mg and Mg . All are present in significant amounts in nature (see table of isotopes above). About 79% of Mg
2842-408: A very high temperature. Organomagnesium compounds are widespread in organic chemistry . They are commonly found as Grignard reagents , formed by reaction of magnesium with haloalkanes . Examples of Grignard reagents are phenylmagnesium bromide and ethylmagnesium bromide . The Grignard reagents function as a common nucleophile , attacking the electrophilic group such as the carbon atom that
2940-438: Is Mg . The isotope Mg is radioactive and in the 1950s to 1970s was produced by several nuclear power plants for use in scientific experiments. This isotope has a relatively short half-life (21 hours) and its use was limited by shipping times. The nuclide Mg has found application in isotopic geology , similar to that of aluminium. Mg is a radiogenic daughter product of Al , which has
3038-457: Is a body style produced in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. Their two-box boxy styling made these sedans more like crossover vehicles than traditional three-box sedans. Like other close-coupled body styles, the rear seats are farther forward than a regular sedan. This reduced the length of the body; close-coupled sedans, also known as town sedans, were the shortest of the sedan models offered. Models of close-coupled sedans include
Jaguar XJ (X350) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3136-658: Is a gray-white lightweight metal, two-thirds the density of aluminium. Magnesium has the lowest melting (923 K (650 °C)) and the lowest boiling point (1,363 K (1,090 °C)) of all the alkaline earth metals. Pure polycrystalline magnesium is brittle and easily fractures along shear bands . It becomes much more malleable when alloyed with small amounts of other metals, such as 1% aluminium. The malleability of polycrystalline magnesium can also be significantly improved by reducing its grain size to about 1 μm or less. When finely powdered, magnesium reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas: However, this reaction
3234-486: Is a liquid metal. At the YSZ/liquid metal anode O is oxidized. A layer of graphite borders the liquid metal anode, and at this interface carbon and oxygen react to form carbon monoxide. When silver is used as the liquid metal anode, there is no reductant carbon or hydrogen needed, and only oxygen gas is evolved at the anode. It was reported in 2011 that this method provides a 40% reduction in cost per pound over
3332-585: Is as follows: The temperatures at which this reaction is operated is between 680 and 750 °C. The magnesium chloride can be obtained using the Dow process , a process that mixes sea water and dolomite in a flocculator or by dehydration of magnesium chloride brines. The electrolytic cells are partially submerged in a molten salt electrolyte to which the produced magnesium chloride is added in concentrations between 6-18%. This process does have its share of disadvantages including production of harmful chlorine gas and
3430-463: Is called Limousine and a limousine is a Stretch-Limousine . In the United States, two-door sedan models were marketed as Tudor in the Ford Model A (1927–1931) series. Automakers use different terms to differentiate their products and for Ford's sedan body styles "the tudor (2-door) and fordor (4-door) were marketing terms designed to stick in the minds of the public." Ford continued to use
3528-425: Is essential to all cells and some 300 enzymes . Magnesium ions interact with polyphosphate compounds such as ATP , DNA , and RNA . Hundreds of enzymes require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives and antacids (such as milk of magnesia ), and to stabilize abnormal nerve excitation or blood vessel spasm in such conditions as eclampsia . Elemental magnesium
3626-454: Is extremely effective at ironing out big impacts." In his 2003 review for Motoring Research , Peter Burgess praised the X350's interior, as well as its engine for the sports car potential if revved and the quiteness, attributing it to the car's light weight. He commended the X350 for being economical to run; the XJ6 tested in May 2003 averaged 23mpg on the 3.0-litre. He also positively reacted to
3724-482: Is first treated with lime (calcium oxide) and the precipitated magnesium hydroxide is collected: The hydroxide is then converted to magnesium chloride by treatment with hydrochloric acid and heating of the product to eliminate water: The salt is then electrolyzed in the molten state. At the cathode , the Mg ion is reduced by two electrons to magnesium metal: At the anode , each pair of Cl ions
