Misplaced Pages

#818181

72-424: The Daldykan has been regularly polluted by nickel industry, namely from Nornickel ; as a result the river's water has turned red. In May 2020, 17,500 tonnes of diesel fuel spilt into the river from a power plant. Russia's president, Vladimir Putin , declared a state of emergency . This Krasnoyarsk Krai location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

144-476: A share buyback offer for Rusal's 25% share in the company for $ 12 billion, but the offer was declined. In 2012, Potanin's Interros holding, Rusal, and Roman Abramovich signed a shareholder agreement on the size of dividend payouts to end a conflict over the matter, as well as issues around the company's broader strategy and management. The agreement expires on June 1, 2023, and the prospects of its extension or suspension are unclear. In March 2019, Abramovich sold

216-889: A "considerable amount" of information regarding submarine design and quietening techniques transferred from the United Kingdom to the United States. The rafting system for the Valiant class provided the Royal Navy with an advantage in submarine silencing that the United States Navy did not introduce until considerably later. Nuclear power proved ideal for the propulsion of strategic ballistic missile submarines (SSB), greatly improving their ability to remain submerged and undetected. The world's first operational nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN)

288-630: A 1.7% stake in the company for $ 551 million, predominantly to British-based and Russian investors. Potanin and Deripaska's Rusal were blocked from purchasing any shares. In 2021, the company's revenue amounted to 856 billion rubles. Mining began in the Norilsk area in the 1920s. The Soviet government established the Norilsk Combine in 1935 and passed control to the NKVD . In 1943, Norilsk produced 4,000 tonnes of refined nickel and in 1945 hit

360-449: A commitment of nearly $ 1.4 million for its air pollution prevention plan. However, according to the official statistics, emissions remain extremely high. In 2006, Blacksmith Institute , an international non-profit organization, included Norilsk in its list of the world's 10 most polluted places. Nornickel wrote a protest letter but to no avail. According to local environmental experts, in spite of minor reductions in overall pollution levels,

432-613: A design team under Vladimir N. Peregudov worked on the vessel that would house the reactor. After overcoming many obstacles, including steam generation problems, radiation leaks, and other difficulties, the first nuclear submarine based on these combined efforts, K-3 Leninskiy Komsomol of the Project 627 Kit class, called a November-class submarine by NATO , entered service in the Soviet Navy in 1958. The United Kingdom 's first nuclear-powered submarine HMS  Dreadnought

504-481: A fifth. In 2002, MMC Norilsk Nickel began purchasing gold mining assets, which were spun off in 2005 as Polyus Gold . In 2003, the company took control of Stillwater Mining Company , the only palladium producer in the U.S. Stillwater operates a platinum group metals (PGM) facility in Stillwater, Montana . In November 2010, Norilsk Nickel announced the sale of Stillwater. Throughout 2007, Norilsk acquired

576-583: A filtration dam at the Nadezhda Plant to overflow into the Daldykan River. Indigenous groups have accused the company of lax safety standards. At the end of 2016, Nornickel signed a contract with Canadian company SNC-Lavalin to introduce sulfur dioxide filtration and storage technologies on its plant in Norilsk in what was lauded as one of the largest environmental projects of its kind. Once

648-484: A higher-than-normal level a year ago. The cluster is located below Norilsk's city center and to the south of it, in the north-eastern part of the Norilsk Geological Basin. In 2021, Norilsk Nickel estimated the mineral reserves of the cluster at 156.6 million tonnes of ore, 400,000 tonnes of nickel, 600,000 tonnes of copper, and 25.6 million troy ounces of platinum-group metals. The rights to some of

720-462: A host of mining and metallurgical assets abroad, transforming into a multinational company with operations in Australia, Botswana, Finland, Russia, South Africa, and the United States. Norilsk Nickel signed its key deal on June 28, 2007, acquiring about 90 percent of Canada's LionOre Mining International Ltd, the world's tenth-largest nickel producer at the time. This takeover, valued at $ 6.4 billion,

