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54-423: Dam Square lies in the historical center of Amsterdam, approximately 750 metres (2,500 ft) south of the main transportation hub, Centraal Station , at the original location of the dam in the river Amstel . It is roughly rectangular in shape, stretching about 200 metres (650 ft) from west to east and about 100 metres (350 ft) from north to south. It links the streets Damrak and Rokin , which run along

108-498: A Gothic , Renaissance Revival station building and a cast iron platform roof spanning approximately 40 metres. Since 1997, the station building, underground passages, metro station, and the surrounding area have been undergoing major reconstruction and renovation works to accommodate the North-South Line metro route, which was opened on 22 July 2018. Amsterdam Centraal has the second longest railway platform in

162-431: A platform : four island platforms with tracks along the full length on both sides (tracks 4/5, 7/8, 10/11, 13/14); one side platform with one track along the full length (track 15); and one bay platform with two tracks (tracks 1/2). Platforms 2-15 have an A-side (to the west) and a B-side (to the east). This means that there are 21 places where a train can be positioned for passenger access, with scissors crossings in

216-542: A war memorial named De Eendracht (The Unity) was unveiled inside the square before King William III . A stone column with a female statue on top, the monument acquired the nickname "Naatje of the Dam". It was taken down in 1914. During World War II , the Netherlands were occupied by Nazi Germany . On 7 May 1945, two days after German capitulation , thousands of Dutch people were waiting for Canadian troops to arrive on

270-399: A centre not only of commercial activity but also of the government, as the site of Amsterdam's town hall . As a market square , the Dam had a weigh house that can be seen in some old paintings. It was demolished in 1808 by order of Louis Bonaparte who, upon taking up residence in the newly converted Royal Palace, complained that his view was obstructed. The Damrak, or the former mouth of

324-511: A new bus station on the IJ lake side of the station (beyond platform 15). This can be reached from the main central walkway via escalators. Connexxion bus services depart from the Kamperbrug bus stops on the city centre side of the station. Free-of-charge ferry services from Amsterdam Centraal to the borough of Amsterdam North across the IJ lake depart from the quay on the northern side of

378-566: Is commemorated by the annual Stille Omgang procession. A chapel, the Heilige Stede , was built on the spot where the miracle was said to have occurred. The Heiligeweg connected the Kalverstraat with this pilgrim chapel, and with Leidsestraat . Painter Piet Mondrian lived at Kalverstraat 154 from 1892 to 1895. The first HEMA department store opened on the Kalverstraat in 1926. On May 7, 1945, drunk German soldiers shooting from

432-558: Is located under the water of the Open Havenfront, between Stationsplein and Prins Hendrikkade . The main entrance is at the Martelaarsgracht . Access to and from the station is via the central metro hall. The bicycle parking has space for 7,000 bicycles. There is no space for cargo bikes, fat bikes and scooters. Construction started in the summer of 2018 and was completed after more than four years. During this period,

486-535: Is the largest railway station in Amsterdam , North Holland , the Netherlands . A major international railway hub, it is used by 192,000 passengers a day, making it the second busiest railway station in the country after Utrecht Centraal and the most visited Rijksmonument of the Netherlands. National and international railway services at Amsterdam Centraal are provided by NS (Nederlandse Spoorwegen) ,

540-456: Is the most expensive shopping street in the Netherlands, with rents of up to 3000 euros per square meter (2016). In 2009 it was the 17th most expensive street in the world measured by rent prices. The Kalverstraat is also the most expensive street in the Dutch version of Monopoly . The Amsterdam Museum is located in a former orphanage between Kalverstraat and Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal . After

594-483: Is the terminus station of three routes: Line 51 (Amsterdam Centraal - Isolatorweg ), Line 53 (Amsterdam Centraal - Gaasperplas ), and Line 54 (Amsterdam Centraal - Gein ). In July 2018, the new Line 52 ( Noord Station - Zuid Station ) opened. The metro station is only accessible with an OV-chipkaart smart card, the national fare system for public transport in the Netherlands. Disposable cards for one-hour, one-day or multiple-day use are available at ticket machines in