3822-426: Is less dense than aluminium and is used primarily as a component in strong and lightweight alloys that contain aluminium. In the cosmos , magnesium is produced in large, aging stars by the sequential addition of three helium nuclei to a carbon nucleus. When such stars explode as supernovas , much of the magnesium is expelled into the interstellar medium where it may recycle into new star systems. Magnesium
3920-441: Is much less dramatic than the reactions of the alkali metals with water, because the magnesium hydroxide builds up on the surface of the magnesium metal and inhibits further reaction. The principal property of magnesium metal is its reducing power. One hint is that it tarnishes slightly when exposed to air, although, unlike the heavier alkaline earth metals , an oxygen-free environment is unnecessary for storage because magnesium
4018-401: Is oxidized to chlorine gas, releasing two electrons to complete the circuit: The carbothermic route to magnesium has been recognized as a low energy, yet high productivity path to magnesium extraction. The chemistry is as follows: C + MgO → CO + Mg A disadvantage of this method is that slow cooling the vapour can cause the reaction to quickly revert. To prevent this from happening,
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4116-514: Is present within the polar bond of a carbonyl group. A prominent organomagnesium reagent beyond Grignard reagents is magnesium anthracene , which is used as a source of highly active magnesium. The related butadiene -magnesium adduct serves as a source for the butadiene dianion. Complexes of dimagnesium(I) have been observed. The presence of magnesium ions can be detected by the addition of ammonium chloride , ammonium hydroxide and monosodium phosphate to an aqueous or dilute HCl solution of
4214-447: Is protected by a thin layer of oxide that is fairly impermeable and difficult to remove. Direct reaction of magnesium with air or oxygen at ambient pressure forms only the "normal" oxide MgO. However, this oxide may be combined with hydrogen peroxide to form magnesium peroxide , MgO 2 , and at low temperature the peroxide may be further reacted with ozone to form magnesium superoxide Mg(O 2 ) 2 . Magnesium reacts with nitrogen in
4312-458: Is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and the fourth most common element in the Earth (after iron , oxygen and silicon ), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's mantle . It is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater, after sodium and chlorine . This element is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the human body and
4410-541: Is the second-most-abundant cation in seawater (about 1 ⁄ 8 the mass of sodium ions in a given sample), which makes seawater and sea salt attractive commercial sources for Mg. To extract the magnesium, calcium hydroxide is added to the seawater to precipitate magnesium hydroxide . Magnesium hydroxide ( brucite ) is poorly soluble in water and can be collected by filtration. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to magnesium chloride . From magnesium chloride, electrolysis produces magnesium. World production
4508-501: Is used for front and rear subframes, and magnesium , which is as strong as aluminium while 30 per cent lighter, is used for seat frames and lateral instrument panel beams. Jaguar had previously and prominently used aluminum construction in the XK120 , which was produced in the 1940s and used aluminum panels, along with its C‑Type and D‑Type race cars, as well as the 1960s E-Type , which used aluminum chassis and body design. Ford retained
4606-684: The Chrysler Imperial , Duesenberg Model A , and Packard 745 A two-door sedan for four or five passengers but with less room for passengers than a standard sedan. A Coach body has no external trunk for luggage. Haajanen says it can be difficult to tell the difference between a Club and a Brougham and a Coach body, as if manufacturers were more concerned with marketing their product than adhering to strict body style definitions. Close-coupled saloons originated as four-door thoroughbred sporting horse-drawn carriages with little room for rear passengers' feet. In automotive use, manufacturers in
4704-474: The Honda NSX got there first, but it depends where you draw the line for 'mass production'....]." Despite its similarity to the XJ (X308) , the X350 was praised for its elegant styling, engine, technology, interior, and handling, while the rear legroom was relatively small considered the car's length. In his review of the 2003 Jaguar XJ8, Jonathan Hawley wrote: "When pushed hard over lumpy and twisting roads,