792-575: A joint venture with a Chinese company. Finished copper products would be sold as Chinese products to avoid Western sanctions. China is Norilsk Nickel's largest export market from 2023. Nickel is a critical metal in electric vehicle batteries , and palladium is critical element in catalytic converters , a component in natural gas vehicles . This plan was motivated not only by circumvent Western sanctions, but also China's significantly less stringent environmental standards than those in Russia. Nornickel

SECTION 10

#1732802180819

864-489: A lack of roads and the river being too shallow for boats or barges to pass. Former deputy head of Rosprirodnadzor Oleg Mitvol estimated the clean-up cost at about 100 billion rubles ($ 1.5 billion) and set a timeline of five to 10 years. In September 2020, the company reported having collected more than 90% of the leaked fuel. Environmental Resources Management , the international company which provides Norilsk Nickel with consulting services on environmental issues, identified

936-834: A memorandum with VEB.RF and VTB to develop the field. The plans include open-pit mining in the eastern field section with an option for the subsequent underground development of its western part. The cluster is located below the Talnakh District and to its northeast, in the southwest of the Kharayelakh Geological Basin. Following the discovery of its rich reserves of copper-and-nickel ore, the cluster became Norilsk's primary source of mineral resources. Its proven resources include over 100 kinds of ore minerals, many of which were previously unknown to science: talnakhite, godlevskite, shadlunite, taimyrite, sobolevskite, mayakite, and more. In 2021, Nornickel assessed

1008-753: A name with Captain Nemo 's fictional submarine Nautilus in Jules Verne 's 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas , the first demonstrably practical submarine Nautilus , and another USS  Nautilus  (SS-168) that served with distinction in World War II ). The Westinghouse Corporation was assigned to build its reactor. After the submarine was completed at the Electric Boat Company , First Lady Mamie Eisenhower broke

1080-702: A new environmental strategy with ambitious targets to be reached by 2030 in six environmental protection areas. To honor its commitments, the company shut down Kola MMC's smelting shop in Nikel in 2020, eliminating 100% of sulfur dioxide emissions near the Russia-Norway border, followed by its copper smelter in Monchegorsk in March 2021. Combined with Nornickel's other green initiatives, these steps are expected to ensure an 85% decrease in sulfur dioxide pollution in

1152-651: A river in Siberia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Nornickel Norilsk Nickel ( Russian : ГМК «Норильский никель» ), or Nornickel , is a Russian nickel and palladium mining and smelting company. Its largest operations are located in the Norilsk–Talnakh area near the Yenisei River in the north of Siberia . It also has holdings in Nikel , Zapolyarny , and Monchegorsk on

1224-551: Is 30 to 350 meters thick. The northern part of the deposit consists of two branches: the “Coal Stream” and the “Bear Stream”. Extraction has been ongoing since the 1940s at the Zapolyarny Mine through both underground and open-pit mining of the Coal Stream and Bear Stream quarries. The reserves of its northern section have mostly been depleted, and mining in the Coal Stream quarry has ceased. Russian Platinum obtained

1296-596: Is Russia's largest non-ferrous metallurgy company and one of the 10 largest private enterprises in the country. In 2019, the company produced 229,000 tonnes of nickel, 499,000 tonnes of copper, 2.9 million ounces of palladium, and 0.7 million ounces of platinum. Globally, Nornickel ranks: Nornickel also produces rhodium , cobalt , copper , silver , gold , iridium , ruthenium , selenium , tellurium , and sulfur . Proven and possible reserves: The company's revenue in 2020 reached $ 15.5 billion, with net profits of $ 3.6 billion. Formed 250 million years ago during

1368-627: Is growing more than 2.5–2.8 times faster than the global average. Russia's Far North , including the Taymyr Peninsula, is heating up faster than anywhere else in the country, melting the permafrost on which many structures stand. Nuclear submarine A nuclear submarine is a submarine powered by a nuclear reactor , but not necessarily nuclear-armed . Nuclear submarines have considerable performance advantages over "conventional" (typically diesel-electric ) submarines. Nuclear propulsion , being completely independent of air, frees

