Misplaced Pages

#831168

46-595: Daliang may refer to: Daliang (大梁), the capital of Wei (state) , located near modern Kaifeng, Henan, China Daliang, a former name of Kaifeng Daliang Mountains , a mountain range in southwest China between Sichuan and Yunnan Daliang Subdistrict , in Shunde District, Foshan, Guangdong, China Daliang Township (大两乡), a township in Wangcang County , Sichuan, China Daliang, Guangxi (大良),

92-654: A princess or gōngzhǔ (公主), and incorporated her associated place into her title if she had one. Besides the systematized ranks listed above, there were also other familial appellations used as titles, e.g. Bo (伯; such as Bo Qin of Lu, later, its usage changed to titles for hegemony and countship ), Zhong (仲; such as Guo Zhong  [ zh ] , younger brother of King Wen of Zhou), Shu (叔; such as several younger brothers of King Wu of Zhou, Guanshu Xian , Wei Kangshu , etc.), and Ji (季; such as Ranji Zai  [ zh ] ), birth order terms meaning "eldest," "second eldest," "third eldest," and "youngest" ( Shu

138-851: A cadet branch of the Han dynasty. When Cao Wei defeated the Shu Han Emperor Liu Shan , he and his family were granted noble titles under the new regime. When the Eastern Wu was defeated by the Western Jin dynasty , the Jin Emperor granted the Eastern Wu Emperor Sun Hao the title of "Marquis of Guiming". Sun Hao's sons were made junior officials in the Jin government. A number of outgoing emperors during

184-408: A fish. Happy to have the catch at first, Longyang had wanted to throw it back when he caught a better fish. He wept, "I am also a previously-caught fish! I will also be thrown back!" To show his fidelity to Longyang, the king declared that, "Anyone who dares to speak of other beauties will be executed along with his entire family". In traditional Chinese astronomy , Wei is represented by one star in

230-595: A particular achievement, with or without executive portfolio following the granting of the title, and might truly be titles outside the executive government structure, even when words used in their phrasing would otherwise imply executive office, e.g., Protector General (都護; Duhu) – for example, Ban Chao . On the other hand, victorious generals were often granted official praise-names or names implying particular old and new duties or some combination of these, which would be quasi-executive or fully executive titles honored as much like peerage as like actual military rank, as in

276-485: A state stipend. Holders of the highest ranks also received fiefs and the honorific title Jun (君, lord), such as Lord Chunshen . The full systematization of ranks pioneered by the Qin dynasty took a bit longer to overcome Chu's distinct culture, such that the Han founder Liu Bang , being of Chu origin, also awarded distinctly Chu titles. Other titles might be tailored down to a single individual being officially honored for

322-513: A successful military expedition, Bi Wan was granted Wei, from which his own descendants then founded the house of Wei. Jin's political structure was drastically changed after the slaughter of its ruling dynasty during and after the Li Ji Unrest . Afterwards, "Jin ha[d] no princely house" ( 晉無公卿 ) and its political power diffused into extended relations of the ruling family, including the Wei. In

368-449: A term for king or prince, although the sovereignty of such relatives was limited. Local tribal chiefs could also be termed "king" of a particular territory ranging from vast to tiny, using convenient terms of the form "(locality)" + "king" such as Changshawang, "King of Changsha ". Changsha was briefly recognized as a kingdom, but was usually a political subunit. " Barbarian " leaders could also be referred to by names such as Yiwang, "king of

414-679: A title and fiefs by the Shang King in Qi ( 杞 ) and Zeng . When the Shang dynasty was overthrown by the Zhou dynasty , the Zhou King granted a Shang royal scion the title Gong and fief of Song . In 220 CE , Emperor Xian of Han abdicated his throne to Cao Pi , who granted the previous emperor the title Duke of Shanyang (山陽公). His line persisted until 309. The Emperors of Shu Han came from

460-625: A town in Rong'an County , Guangxi, China Daliang, Tianjin (大良), a town in Wuqing District , Tianjin, China See also [ edit ] Liang dynasty (disambiguation) - many of these states were also known as Daliang ("Great Liang") Liang (disambiguation) Dalian , a city in Liaoning, China [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with

506-559: A woman was the actual power behind the imperial throne . Hou ( 后 : Empress, Queen, Empress Consort) was a title granted to an official primary spouse of the polygynous male Chinese Emperor. It was also used for the mother of the Emperor, typically elevated to the rank of Empress Dowager ( 太后 : Tai Hou , "Grand Empress") regardless of which spousal ranking she bore prior to the emperor's accession. In practice, many Chinese Empresses Dowager wielded great power— either as official regent for