4802-711: The Studebaker Four and Studebaker Six models were marketed as sedans. There were fully enclosed automobile bodies before 1912. Long before that time, the same fully enclosed but horse-drawn carriages were known as a brougham in the United Kingdom, berline in France, and berlina in Italy; the latter two have become the terms for sedans in these countries. It is sometimes stated that the 1899 Renault Voiturette Type B (a 2-seat car with an extra external seat for
4900-535: The 17th-century litter known as a sedan chair, a one-person enclosed box with windows and carried by porters. Variations of the sedan style include the close-coupled sedan, club sedan, convertible sedan, fastback sedan, hardtop sedan, notchback sedan, and sedanet. A sedan ( / s ɪ ˈ d æ n / ) is a car with a closed body (i.e., a fixed metal roof) with the engine, passengers, and cargo in separate compartments. This broad definition does not differentiate sedans from various other car body styles. Still, in practice,
4998-643: The 2.7-litre diesel or with the 3.0-litre petrol V6 engines were known as the XJ6 (since the engines had six cylinders), while the 4.2-litre V8 petrol engine mounted in the Sovereign resulted in that model being known as the XJ8. The model list for the United Kingdom did not include the 3.5-litre V8 engine available in Germany. Germany From May 2007, the following models were available in Germany: North America From May 2007,
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#17327839539105096-406: The 21st century, saloon remains in the long-established names of particular motor races. In other languages, sedans are known as berline ( French ), berlina ( European Spanish , European Portuguese , Romanian , and Italian ), though they may include hatchbacks. These names, like the sedan, all come from forms of passenger transport used before the advent of automobiles. In German , a sedan
5194-488: The BMW 7 Series, Audi A8, and Mercedes S-Class. It's less burdened with systems and processes that can frustrate with their complexity. The five XJ models are loaded with sophisticated safety and performance technology, mind you, but all that technology is tucked away in a less obtrusive fashion, and it generally works without annoyance or distraction. The XJs deliver the best EPA fuel mileage ratings in this class, and none carries
5292-485: The Germans are caught in a technological spiral of ever–outdoing each other, the British car gets on with the job of looking after the driver and passenger is a rather charming way." In a review of the 2008 XJ, Autoblog.com wrote: "Underway in town or on the highway, the XJ is smooth, quiet, stately and powerful, and it handles winding roads quite well for its size. It's easier to operate, certainly less complicated, than
5390-459: The Jaguar brand. They had a point... but irrespective, the X350 is a wonderful, rewarding and cossetting car." Saloon car A sedan or saloon ( British English ) is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with separate compartments for an engine, passengers, and cargo. The first recorded use of sedan in reference to an automobile body occurred in 1912. The name derives from
5488-718: The Super V8 at £68,500. For the 2005 model year, Jaguar introduced a long-wheelbase variant of the X350. For 2007, the premium model was reintroduced as the Jaguar Sovereign when the Super V8 and Daimler versions were dropped. In early 2005, Jaguar announced the Super V8 Portfolio for the 2006 model year, a limited-edition trim level of the flagship Super V8 saloon. It debuted at the New York International Auto Show in March 2005 with
5586-473: The Tudor name for 5-window coupes, 2-door convertibles, and roadsters since all had two doors. The Tudor name was also used to describe the Škoda 1101/1102 introduced in 1946. The public popularized the name for a two-door model and was then applied by the automaker to the entire line that included a four-door sedan and station wagon versions. In the United States, the notchback sedan distinguishes models with
5684-462: The United Kingdom used the term to develop the chummy body, where passengers were forced to be friendly because they were tightly packed. They provided weather protection for extra passengers in what would otherwise be a two-seater car. Two-door versions would be described in the United States and France as coach bodies. A postwar example is the Rover 3 Litre Coupé . Produced in the United States from