1440-631: Is located to the west of the Norilsk-Khatanga Fault. The primary development facilities are the Oktyabrsky and the Taimyrsky mines. The Oktyabrsky deposit accounts for about half of Norilsk Nickel's ore production. The company currently has five core operational divisions in three countries: Norilsk Nickel is known to be one of Russia's largest industrial polluters, releasing approximately 1.9 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into

1512-452: Is observable by thermal imaging systems, e.g., FLIR . Another problem is that the reactor is always running, creating steam noise, which can be heard on sonar , and the reactor pump (used to circulate reactor coolant), also creates noise, as opposed to a conventional submarine, which can move about on almost silent electric motors. The useful lifetime of a nuclear submarine is estimated to be approximately 25 to 30 years, after this period

SECTION 20

#1732802180819

1584-668: The Kola Peninsula , in Harjavalta in western Finland, and in South Africa. Headquartered in Moscow , Norilsk Nickel is the world's largest producer of refined nickel and the 11th largest copper producer. The company is listed on MICEX-RTS . As of March 2021, its key shareholders were Vladimir Potanin 's Olderfrey Holdings Ltd (34.59%) and Oleg Deripaska 's Rusal (27.82%). In December 2010, Norilsk Nickel made

1656-619: The S1W and iterations of designs have operated without incident since USS Nautilus (SSN-571) launched in 1954. The idea for a nuclear-powered submarine was first proposed in the United States Navy by the Naval Research Laboratory 's physicist Ross Gunn in 1939. The Royal Navy began researching designs for nuclear propulsion plants in 1946. Construction of the world's first nuclear-powered submarine

1728-762: The St. Petersburg Research Institute of the Arctic and Antarctic ( Russian : Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт ), to investigate the potential use of decommissioned nuclear powered submarines , both from the United States and Russia, to transport materials along the Northern Sea Route ( Russian : Северный морской путь (Севморпуть) ). Overhaul and refit costs came to $ 72–80 million per submarine, which included modifying its ice-breaking bow to cut through ice up to 215 cm (85 in) thick in seawater and up to 150 cm (59 in) in

1800-523: The Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District ( Russian : Таймыр ). In the coal mining industry, it competed with Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton . By the estimates of North Star LLC ( Russian : ООО «Северная звезда» ), a firm affiliated with Nornickel, developing the field would require an investment of $ 1.5 billion, which including the necessary expansion of the port of Dikson, another Nornickel asset. The only competitor for

1872-474: The propeller shaft or rely on the reactor heat to produce steam that drives steam turbines ( cf. nuclear marine propulsion ). Reactors used in submarines typically use highly enriched fuel (often greater than 20%) to enable them to deliver a large amount of power from a smaller reactor and operate longer between refuelings – which are difficult due to the reactor's position within the submarine's pressure hull. The nuclear reactor also supplies power to

1944-531: The traditional bottle of champagne on Nautilus ' bow, and the submarine was commissioned USS  Nautilus  (SSN-571) , on 30 September 1954. On 17 January 1955, she departed Groton, Connecticut , to begin sea trials . The submarine was 320 feet (98 m) long and cost about $ 55 million. Recognizing the utility of such vessels, the British Admiralty formed plans to build nuclear-powered submarines. The Soviet Union soon followed

2016-556: The 1840s when Alexander von Middendorff's expedition found the local coal deposits. In the 1860s, Friedrich Schmidt described the coal and surface copper ore found in the field that would later be called Norilsk 1. In the early days of the Soviet Union, Nikolay Urvantsev's expeditions revealed several industrially significant deposits. The 1930s saw the construction of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgy Combine, which remains

2088-476: The 1950s, but after the Talnakh Cluster was discovered, Norilsk 2 was abandoned. Located to the south of Norilsk 1, this field is believed to be an offshoot of the latter. Prospecting began here in the 1970s. The field stretches for over six kilometers from north to south and includes the northern and southern sections. Two by four kilometers in size, the northern section is up to 300 meters thick, while

2160-588: The Admiralty Research Station, HMS Vulcan , at Dounreay , developed a completely new British nuclear propulsion system. In 1960, the UK's second nuclear-powered submarine was ordered from Vickers Armstrong and, fitted with Rolls-Royce's PWR1 nuclear plant, HMS  Valiant was the first all-British nuclear submarine. Further technology transfers from the United States made Rolls-Royce entirely self-sufficient in reactor design in exchange for