SECTION 10

#1732801011832

552-490: A young sovereign or with the influence of position within family social ranks. From Empress Lü of Han ( r.   195 BCE – 180 BCE ) to Empress Dowager Cixi of Qing ( r.   CE 1861–1908), some women unquestionably reigned supreme. Imperial Consorts, ranking below Empress, aren't often distinguished in English from imperial Concubines , the next lower rank, but these were also titles of significance within

598-549: Is Xiang Yu (d. 202 BCE ), who styled himself Xīchǔ Bàwáng, Hegemon of Chu . It was a custom in China for the new dynasty to ennoble and enfeoff a member of the dynasty which they overthrew, so that they could maintain sacrifices to their ancestors. This practice was referred to as "the two crownings and three respects." It is said that when the purported Xia dynasty was overthrown by the Shang dynasty , Xia descendants were given

644-466: The Western Zhou period, ranks were not systematized. There were titles that indicated political authority as well as those concerned with seniority in the ancestral temple. These were not mutually exclusive, and the names of some ranks could also be used as generic terms of respect to varying degrees in different circumstances. The most common titles were as follows: As central authority crumbled,

690-545: The Wey state 衞, which is still sometimes only differentiated by its Chinese character in scholarship. Surviving sources trace the ruling house of Wei to the Zhou royalty: Gao, Duke of Bi ( 畢公高 ), was a son of King Wen of Zhou . His descendants took their surname , Bi , from his fief . After the destruction of Bi, Bi Wan ( 畢萬 ) escaped to Jin , where he became a courtier of Duke Xian 's, accompanying his personal carriage. After

736-449: The Zhou dynasty , by the end of which a clear delineation of ranks had emerged. This process was a function of the interface between the ancient patriarchal clan system , an increasingly sophisticated apparatus of state, and an evolving geopolitical situation . In the subsequent millennia , this system retained its essential character, albeit with modifications in titles and their relative rankings, and fluctuating power dynamics between

782-433: The primogeniture of rank and succession of other siblings. The eldest son of the consort would inherit the title and retained the same rank within the system. Other sons from the consort, concubines and mistresses would be given titles one rank lower than their father. As time went by, all terms had lost their original meanings nonetheless. Qing (卿), Daifu (大夫) and Shi (士) became synonyms of court officials. In

828-418: The "Twelve States" asterism of the " Girl " lunar mansion of the " Black Turtle " symbol and other star in the "Left Wall" of the "Heavenly Market" enclosure . Sources differ, however, in whether those two stars are (respectively) 33 Capricorni and Delta Herculis or whether they are Chi Capricorni and Phi Capricorni . Chinese nobility#Male aristocracy The nobility of China represented

874-701: The Eastern Yi ", while in other cases terms such as tusi ( 土司 , "native chief") might be used for the same office. Family members of individual sovereigns were also born to titles – or granted them – largely according to family tree proximity. This included blood relatives and affinal relatives. Frequently, the parents of a founding dynast would be posthumously elevated to honorary sovereignty. Titles translated in English as "prince" and "princess" were generally immediate or recent descendants of sovereigns, with increasing distance at birth from an ancestral sovereign in succeeding generations resulting in degradations of

920-525: The Grand Historian written in the first centuryBCE, the list of rulers is slightly different: King Hui died in 335BCE and was succeeded by his son King Xiang in 334BCE. King Xiang died in 319BCE and was succeeded by his son King Ai ( 哀王 ), who died in 296BCE and was succeeded by his son King Zhao. However, the majority of scholars and commentators believe that King Ai, whose personal name is not recorded, never existed. It seems that Sima Qian assigned

966-475: The aristocracy found itself needing to signal who had more land, power, and resources. During this time the titles they had been using started to take on a more systematized structure. After a few hundred years, political thinkers saw this emergent structure and projected it idealistically and anachronistically backwards into a past where it had not actually held. This was called Wǔděngjuéwèi ( 五等爵位 ), five (aristocratic) peerage ranks (abbreviated Wǔjué ) below

SECTION 20

#1732801011832

1012-541: The case of Liu Bei promoting Guan Yu to a rank phrased as General Who Exterminates Bandits (蕩寇將軍) during the active course of Guan Yu's military career. In Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia), the Dutch authorities appointed Chinese officers to the colonial administration to oversee the governance of the colony's Chinese subjects. These officials bore the ranks of Majoor , Kapitein or Luitenant der Chinezen , and had extensive political and legal jurisdiction over