5782-473: The XJ was marketed worldwide in various trim levels, including the XJ8, XJ Vanden Plas, and XJR versions in North America, and the XJ6, XJ8, and XJ Sovereign models in the United Kingdom. The original range in the United Kingdom included the XJ6 3.0-litre at £ 39,000, the XJ6 3.0-litre Sport at £42,250, the XJ 3.0 SE at £42,250, the XJ8 3.5 SE at £48,000, the XJ8 4.2 SE at £51,500, the XJR at £58,500, and
5880-412: The XJ were also used by Margaret Thatcher , John Major , David Cameron , Theresa May , and Boris Johnson as their Prime Ministerial Car . The XJ (X350) generally received positive reactions and compared well to its main competitors, while criticism rested on its conservative style design, which some critics said did not reflect the car's innovation and technology; to address this and increase sales,
5978-425: The agility of a much smaller vehicle. Comfort and handling, then, are exemplary, as, indeed, is the luxury of the car's cabin. Indeed, the only real criticism of the X350 is that, in many ways, it was too traditional. Allegedly, there were some fairly senior people in Jaguar who hated it, because of its traditional appearance didn't do its technological advancement justice, nor do enough to attract new, younger buyers to
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#17327839539106076-428: The air suspension can get a little confused and produces some nasty thumping noises." In his review for NRMA , Bill McKinnon said: "The 3.5. likes to be revved and delivers its best when worked manually from 3500 rpm to the 6800 rpm redline... The big Jag still delivers a luxurious ride, though its aggressive wheel/tyre package makes you aware of the road surface to a greater extent than previous models. The air suspension
6174-427: The body was designed to withstand an impact of 10 mph without structural damage and used a bolt-on front-end module (BOFE). A hydroformed aluminum extrusion with an energy-absorbing foam cover formed a bumper beam cross-member, to provide strength and crushability in the event of a minor collision. Sacrificial extruded aluminum crash cans were designed to protect the body structure and front-end componentry. Steel
6272-400: The body; high-speed powertrain system (engine, transmission, air suspension system, and instrument cluster); fibre-optic communication protocol for telematics, navigation, phone, voice activation, audio, and multimedia systems; and safety systems protocol. Ian Callum , who took over the position of Director of Design after the death of Geoff Lawson , summarised: "The new XJ is a luxury car with
6370-467: The bonding and riveting patents of the XJ's aluminum monocoque body when it sold Jaguar to Indian automobile manufacturer Tata Motors in 2008. The X350 employed a multi-link suspension layout with four-wheel self-levelling, adaptive air suspension instead of the previous generation's double wishbone of the Jaguar IRS . The suspension was controlled electronically, requiring no intervention from
6468-578: The bonnet profiles, especially around the headlamps; the radii in the wing-to-bumper gaps and the rear wing/door shut pressing; the side light configuration, and the bodyside haunch. Jaguar's chief program engineer Russ Varney, who engineered the Jaguar XK 's 2007 redesign, said the XJ also taught Jaguar "about the 'springback' of stamped parts, where the pieces won't keep their exact shape." To reduce front-end collision repair costs and ameliorate increased insurance rates associated with aluminum construction,
6566-526: The chair with horizontal poles. Litters date back to long before ancient Egypt, India, and China. Sedan chairs were developed in the 1630s. Etymologists suggest the name of the chair very probably came through varieties of Italian from the Latin sedere , or the Proto-Indo-European root " sed- " meaning "to sit." The first recorded use of sedan for an automobile body occurred in 1912 when
6664-573: The corrosion rate of magnesium in a salt solution by a factor of nearly ten. Magnesium's tendency to creep (gradually deform) at high temperatures is greatly reduced by alloying with zinc and rare-earth elements . Flammability is significantly reduced by a small amount of calcium in the alloy. By using rare-earth elements, it may be possible to manufacture magnesium alloys that are able to not catch fire at higher temperatures compared to magnesium's liquidus and in some cases potentially pushing it close to magnesium's boiling point. Magnesium forms
6762-482: The density of communities and limiting opportunities for local social interactions. This can lead to a decline in neighborhood growth and an increase in reliance on cars for even short trips, increasing environmental and health concerns through CO2 and Greenhouse Gas emissions and reduced physical activity . Furthermore, while sedans are a practical solution for families and individuals, their role in encouraging road-centric urban planning has been criticized for reducing