2232-979: The Golfs. The first Soviet SSBN with 16 missiles was the Project 667A (Yankee class) , the first of which entered service in 1967, by which time the US had commissioned 41 SSBNs, nicknamed the " 41 for Freedom ". At the height of the Cold War , approximately five to ten nuclear submarines were being commissioned from each of the four Soviet submarine yards ( Sevmash in Severodvinsk , Admiralteyskiye Verfi in St.Petersburg, Krasnoye Sormovo in Nizhny Novgorod , and Amurskiy Zavod in Komsomolsk-on-Amur ). From

Daldykan - Misplaced Pages Continue

2304-495: The Murmansk Region by late 2021. In December 2020, Norilsk Nickel reiterated plans to cut group sulfur dioxide emissions in the Norilsk area by 90% by 2025 from 2015 levels and earmarked $ 5.5 billion for environmental projects, including $ 3.6 billion for sulfur dioxide capture and processing. On May 29, 2020, a Soviet-era fuel storage tank owned by Nornickel subsidiary Norilsk-Taimyr Energy (NTEK) collapsed, flooding

2376-399: The Talnakh Cluster in the northeast. In 2022 Norilsk Nickel reiterated its output guidance for the year and said that operations remain uninterrupted. In the first update since the invasion of Ukraine, the miner said first-quarter nickel production increased 10% year-on-year to 52,000 tons. Palladium output declined 8% to 706,000 ounces and platinum fell by 12% to 163,000 ounces, but only from

2448-541: The United Kingdom, all former and current nuclear submarines of the British Royal Navy (with the exception of three: HMS  Conqueror , HMS  Renown and HMS  Revenge ) have been constructed in Barrow-in-Furness (at BAE Systems Submarine Solutions or its predecessor VSEL ) where construction of nuclear submarines continues. Conqueror is the only nuclear-powered submarine in

2520-623: The United States in developing nuclear-powered submarines in the 1950s. Stimulated by the U.S. development of Nautilus , Soviets began work on nuclear propulsion reactors in the early 1950s at the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering , in Obninsk , under Anatoliy P. Alexandrov, later to become head of the Kurchatov Institute . In 1956, the first Soviet propulsion reactor designed by his team began operational testing. Meanwhile,

2592-488: The air annually as of 2020, accounting for 1.9% of global emissions. Ore is smelted on site in Norilsk. The smelting is directly responsible for severe pollution, including acid rain and smog . The pollution originating from the Kola division of the company was also affecting Norway, which has been offering financial support to clean up the operation since 1990. In December 2020, Norilsk Nickel shut down its old smelter in

2664-454: The area's environmental issues within 5–6 years. By 2008, this timeline had been moved to 2015. However, Nornickel claims to be a socially responsible business and invests in modernization. Norilsk Nickel has been working consistently to reduce emissions of major air pollutants. In 2006, the company reported an investment of more than $ 5 million in the maintenance and overhaul of its dust-and-gas recovery and removal systems. The company asserts

2736-580: The assets of the Ministry of Defense or would be transferred to another governmental agency. One of the options suggested by Nornickel was to establish a joint transportation company that would lease the vessels. In 2002, Nornickel accounted for the most of MMP's shipping along the Northern Sea Route. In 2008, Aker Yards signed a contract with Norilsk Nickel for the delivery of four container/cargo ships for Arctic operations, with an option for

2808-401: The cause of the accident as subsidence resulting from the gradual melting of the permafrost on which the piles supporting the fuel storage tank stood. According to the results of the official investigation, some of the piles were shorter than the designed length and rested on the permafrost rather than being sunk into the bedrock. According to specialists, the average annual temperature in Russia

2880-411: The cluster's deposits belong to Russian Platinum, but the corporation is unable to start mining because Nornickel, which controls the remote area's infrastructure, is blocking access. The two conflicting parties have a protracted history of negotiating a joint mining enterprise. The district's first actively developed field is located in the south of Norilsk's city center and to the south of the city. It

