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40-724: The village, officially created in 1853 (3rd year of the Xianfeng Emperor ), covered the area extending from the Chen Teacher's abode ( 陳悅記祖宅 ) and beyond the area of sishisikan (四十四坎) and the Taipei Confucius Temple . During Japanese rule , the villages of Twatutia, Toalongpong, and Bangka were combined with the walled city of Taipeh (in present-day Zhongzheng District ) and incorporated into present-day Taipei city. Although this district now exists only historically, its name still officially remains in

80-464: A quarrel at court regarding the dismantling of the regency and the timing of it. However, the two empresses dowager stuck by the intended date of February 23, 1873. The day after the Tongzhi Emperor took power, foreigners requested an audience with him. The request precipitated a sharp disagreement between the ministers at the foreign legations , who made it clear that they would not perform

120-730: A succession crisis as he was childless. Eventually, the empresses dowager designated the Tongzhi Emperor's three-year-old cousin, Zaitian, as the heir to the throne. Zaitian was biologically Prince Chun 's son, but was symbolically adopted as the Xianfeng Emperor's son to make him eligible to succeed the Tongzhi Emperor. Zaitian was thus enthroned as the Guangxu Emperor , with Empresses Dowager Ci'an and Cixi resuming their roles as regents. Empress Alute , Tongzhi's wife, refused to eat after his death and died seventy days after he died in an act of marital piety. The inspiration for

160-508: A succession of stages over a period of almost half a century. In 1840 Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu , impressed by the power of British warships in the initial battles of the Opium War , advocated adoption of Western naval technology. The paddle-wheel steamer Nemsis had run circles around cumbersome Chinese war junks. Some Chinese at first believed the paddle-wheels were powered by men inside

200-723: A trend present until the fall of the Qing dynasty. Empress Imperial Noble Consort Noble Consort Consort Concubine First Class Attendant Enthroned in 1626 as Khan , Hong Taiji changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor. In 1644, the Shunzhi Emperor began to rule over China proper , replacing the Ming dynasty . Tongzhi Emperor The Tongzhi Emperor (27 April 1856 – 12 January 1875), also known by his temple name Emperor Muzong of Qing , personal name Zaichun ,

240-579: A while it seemed that Beijing would fall next; but the Taiping northern expedition was defeated and the situation stabilized. The Xianfeng Emperor dispatched several prominent mandarins , such as Zeng Guofan and the Mongol general Sengge Rinchen , to crush the rebellions, but they only obtained limited success. The biggest revolt of the Miao people against Chinese rule in history started in 1854, and ravaged

280-487: Is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoquancheng . Yizhu was reputed to have an ability in literature and administration which surpassed most of his brothers, which impressed his father, who therefore decided to make him his successor. Yizhu succeeded the throne in 1850, at age 19, and was a relatively young emperor. He inherited a dynasty that faced not only internal but also foreign challenges. Yizhu's reign title , "Xianfeng", which means "universal prosperity", did not reflect

320-548: The Battle of Palikao , Sengge Rinchen's 10,000 troops, including his elite Mongol cavalrymen, were completely annihilated after several doomed frontal charges against the concentrated firepower of the Anglo-French forces, which entered Beijing on 6 October. On 18 October 1860, British and French forces sacked and burnt Old Summer Palace . Upon learning about this news, the Xianfeng Emperor's health quickly deteriorated. During

360-661: The Convention of Peking was negotiated in his absence. His health was already in rapid decline in the face of mounting Qing losses. He died in 1861 in Jehol at the age of 30 and was succeeded by his six-year-old son, who assumed the throne as the Tongzhi Emperor . On his deathbed, the Xianfeng Emperor appointed eight men to a regency council to assist his young successor. A few months later, Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Ci'an along with Prince Gong instigated