6860-675: The design directorship of Geoff Lawson , who died midway through the project, and his successor Ian Callum . The XJ's interior was styled by Giles Taylor. The XJ was manufactured at Jaguar's Browns Lane plant in Coventry and was the final Jaguar to be produced there. With an unpainted and highly polished example of its all-alloy body shell on display, the X350 debuted at the 2002 Paris Motor Show . The full X350/358 generation largely coincided with Jaguar's ownership by Ford's Premier Automotive Group until Tata Motors purchased Jaguar in 2008. Production ended in March 2009 after seven years, with
6958-562: The driver, to adjust damper settings (in milliseconds) and the ride, and handling under varying conditions; this electronic control system was marketed as the Computer Active Technology Suspension (CATS). The air suspension was designed to activate every 24 hours to level the vehicle when parked and not in use. From the previous generation, the overall body was wider, longer, and higher—with increased head, leg, shoulder, and cargo room—and carried
7056-404: The first for a mass-produced automobile. The bodyshell ( body in white ) was 40 per cent lighter and 50 percent stiffer than its predecessor, despite its increased overall size. Styling was a conservative evolution of the previous XJ's styling, and its slatted grille recalled that of the original 1968 XJ Series I . Exterior styling was by principal designer Tom Owen, along with Sandy Boyes, under
7154-633: The following XJ models were available in North America: Unlike in Europe, the XJ6 and the XJ 2.7D were not available in the United States. The L on the XJ8L badge denoted the long-wheelbase version. All engines were paired with a ZF six-speed automatic transmission. The XJ6 petrol versions had a lower final drive ratio. The car was used by British prime ministers , including Tony Blair and Gordon Brown . Previous and successive versions of
7252-483: The grille replaced the previous bonnet-mounted ornament. The front lights were revised and door mirrors incorporated side repeaters. The front wings had prominent faux side vents, and the side sills, rear bumper, and taillights were revised. The interior featured redesigned front seats. United Kingdom As of November 2007, the following XJ models were available in the United Kingdom: Models with
7350-424: The magnesium can be dissolved directly in a suitable metal solvent before reversion starts happening. Rapid quenching of the vapour can also be performed to prevent reversion. A newer process, solid oxide membrane technology, involves the electrolytic reduction of MgO. At the cathode, Mg ion is reduced by two electrons to magnesium metal. The electrolyte is yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The anode
7448-436: The mid-1920s to the mid-1950s, the name club sedan was used for highly appointed models using the sedan chassis. Some people describe a club sedan as a two-door vehicle with a body style otherwise identical to the sedan models in the range. Others describe a club sedan as having either two or four doors and a shorter roof and therefore less interior space than the other sedan models in the range. Club sedan originates from
7546-501: The next generation of the Jaguar XJ (X351) was introduced. The facelifted X350 debuted in 2005 for the model year 2006, with a revised front grille, deleted mid-door trim and slightly redesigned front fenders. Some vehicle electronics systems were updated. The facelifted X350 debuted in February 2007 for the model year 2008 with a revised front grille and front bumper assembly featuring a prominent lower grille. A Jaguar emblem within
7644-540: The oldest objects in the Solar System and contain preserved information about its early history. It is conventional to plot Mg / Mg against an Al/Mg ratio. In an isochron dating plot, the Al/Mg ratio plotted is Al / Mg . The slope of the isochron has no age significance, but indicates the initial Al / Al ratio in the sample at the time when the systems were separated from
7742-453: The other alkaline earth metals (group 2 of the periodic table ) it occurs naturally only in combination with other elements and almost always has an oxidation state of +2. It reacts readily with air to form a thin passivation coating of magnesium oxide that inhibits further corrosion of the metal. The free metal burns with a brilliant-white light. The metal is obtained mainly by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine . It