1058-459: The central plain states, including the nobility system. The royal ancestral temple kinship group surnamed Xiong and its branch lineages of Qu, Jing, and Zhao formed the main nobility of Chu. Within the elite, Chu's early period mirrored that of Predynastic Zhou , the aristocratic ancestral temples and clan lineages sufficing to determine social position, without an additional expressly political dimension. Chu's formal system of rank appeared around

1104-508: The connotations of the respective titles. Three levels of sovereignty could be distinguished: supreme rule over the realm , relatively autonomous local sovereignty, and tributary vassalage. The supreme sovereign is the only office translated into English as the term " emperor ". An emperor might appoint, confirm, or tolerate sub-sovereigns or tributary rulers styled kings . As a title of nobility, Ba Wang , hegemon , denoted overlordship of several subordinate kings while refraining from claiming

1150-673: The full unification of early China under the Qin dynasty , the first empire whose realm would subsequently be considered to extend broadly enough to be national in the context of the territorial concept of China, the Zhouli , Rites of Zhou were subsequently canonized by Confucius among his Confucian Chinese classics as a model precedent in principles of government, so ranks of nobility in later regimes both in periods of unified sovereignty and of competing smaller states would typically draw from its catalog of peerage. From Zhouli, later Confucian political philosophy and government publications, and from

1196-506: The great families, the imperial house, the ministerial and mercantile classes, and other stakeholders in the political economy of the times. After the Song dynasty , most bureaucratic offices were filled through the imperial examination system , undermining the power of the hereditary aristocracy. Historians have noted the disappearance by 1000 CE of the powerful clans that had dominated China. The last, well-developed system of noble titles

1242-438: The hands of court factions, eunuchs , the bureaucracy or noble families. The title of emperor was usually transmitted from father to son . Most often, the first-born son of the primary wife inherited the office, failing which the post was taken up by the first-born son of a concubine or consort of lower rank, but this rule was not universal and disputed succession was the cause of a number of civil wars. The emperor's regime in

1288-570: The imperial household. The Rites of Zhou states that Emperors are entitled to the following simultaneous spouses: Sovereigns styled Ba or Bawang ( 霸王 , hegemon -protector), asserted official overlordship of several subordinate rulers while refraining from claiming the royal title. This practice began in the Spring and Autumn period , spurred by a royal house too militarily weak to defend its own lands, in combination with an aristocracy flexing its power in novel ways. A later example of this title

1334-518: The kaleidoscopic Six Dynasties period were enfeoffed by their overthrowers and subsequently killed anyway. This specific vicissitude was shared by Emperor Gong of Jin , Emperor Shun of Liu Song , Emperor He of Southern Qi , and Emperor Jing of Liang , representing consecutive dynasties between 421 and 558. The child emperor Gao Heng of the Northern Qi dynasty experienced a similar narrative arc two decades later. This practice continued all

1380-414: The last years of the Spring and Autumn period , the founders of Wei, Zhao , and Han joined to attack and kill the dominant house of Zhi ( 知 ) in 453 BCE, resulting in the partition of Jin . King Weilie of Zhou finally legitimized the situation in 403 BCE, when he elevated the three houses' heads to the rank of marquess ( Chinese : 侯 ; pinyin : hóu ). The state reached its apogee during

1426-421: The late Spring and Autumn period, similar to the remainder of the Zhou confederation, but with different titles such as Tonghou (通侯, marquis-peer), Zhigui (執珪, jade scepter bearer), Zhibo (執帛, silk bearer). Their political offices also differed in name even where scope of responsibilities did not. Noble ranks, bestowed primarily as reward for military and civil service, and not in principle heritable, came with

Daliang - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-642: The particular grade of prince or princess, eventually to nullity. Rulers of smaller states were typically styled with lesser titles of aristocracy, which could be upgraded or downgraded with or without royal assent. Sometimes such an alteration in grade reflected real power dynamics; in other cases it was merely an act of public relations. Also known as Tianzi , "The Son of Heaven " the Chinese emperor wielded varying degrees of power between different emperors and different dynasties, with some emperors being absolute rulers and others being figureheads with actual power in

1518-691: The political theory of Heaven's mandate allowed for a change in dynasty, and an emperor could be replaced by a rebel leader. The overthrow of an imperial house was sufficient evidence of the loss of the Mandate. It was generally not accepted for a female to succeed to the throne as a sovereign regnant in her own right , rather than playing the role of a sovereign's consort or regent for a sovereign during his age of minority. Official Chinese histories list only one reigning empress, Empress Wu of Tang . However, there have been numerous cases in Chinese history where