400-598: The Dalongdong Baoan Temple and on bus numbers 303 and 669 of the Taipei bus system . Although the history of the village likely preceded Dutch Formosa rule, its existence was first recorded during this time as Pourompon (from the Basay language ). This gave rise to the names Paronpon ( Chinese : 巴浪泵 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Pa-lông-pōng ), Daronpon ( 大龍泵 ; Toā-lông-pōng ) and other variants, when

440-717: The Nian Rebellion started in North China . Unlike the Christian-influenced Taiping rebels, the Nian movement lacked a clear political program, but they became a serious threat to the Qing capital, Beijing , with the mobility of their cavalry-based armies. The Qing imperial forces suffered repeated defeats at the hands of both rebel movements. In 1853, the Taiping rebels captured Nanjing and for

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480-546: The Xianfeng Emperor , he ascended the throne at the age of five under a regency headed by his biological mother Empress Dowager Cixi and his legal mother Empress Dowager Ci'an . The Self-Strengthening Movement , in which Qing officials pursued radical institutional reforms following the disasters of the Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion , began during his reign. The Tongzhi Emperor assumed personal rule over

520-812: The Xinyou Coup and ousted the regents. Cixi ultimately rose to sole power and consolidated control over the Qing government. Yizhu was born in 1831 at the Old Summer Palace , eight kilometres northwest of Beijing . He was from the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, and was the fourth son of the Daoguang Emperor . His mother was the Noble Consort Quan , of the Manchu Niohuru clan, who was made Empress in 1834, and

560-497: The Confucian teaching that "there are many ways of being a good government, and they can all be summarized as order and prosperity". The Tongzhi Emperor became emperor at the age of five upon the death of his father, the Xianfeng Emperor. His father's choice of a regent, Sushun , was removed in favor of a partnership between his mother Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Ci'an . While there had most likely been hopes that

600-574: The European powers. He delegated Prince Gong for several negotiations but relations broke down completely when a British diplomat, Sir Harry Parkes , was taken hostage by Chinese forces during negotiations on 18 September. Anglo-French forces clashed with Sengge Rinchen's Mongol cavalry on 18 September near Zhangjiawan before proceeding toward the outskirts of Beijing for a decisive battle in Tongzhou District, Beijing . On 21 September, at

640-402: The Qing government in 1873, but he had no interest in affairs of state and immediately came into conflict with his ministers. He was outmaneuvered by the dowager empresses. He died of smallpox at the age of 18 in 1875, following unsuccessful medical treatments; his death without a male heir created a succession crisis. In contravention to Qing's dynastic custom, his double first cousin assumed

680-710: The Taiping Rebellion broke out in southern China and rapidly spread, culminating in the fall of Nanjing in 1853. Contemporaneously, the Nian Rebellion began in the north, followed by ethnic uprisings (the Miao Rebellion and the Panthay Rebellion ) in the south. The revolts ravaged large parts of the country, caused millions of deaths and would not be quelled until well into the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor's successor. Qing defeat during

720-540: The Tongzhi Emperor would become a successful leader like the Kangxi Emperor (who ascended the throne as a child in 1661), those hopes would soon be disappointed, as the Tongzhi Emperor grew up to become an obstinate and dissolute young man who also expressed his dissatisfaction with his mother Empress Cixi. In the fall of 1872, he married Empress Xiaozheyi and two official concubines. The Tongzhi Emperor apparently had wanted to take up power immediately, prompting

760-406: The Xianfeng Emperor had summoned Sushun and his supporters to his bedside and gave them an imperial edict that dictated the power structure during his son's minority. The edict appointed eight men – Zaiyuan , Duanhua , Jingshou , Sushun , Muyin , Kuang Yuan, Du Han and Jiao Youying – as an eight-member regency council to aid Zaichun, who was later enthroned as the Tongzhi Emperor . Xianfeng gave