2952-593: The cluster's mineral reserves at 1,5 billion tonnes of ore, 11.2 million tonnes of nickel, 11.2 million tonnes of copper, and 231.7 million troy ounces of platinum-group metals. The field stretches from north to south along the Norilsk-Khatanga Fault and includes its graben and the adjacent intrusions from the east. The primary development facilities are the Mayak, the Komsomolsky, and the Skalisty mines. The field

Daldykan - Misplaced Pages Continue

3024-525: The current ones. In 2019, the group's total environmental protection expenditures were reported to have rocketed by 117.9%. The cornerstone of Nornickel's environmental program is the $ 3.5-billion SO2 Project. Aimed at recycling toxic SO2 emissions, the goal of the project is to achieve a 75% cut in SO2 emissions in Nornickel's hometown of Norilsk by 2023, growing to 90% by 2025. In 2020, Nornickel presented

3096-404: The effective disposal of nuclear submarines is costly, in 2004 it was estimated to cost around 4 billion dollars. Generally there are two options when it comes to decommissioning nuclear submarines. The first option is to defuel the nuclear reactor and remove the material and components that contain radioactivity, after which the hull section containing the nuclear reactor will then be cut out of

3168-687: The eruption of the Siberian Traps igneous province (STIP), the Norilsk-Talnakh nickel deposits are the largest nickel-copper-palladium deposits in the world. The STIP disgorged over 1 million cubic kilometers of lava, a large portion of it through a series of flat-lying lava conduits below Norilsk and the Talnakh Mountains. The Siberian Traps are considered to be responsible for the late- Permian mass extinction event. The district's first mineral resources were discovered in

3240-636: The freshwater mouth of the Yenisei. Decommissioned Typhoon submarines were expected to transport up to 12,000 tonnes of supplies and nickel between Dudinka and either Murmansk or Arkhangelsk . In 2000, the Murmansk Shipping Company (MMP or MSCO) ( Russian : Мурманское морское пароходство ) provided icebreaker services at a charge of $ 11.35 per tonne of cargo. Three submarines - the project feasibility threshold - were scheduled for refit and overhaul between 2000 and 2003. However,

3312-449: The late 1950s through the end of 1997, the Soviet Union, and later Russia, built a total of 245 nuclear submarines, more than all other nations combined. Today, six countries deploy some form of nuclear-powered strategic submarines: the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, China, and India. Several other countries including Brazil and Australia have ongoing projects in various phases to build nuclear-powered submarines. In

3384-528: The levels of SO2, HS, phenol, formaldehyde, and dust have increased, with the levels of nickel and copper showing 50% growth. The morbidity rate remains stable, though the mortality rate is decreasing. In 2010, Vladimir Putin visited Norilsk and complained about the pollution, threatening a “significant increase in environmental fines” if the company did not modernize its plant. By 2013, owner Vladimir Potanin had begun to invest in environmental measures. In June 2016, Norilsk shut down one of its factories, which

3456-413: The mining rights to the southern section in 2012 but has not yet used them because of its conflict with Nornickel. The field is located near Mount Gudchikha to the east of Norilsk 1. In 1926, Nikolay Urvantsev discovered copper-nickel ore in the area, and mining began in the 1930s. However, the deposit turned out to be minor, and the decision was made to focus on Norilsk 1. Prospecting continued throughout

3528-569: The most advanced conventional submarine can remain submerged for only a few days at slow speed, and only a few hours at top speed, though recent advances in air-independent propulsion have somewhat ameliorated this disadvantage. The high cost of nuclear technology means that relatively few of the world's military powers have fielded nuclear submarines. Radiation incidents have occurred within the Soviet submarines, including serious nuclear and radiation accidents , but American naval reactors starting with

3600-477: The nearby Daldykan River with some 20,000 tonnes of diesel. Russian President Vladimir Putin declared a state of emergency. The diesel oil was intended for the NTEK coal-fired combined heat and power plant as backup fuel. The fuel storage tank failed when the underlying permafrost began to soften. An area of up to 350 square kilometers (135 square miles) was contaminated. The cleanup efforts were complicated by