1564-430: The reigning king. Some clans even took them as lineage names . Gongzi eventually evolved into the generic honorific for all young gentry. Today it is either used as a flattering way to address an interlocutor's son, or a pejorative term for a wealthy man. Wangzi , on the other hand, is used today as the generic translation for the sons of a foreign monarch. The southern state of Chu had a notably distinct culture from

1610-460: The reigns of its first two rulers, Marquess Wen of Wei and Marquess Wu of Wei . The third ruler, King Hui of Wei (reign 369–319 BC), declared himself an independent sovereign and concentrated on economic developments, including irrigation projects at the Yellow River and adoption of Legalist reforms proposed by Li Kui ( Chinese : 李悝 , c. 459 – c. 395 BCE). Hui felt that Qin in

1656-417: The royal ranks. This idealized structure was later implemented as policy during the early imperial period. Much later English translators attempted to map European-style feudal titles onto these. Titles of female members of the aristocracies varied in different dynasties and eras, each having unique classifications for the spouses of the emperor. Any female member excluding a spouse of an emperor can be called

1702-473: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daliang&oldid=1140031683 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Wei (state) Not to be confused with

1748-644: The second part of the reign of King Hui (starting in 334BCE, on which date Marquess Hui probably proclaimed himself King) to his son King Xiang and added King Ai to fill in the gap between 319 and 296BCE. On the other hand, a minority of scholars believe King Ai did indeed exist. According to the Records of the Warring States , a king of Wei had a lover named Lord Longyang, with whom he enjoyed fishing. One day, Longyang began to weep. When questioned, Longyang said he saw his own future in how he had treated

1794-475: The surrounding historical literature of particular individuals, localities and events, the following social classifications have been attested. The social system of the Zhou dynasty is sometimes referred to as the Chinese feudalism and was the combination of fengjian (enfeoffment and establishment) and zongfa (clan law). Male subjects were classified into, in descending order of rank: Zongfa (宗法, clan law), which applied to all social classes, governed

1840-562: The title of emperor. Sovereigns holding the title of king of an individual state within and without the shifting borders of the Chinese political realm might be fully independent heads of foreign states, such as the King of Korea . In some cases, they could be subordinate to foreign emperors just as territorial or tribal sovereign Mongol khans might be subject to one of several Khagans or Great khans . Some Chinese emperors styled many or all close male relatives of certain kinds such as wang ,

1886-441: The upper strata of aristocracy in premodern China , acting as the ruling class until c. 1000 CE , and remaining a significant feature of the traditional social structure until the end of the imperial period . The concepts of hereditary sovereignty, peerage titles, and noble families existed as early as the semi-mythical and early historical periods, but the systems of enfeoffment and establishment only developed in

Daliang - Misplaced Pages Continue

1932-670: The way through the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, when the Republic of China allowed the last Qing Emperor to stay in the Forbidden City and keep his title, treating him as a foreign monarch until 1924. The descendants of Confucius were maintained in the title of Duke Yansheng until 1935 when the title was changed to Sacrificial Official to Confucius (大成至聖先師奉祀官), which remains as a position to this day, currently held by Kung Tsui-chang . The Zhou dynasty not only preceded

1978-512: The west bank of the Yellow River between the border of modern-day Shanxi and Shaanxi , to Qin. Thereafter, it remained continuously at war with Qin, requiring the capital to be moved from Anyi to Daliang . Wei surrendered to Qin in 225 BCE, after the Qin general Wang Ben diverted the Yellow River into Daliang, destroying the capital in a flood. According to Sima Qian 's Records of

2024-413: The west was weak and their land a barren waste. He focused on conquering the well-settled eastern lands which were richer in known resources, but a series of battles including the battle of Maling in 341 BCE checked Wei's ambitions while Qin's expansion went largely unimpeded, boosting its economy and military strength. Wei eventually lost the western Hexi (河西) region, a strategic area of pastoral land on

2070-478: Was established under the final imperial dynasty, the Qing . The Republican Revolution of 1911 ended the official imperial system. Though some noble families maintained their titles and prestige for a time, new political and economic circumstances forced their decline. Today, this class has virtually disappeared. The apex of the nobility is the sovereign . The title of the sovereign has changed over time, together with

2116-463: Was later used by extension to denote a father's younger brother); and Jiu (舅, maternal uncle). Sons of kings who did not receive other titles were generically called Wangzi (王子, king's son), and their children Wangsun (王孫, royal scion). Similarly, sons and grandsons of dukes and lords were called Gongzi (公子, duke's son) and Gongsun (公孫, noble descendant). These honorifics occasionally became heritable titles, no longer indicating relation with

#831168