800-756: The Xianfeng Emperor's reign, China lost part of Manchuria to the Russian Empire . In 1858, according to the Treaty of Aigun , the territory between the Stanovoy Range and the Amur River was ceded to Russia, and in 1860, according to the Treaty of Beijing , the same thing happened also to the area east of the Ussuri River. After that treaty, the Russians founded the city of Vladivostok in

840-518: The area came under Qing dynasty rule . The name was once again changed ( 大隆同 ; Toā-liông-tông ) in 1802 (7th year of Jiaqing Emperor ), by settlers from Tong'an District in Xiamen . It was during this period that the Baoan Temple was first constructed. The name finally settled in its present form ( 大龍峒 ) during the reign of the Daoguang Emperor (1820-1850) when further settlement occurred in

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880-414: The area they had annexed. While negotiations with British, French and Russian officials were being held, the Xianfeng Emperor and his imperial entourage fled to Jehol province in the name of conducting the annual imperial hunting expedition. As his health worsened, the emperor's ability to govern also deteriorated, and competing ideologies in court led to the formation of two distinct factions — one led by

920-402: The area. 25°04′27″N 121°30′51″E  /  25.074055°N 121.514067°E  / 25.074055; 121.514067 This Taiwanese history-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Xianfeng Emperor The Xianfeng Emperor (17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861), also known by his temple name Emperor Wenzong of Qing , personal name Yizhu , was

960-411: The audience, however, the foreign representatives made clear their annoyance at being received in a hall initially used by the Qing emperors to receive envoys of tributary states. In the fall of 1874, the Tongzhi Emperor got into a clash with his ministers, which included his two uncles, Prince Gong and Prince Chun , largely over the emperor's plans to rebuild the Old Summer Palace at a time in which

1000-423: The eight men the power of regency, but their edicts would have to be endorsed by Noble Consort Yi and Empress Consort Zhen. By tradition, after the death of an emperor, the emperor's body was to be accompanied to the capital by the regents. Noble Consort Yi and Empress Consort Zhen , who were now known as Empress Dowagers Cixi and Ci'an travelled ahead to Beijing and planned a coup with Prince Gong that ousted

1040-578: The eight regents. Empress Dowager Cixi then effectively ruled China over the subsequent 47 years as a regent. The Xianfeng Emperor was interred in the Eastern Qing Tombs , 125 kilometres/75 miles east of Beijing , in the Ding (定; lit. "Quietude") mausoleum complex. The Qing dynasty continued to decline during the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor. Rebellions in the country, which began the first year of his reign, would not be quelled until well into

1080-466: The empire was bankrupt, and over his dissolute behavior. The emperor reacted by firing the ministers, but Empresses Dowager Ci'an and Cixi intervened, and he had them reinstated. That December, it was announced that he was ill with smallpox , and the Empress Dowagers resumed the regency. He died on 12 January 1875, leaving no sons to succeed him. The Tongzhi Emperor's death left the court in

1120-560: The establishment of diplomatic relations as an offence. When the Europeans introduced the long-held concept of an exchanged consular relationship, the Xianfeng Emperor quickly rebuffed the idea. At the time of his death, he had not met with any foreign dignitary. Despite his tumultuous decade of reign, the Xianfeng Emperor was commonly seen as the last Qing emperor to have held paramount authority, ruling in his own right. The reigns of his son and subsequent successors were overseen by regents,

1160-481: The first phase of the Second Opium War led to the Treaty of Tientsin and the Treaty of Aigun , the latter of which resulted in the cession of much of Manchuria to the Russian Empire . Negotiations broke down and hostilities resumed soon after, and in 1860 Anglo-French forces entered Beijing and burned the Old Summer Palace . The Xianfeng Emperor was forced to flee for the imperial estate at Jehol , and

1200-440: The future Self-Strengthening Movement arose from the notion that China's defense in the face of war and rebellion must come from within, as the superior man strengthens himself under imperative of Heaven's robust action. The costs of war and rebellion dictated that the Qing dynasty undertake vigorous measures to ensure its survival. Moreover, the very survival of China itself was now at stake. Self-strengthening efforts evolved in