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648-864: The Den Helder–Amsterdam railway (1865), also known as the Staatslijn K , from Den Helder to Amsterdam via Alkmaar and Uitgeest ; the Amsterdam-Zutphen railway (1874), also known as the Oosterspoorweg , via Hilversum , Amersfoort and Apeldoorn ; the Amsterdam-Elten railway (1856), also known as the Rhijnspoorweg , via Utrecht and Arnhem ; and the Amsterdam-Schiphol railway (1986), also known as

702-531: The IJ lake. These islands were created with sand taken from the dunes near Velsen , which had become available as a result of the excavation of the North Sea Canal . The islands together are known as Stationseiland (Station Island). Like many other structures in Amsterdam, the station was built on wooden piles (8,687 pieces). The construction of the station was delayed because of the instability of

756-627: The UK Border Force ) in the station before boarding their train (without having to disembark at Brussels-South station , go through the juxtaposed controls there, and re-board the train before continuing their journey to the UK). However, the launch was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The inauguration of juxtaposed controls in the station subsequently took place on 26 October 2020. From 2017 there will be further reconstruction works at

810-490: The Westtak Ringspoorbaan . As of December 2014, Amsterdam Centraal is served by 8 international rail routes and 22 national rail routes. From Amsterdam Central Station, one can travel by train to most major destinations in the Netherlands and surrounding countries. In the 2024 timetable, the station will be served by the following train series: IC 77 IC 35 ICE 43 National rail services at

864-616: The Amstel River, was partially filled in the 19th century; since then, the Dam square has been surrounded by land on all sides. The new land made room for the Beurs van Zocher, a stock exchange that was built in 1837. After the stock trade moved to the Beurs van Berlage in 1903, the Zocher building was demolished. In its place, De Bijenkorf department store has stood since 1914. In 1856,

918-663: The Dam square in Amsterdam. In the Grote Club , on the corner of Kalverstraat and Paleisstraat, members of the German Kriegsmarine watched as the crowd below their balcony grew and people danced and cheered. The Germans then placed a machine gun on the balcony and started shooting into the crowds. The motives behind the shooting have remained unclear; the Germans were drunk and possibly angered because contrary to previous agreement Dutch police had arrested members of

972-547: The Dam was the most important tram hub of Amsterdam. After 1900, this function moved to the Central Station, at the other end of the Damrak. Over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, Amsterdam's main square became a "national" square well known to nearly everyone in the Netherlands. It has frequently been the location of demonstrations and events of all kinds, and a meeting place for many people. On 4 May every year,

1026-741: The Dutch celebrate National Memorial Day ( Nationale Dodenherdenking ), in observance of which the last addition to the square, the National Monument , was set up in 1956. A funfair was held on Dam Square for several years. On 6 December 2003, Bulgarian mobster Konstantin "Samokovetsa" Dimitrov was shot dead on Dam Square. On 7 November 2024, a series of attacks occurred against fans of Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. at Dam Square during their UEFA Europa League match against AFC Ajax . Amsterdam Centraal Amsterdam Centraal station ( Dutch : Station Amsterdam Centraal [staːˈɕɔn ˌɑmstərˈdɑm sɛnˈtraːl] ; abbreviation : Asd)

1080-481: The German military. The shooting finally came to an end after a member of the Dutch resistance climbed into the tower of the royal palace and started shooting onto the balcony and into the club. At that moment, a German officer together with a Resistance commander found their way into the club and convinced the men to surrender. At the brink of peace, 120 people were badly injured and 22 pronounced dead. In 2013, evidence

1134-459: The Netherlands with a length of 695 metres. Due to the length, each platform may serve two trains, while one embarks from side "a" of a platform and the other, from side "b". Amsterdam Centraal was designed by Pierre Cuypers , who is also known for his design of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. While Cuypers was the principal architect, it is believed that he focused mostly on the decoration of