7840-619: The overall reaction being very energy intensive, creating environmental risks. The Pidgeon process is more advantageous regarding its simplicity, shorter construction period, low power consumption and overall good magnesium quality compared to the electrolysis method. In the United States, magnesium was once obtained principally with the Dow process in Corpus Christi TX , by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride from brine and sea water . A saline solution containing Mg ions
7938-443: The quantity of these metals improves corrosion resistance. Sufficient manganese overcomes the corrosive effects of iron. This requires precise control over composition, increasing costs. Adding a cathodic poison captures atomic hydrogen within the structure of a metal. This prevents the formation of free hydrogen gas, an essential factor of corrosive chemical processes. The addition of about one in three hundred parts arsenic reduces
8036-511: The rear doors were 5 inches longer), the extended model had a 3,159.8 mm (124.4 in) wheelbase and overall length of 5,214.6 mm (205.3 in); the bodyshell's weight increased by 24 kg (53 lb) and the roof height increased by 7 mm (0.28 in) over the standard-wheelbase XJ. The turning radius was increased by 13 inches over the standard-wheelbase model. The 12-volt wiring system used multiplexing to integrate four systems: low-speed, event-driven communications around
8134-402: The rivets, which do not require a predrilled or punched hole, each rivet making its own hole on insertion, the process also uses a small number of nuts, bolts, and spot welds. Castings and extrusions accounted for about 11 percent of the XJ bodyshell. To ensure manufacturing feasibility, numerous styling elements required a redesign to accommodate forming in aluminium rather than steel, including
8232-455: The salt. The formation of a white precipitate indicates the presence of magnesium ions. Azo violet dye can also be used, turning deep blue in the presence of an alkaline solution of magnesium salt. The color is due to the adsorption of azo violet by Mg(OH) 2 . As of 2013, magnesium alloys consumption was less than one million tonnes per year, compared with 50 million tonnes of aluminium alloys . Their use has been historically limited by
8330-429: The same model. To avoid confusion, the term hatchback sedan is not often used. There have been many sedans with a fastback style. Hardtop sedans were a popular body style in the United States from the 1950s to the 1970s. Hardtops are manufactured without a B-pillar leaving uninterrupted open space or, when closed, glass along the side of the vehicle. The top was intended to look like a convertible's top. However, it
8428-530: The shores of the Great Salt Lake . In September 2021, China took steps to reduce production of magnesium as a result of a government initiative to reduce energy availability for manufacturing industries, leading to a significant price increase. The Pidgeon process and the Bolzano process are similar. In both, magnesium oxide is the precursor to magnesium metal. The magnesium oxide is produced as
8526-469: The six-speed automatic transmission. Criticism rested on the rear legroom despite improvement and the lack of a full manual control of the automatic gearbox. Burgess concluded: "The big advantage that this Jaguar offers over and above the Audi A8 , BMW 7 Series and Mercedes–Benz S–Class is a sense of individuality. This is a car which stands apart from the competition yet in most ways is their equal. While
8624-573: The solid state if it is powdered and heated to just below the melting point, forming Magnesium nitride Mg 3 N 2 . Magnesium reacts with water at room temperature, though it reacts much more slowly than calcium, a similar group 2 metal. When submerged in water, hydrogen bubbles form slowly on the surface of the metal; this reaction happens much more rapidly with powdered magnesium. The reaction also occurs faster with higher temperatures (see § Safety precautions ). Magnesium's reversible reaction with water can be harnessed to store energy and run
8722-403: The tendency of Mg alloys to corrode, creep at high temperatures, and combust. In magnesium alloys, the presence of iron , nickel , copper , or cobalt strongly activates corrosion . In more than trace amounts, these metals precipitate as intermetallic compounds , and the precipitate locales function as active cathodic sites that reduce water, causing the loss of magnesium. Controlling