1240-569: The increasingly prevalent Western presence in China. They now proclaimed that change was irresistible and advocated for deeper studies of Western technology. Many reforms were proposed and implemented such as the Self-Strengthening Movement , but ultimately the failure of reforms was due to multiple factors such as political machinations. Empress Imperial Noble Consort Enthroned in 1626 as Khan , Hong Taiji changed

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1280-575: The ninth emperor of the Qing dynasty , and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China proper . During his reign, the Qing dynasty experienced several wars and rebellions including the Taiping Rebellion , the Nian Rebellion , and the Second Opium War . He was the last Chinese emperor to exercise sole power. The fourth son of the Daoguang Emperor , he assumed the throne in 1850 and inherited an empire in crisis. A few months after his ascension,

1320-661: The region until finally put down in 1873. In 1856, an attempt to regain Nanjing was defeated and the Panthay Rebellion broke out in Yunnan . Meanwhile, an initially minor incident on the coasts triggered the Second Opium War . The British and French, after engaging in a number of minor military confrontations on the coast near Tianjin , attempted to start negotiations with the Qing government. The Xianfeng Emperor believed in Chinese superiority and would not agree to any demands from

1360-470: The reign of the Tongzhi Emperor and resulted in millions of deaths. The Xianfeng Emperor also had to deal with the British and French and their ever-growing appetite to expand trade further into China. The Xianfeng Emperor, like his father, the Daoguang Emperor , understood very little about Europeans and their mindset. He viewed non-Chinese as inferior and regarded the repeated requests by the Europeans for

1400-558: The ritual kowtow to the emperor, and the Zongli Yamen (foreign affairs ministry), regarding the protocol to be observed. The Qing government was also loath to hold the audience within the confines of the Forbidden City, eventually settling on the "Pavilion of Purple Light" at one of the lakeside palaces to the west of the Forbidden City, which is now part of Zhongnanhai . The audience was finally held on 29 June 1873. After

1440-627: The senior official Sushun and the princes Zaiyuan and Duanhua , and the other led by Noble Consort Yi , who was supported by the general Ronglu and the Bannermen of the Yehe Nara clan . The Xianfeng Emperor died on 22 August 1861, from a short life of overindulgence, at the Chengde Mountain Resort , 230 kilometres northeast of Beijing . His successor was his surviving five-year-old son, Zaichun . A day before his death,

1480-439: The ship, but soon came to appreciate the power of steam, Commissioner Lin was the first self-strengthener. Self-strengthening enterprises, including arsenals, shipyards, and technical schools, were now established in the principal treaty ports where access to Western technology was most direct. By 1860, the overwhelming bulk of the Chinese scholarly class had become cognizant of the enormity of changes that were taking place due to

1520-579: The situation. In 1850, the first of a series of popular rebellions began that would nearly destroy the Qing dynasty. The Taiping Rebellion began in December 1850, when Hong Xiuquan , a Hakka leader of a syncretic Christian sect, defeated local forces sent to disperse his followers. Hong then proclaimed the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the rebellion spread to several provinces with amazing speed. The following year,

1560-515: The throne as the Guangxu Emperor . The only surviving son of the Xianfeng Emperor and Empress Dowager Cixi , the Tongzhi Emperor was namesake to the attempted political reform initiated by his mother, called the Tongzhi Restoration . His era name was originally proposed as "Qixiang" (祺祥; Manchu: Fengšengge sabingga ), but this was later changed upon his succession to "Tongzhi". The era name means 'order and prosperity' coming from

1600-435: Was the tenth emperor of the Qing dynasty , and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China proper . His reign, which effectively lasted through his adolescence, was largely overshadowed by the rule of Empress Dowager Cixi . Although he had little influence over state affairs, the events of his reign gave rise to what historians call the " Tongzhi Restoration ", an unsuccessful modernization program. The only surviving son of

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