3672-523: The open-pit mine to Western Europe and the Asia-Pacific regions. In 2016 Nornickel ranked below 65 other oil, gas and mining companies in a list of 92 involved in onshore resource extraction above the Arctic Circle, in terms of handling indigenous rights. In 2018, North Star LLC changed owners to become part of businessman Roman Trotsenko's AEON Group. Neither Nornickel nor AEON disclosed

SECTION 50

#1732802180819

3744-479: The pillar of local industry to date. The fields are located along the deep Norilsk-Khatanga Fault, and most mining operations employ underground methods. The area is believed to hold around 35% of the world's known nickel reserves, as well as 10% of its copper, 15% of its cobalt, and 40% of its platinum-group metals. The district's fields are divided into two clusters: the Norilsk Cluster in the southwest and

3816-569: The project reached completion in 2020, sulfur emissions dropped by up to 75%. In April 2018, amid rising pressure from the Russian government and Western investment funds, the company announced its plans to invest in a processing plant worth $ 1 billion, which would convert sulfur dioxide produced during the metal smelting process into gypsum . The plant will be finished in 2022, in time for the company to meet its target of reducing harmful emissions by 75% and avoid financial fines 100 times higher than

3888-661: The rights to the Syradasai Field was Golevskaya Mining Company LLC ( Russian : ООО «Голевская горнорудная компания» ). The Syradasai Field is 105 to 120 km southeast of Dikson in the Taimyr-Turukhansk support zone ( Russian : Таймыро-Туруханской опорной зоны ). A 120-kilometer road and railway was expected to connect the deep-sea port on Cape Chaika to the massive coal deposit by 2019. CC VostokUgol ( Russian : УК «ВостокУголь» ) or Vostok Coal planned to export up to 10 million tonnes of coal annually from

3960-739: The sea floor. This last option has been considered by some navies and countries in the past. However, while sea disposal is cheaper than land disposal the uncertainty regarding regulations and international law, such as the London Dumping Convention and the Law of the Sea Convention , has stopped them from proceeding with this option. Under development Under development Under development Under development Under development Under development Under development Plans to purchase Under development Some of

4032-499: The southern estate, which is up to 400 meters thick, has an area of three by 1.5 kilometers[8]. The mining rights to the deposit belong to Nornickel, which in 2019 announced plans to launch an underground mining operation by 2029. The field is located to the east of the Maslov Field near Mount Chernaya. An intrusion with a mineral composition similar to that of Norilsk 1 is up to 200 meters thick. In 2021, Russian Platinum signed

4104-437: The stakeholders failed to reach an agreement as to who would conduct and cover the refit and overhaul of the submarines. Furthermore, money was not the only issue. Under the existing international agreements, decommissioned nuclear-powered submarines from the two countries’ navies had to be dismantled. Should this obstacle be addressed, subsequent ownership of the refitted submarines also remained unclear: whether they would remain

4176-425: The submarine and transported to a disposal site for low-level radioactive waste and get buried according to waste procedures. The second option is to defuel the nuclear reactor, disassemble the submarine propulsion plant, install vents in the nonreactor compartments and fill the reactor compartment. After sealing the submarine it can then be towed to a designated deep-sea disposal site, be flooded and settle intact on

4248-473: The submarine from the need to surface frequently, as is necessary for conventional submarines. The large amount of power generated by a nuclear reactor allows nuclear submarines to operate at high speed for long periods, and the long interval between refuelings grants a virtually unlimited range, making the only limits on voyage times being factors such as the need to restock food or other consumables. The limited energy stored in electric batteries means that even

4320-414: The submarine will face fatigue and corrosion of components, obsolescence and escalating operating costs. The decommissioning of these submarines is a long process; some are held in reserve or mothballed for some time and eventually scrapped, others are disposed of immediately. Countries operating nuclear submarines have different strategies when it comes to decommissioning nuclear submarines. Nonetheless,

4392-544: The submarine's other subsystems, such as for maintenance of air quality, fresh water production by distilling salt water from the ocean, temperature regulation, etc. All naval nuclear reactors currently in use are operated with diesel generators as a backup power system. These engines are able to provide emergency electrical power for reactor decay heat removal, as well as enough electric power to supply an emergency propulsion mechanism. Submarines may carry nuclear fuel for up to 30 years of operation. The only resource that limits