8820-500: The term sedan is used (accented as sedán in Spanish). In British English , a car of this configuration is called a saloon ( / s ə ˈ l u n / ). Hatchback sedans are known simply as hatchbacks (not hatchback saloons ); long-wheelbase luxury saloons with a division between the driver and passengers are limousines . In Australia and New Zealand , sedan is now predominantly used; they were previously simply cars. In
8918-546: The typical characteristics of sedans are: It is sometimes suggested that sedans must have four doors (to provide a simple distinction between sedans and two-door coupés ); others state that a sedan can have four or two doors. Although the sloping rear roofline defined the coupe, the design element has become common on many body styles with manufacturers increasingly "cross-pollinating" the style so that terms such as sedan and coupé have been loosely interpreted as "'four-door coupes' - an inherent contradiction in terms." When
9016-510: The very stable calcium silicate. The Mg/Ca ratio of the precursors can be adjusted by the addition of MgO or CaO. The Pidgeon and the Bolzano process differ in the details of the heating and the configuration of the reactor. Both generate gaseous Mg that is condensed and collected. The Pidgeon process dominates the worldwide production. The Pidgeon method is less technologically complex and because of distillation/vapour deposition conditions,
9114-466: The viability of public transportation and active transport modes like walking and cycling. In cities heavily dependent on sedans, air pollution, noise, and traffic fatalities often increase, posing public health risks and environmental challenges . Magnesium Magnesium is a chemical element ; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray metal having a low density, low melting point and high chemical reactivity. Like
9212-578: Was approximately 1,100 kt in 2017, with the bulk being produced in China (930 kt) and Russia (60 kt). The United States was in the 20th century the major world supplier of this metal, supplying 45% of world production even as recently as 1995. Since the Chinese mastery of the Pidgeon process the US market share is at 7%, with a single US producer left as of 2013: US Magnesium, a Renco Group company located on
9310-1076: Was designed to sense crash severity, driver position and seatbelt status using ultrasonic and seat weight sensors to optimize airbag deployment force. Optional equipment included xenon headlights , headlight powerwash, adaptive cruise control , multi-stage heated seats, heated steering wheel, DVD navigation (with postal code programming where country-provided), soft-grain ruched (micro-pleated) leather seats and trim, electrically adjustable pedals, and rear-seat multimedia entertainment system for CD listening or DVD movie watching via front seat head restraint-mounted video screens. At introduction, upper trim levels offered soft grain leather, leatherette fascia top and contrasting seat piping, inlain Peruvian boxwood trim, lambswool rugs, 320-watt, 12-speaker audio system, 4-zone heating and cooling system, 16-way adjustable front seats, rear heated seats and optional electrically reclining rear seat, and power rear centre sunblind. The rear seating of long-wheelbase models could be equipped with
9408-420: Was driven by Jeremy Clarkson from Basel to Blackpool Tower on one tank of fuel. Clarkson described the car as "astonishing". About the X350's all-alluminium body, Andrew Frankel of Hagerty wrote: "In fact the car was a revolution. Because beneath those golf club car park looks lurked what I believe to be the first entirely aluminum monocoque designed for a mass production road car [Editor's note: Technically
9506-534: Was essentially the same car but had a different grille, boxwood inlays finished in wood veneer, and several other interior luxuries as standard. Daimler's United States equivalent was no longer known as the Vanden Plas but as the Super V8. The Vanden Plas name was used on models that would be known as Sovereign elsewhere. Since the 1980s, Daimler was the official state car for the British prime minister; Daimlers were replaced with Sentinel trim Jaguars in 2011, when
9604-543: Was fixed and made of hard material that did not fold. All manufacturers in the United States from the early 1950s into the 1970s provided at least a 2-door hardtop model in their range and a 4-door hardtop. The lack of side bracing demanded a strong, heavy chassis frame to combat unavoidable flexing. The pillarless design was also available in four-door models using unibody construction. For example, Chrysler moved to unibody designs for most of its models in 1960 and American Motors Corporation offered four-door sedans, as well
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