SECTION 60

#1732802180819

4464-451: The target figure of 10,000 tonnes. The mining and metal production originally used forced labour from the Gulag system. In 1993, after the fall of the Soviet Union, a joint-stock company called RAO Norilsk Nickel was created. Two years later, control over the deeply indebted company, which was bleeding cash at a rate of about $ 2 million a day against the background of falling nickel prices,

4536-418: The time underwater is the food supply for the crew and maintenance of the vessel. The stealth technology weakness of nuclear submarines is the need to cool the reactor even when the submarine is not moving; about 70% of the reactor output heat is dissipated into the sea water. This leaves a "thermal wake", a plume of warm water of lower density which ascends to the sea surface and creates a "thermal scar" that

4608-509: The town of Nikel on the Russia-Norway border. In 2008, Rosprirodnadzor (the Federal Environmental, Industrial, and Nuclear Supervision Service of Russia) demanded that a 4.35-billion ruble ($ 60-million) fine be imposed on Nornickel for polluting minor rivers with wastewater. The environmental problems at Norilsk stretch back for decades. Back in 2004, oligarch Mikhail Prokhorov claimed that Nornickel would resolve most of

4680-754: The transfer of ownership terms. In the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI), Norilsk Nickel is ranked No. 38 out of 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle. In April 2024, the United States and the United Kingdom announced a ban on imports of Russian aluminum , copper , and nickel . Due to sanctions, Norilsk Nickel planned to move some of its copper smelting to China and establish

4752-418: The world ever to have engaged an enemy ship with torpedoes, sinking the cruiser ARA  General Belgrano with two Mark 8 torpedoes during the 1982 Falklands War . The main difference between conventional submarines and nuclear submarines is the power generation system. Nuclear submarines employ nuclear reactors for this task. They either generate electricity that powers electric motors connected to

4824-418: Was USS  George Washington with 16 Polaris A-1 missiles, which conducted the first SSBN deterrent patrol November 1960 – January 1961. The Soviets already had several SSBs of the Project 629 (Golf class) and were only a year behind the US with their first SSBN, ill-fated K-19 of Project 658 (Hotel class), commissioned in November 1960. However, this class carried the same three-missile armament as

4896-436: Was emitting 380,000 tonnes of sulfur dioxide every year, 25% of the total of sulfur emissions in the city, in an effort to clean up its environmental record. It also said it would invest 300 billion rubles to modernize manufacturing by 2020. In 2016, Norilsk Nickel admitted that a spillage at one of its facilities had been responsible for a river in the Russian Arctic turning blood-red. The heavy rains on 5 September 2016 caused

4968-423: Was fitted with an American S5W reactor , provided to Britain under the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement . The hull and combat systems of Dreadnought were of British design and construction, although the hull form and construction practices were influenced by access to American designs. During Dreadnought ' s construction, Rolls-Royce , in collaboration with the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at

5040-405: Was made possible by the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of scientists and engineers in the United States at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Bureau of Ships and the Atomic Energy Commission . In July 1951, the U.S. Congress authorized construction of the first nuclear-powered submarine, Nautilus , under the leadership of Captain Hyman G. Rickover , USN (sharing

5112-482: Was sold to a private company, Interros . By the end of privatization in 1997, the company had moved into the black, and workers were being paid. The current average pay exceeds $ 1,000 per month with an annual paid leave of two to three months. Nevertheless, the working and living conditions in Norilsk remain harsh, although they are improving as the company shuts down old factories that are the source of excessive pollution. In July 2000, Norilsk Nickel joined forces with

5184-419: Was the biggest foreign acquisition by a Russian company at the time, making Norilsk Nickel the world's largest nickel producer. On February 27, 2008, Norilsk Nickel diversified into the coal mining industry through North Star LLC by obtaining mining rights to the amount of 33.6 million rubles for the estimated 5.7 billion tonnes of coal at the Syradasai Field near the port of Dikson ( Russian : Диксон ) in

#818181