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1188-504: The Station Island. With all buses eventually moving to the new bus station on the north side, the Station Island should only be accessible to pedestrians, cyclists and trams. The three passenger tunnels underneath the station were upgraded and provided with convenience stores and kiosks. In addition, two new passageways were created enabling the hosting of larger retail stores, geared towards passengers who have more time to spend at

1242-619: The beauty and glory of the capital'. Nevertheless, the building of the Central Station in front of the open harbour was forced through by the railway department of the Ministry of Transport in The Hague , and the Home Secretary, Thorbecke . Finally, the plan made its way through the Amsterdam municipal council by a narrow majority. Construction works started in 1882. The station is built on three interconnected artificial islands in

1296-460: The central station marked the city's transition from a waterfront city to an inland city, spurring further redevelopment activities in the city centre which included the realignment of streets and the filling up of canals. The waterways would soon be replaced by tramways and cars as the primary modes of transport in the city. In 1920, the East Wing of the station (the lower end of the building)

1350-607: The city hall from 1655 until its conversion to a royal residence in 1808. Beside it are the 15th-century Gothic Nieuwe Kerk (New Church) and the Madame Tussauds Amsterdam Wax Museum. The National Monument , a white stone pillar designed by J.J.P. Oud and erected in 1956 to memorialize the victims of World War II , dominates the opposite side of the square. Also overlooking the plaza are the NH Grand Hotel Krasnapolsky and

1404-471: The construction of the medieval city walls , the street between Munttoren (originally a gate in the city walls) and Spui square came to be known as Byndewyck . The street later became known as Kalverstraat ("calf street"), after the cattle market that was held here from 1486 until 1629. In 1345 a eucharistic miracle was said to have taken place in a home between the Kalverstraat in the Rokin . The event

1458-412: The construction of the new metro line. In 2004, platforms 10-15 were extended to accommodate international high-speed rail services. Construction works for the bus station commenced in 2003, opened in 2009 and finished in 2014. It includes the construction of a fourth station roof and a station hall with space for shops and restaurants. It replaces 5 small bus stations and several isolated bus stops across

1512-412: The country today) was also included in the design. Cuypers' station reflects the romantic nationalistic mood in the late nineteenth-century Netherlands , with its many decorative elements glorifying the nation's economic and colonial power at the time. As with the Rijksmuseum , the station's overall architecture reminded many contemporaries of medieval cathedrals. For that reason, as well as for

1566-437: The fact that it became increasingly clear that the national government wanted the station to be built at the city's waterfront effectively separating the city from the IJ lake , the plan was highly controversial. In his book on the history of city, Amsterdam historian Geert Mak writes that: Almost all of Amsterdam's own experts and others involved thought this to be a catastrophic plan, 'the most disgusting possible attack on

1620-486: The metro station hall. As of 2018, the following metro services call at Centraal Station: Tram services at Amsterdam Centraal are provided from two tram stations on Stationsplein (Station Square), situated in front of the station's main entrance. Tram routes 2, 12, 13 and 17 call on the west side ( Westzijde , Platform B) of the square, the other routes call on the east side ( Oostzijde , Platform-A). As of July 2018, GVB city bus routes 18, 21 and 22 and 48 depart from

1674-576: The middle enabling trains to pass each other. Track 1 terminates short of the western end of the station building, which fronts track 2. Tracks 3, 6, 9, and 12 have no platform. Amsterdam Centraal is a terminus station on many historical railway lines in the Netherlands: the Amsterdam–Rotterdam railway (1839), also known as the Oude Lijn , via Haarlem , Leiden and The Hague (Den Haag);

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1728-539: The national railways, who, in 1884, laid two proposals before the Amsterdam municipal council. In the first proposal, the station would be situated between the Leidseplein and the Amstel river. In the other, it would be built in the open harbour front allowing for the station to be connected to the existing main lines in the area to the west and the south, but also to a projected new northern line. Cuypers' design of

1782-557: The new bus platform G on the lake side of the station ( IJzijde or 'IJ side'). Night bus services operate daily, starting around midnight and running until around 6 AM. From Monday to Thursday, night buses run once per hour. On Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays, they run twice per hour. As of December 2014, all night buses depart from platform G on the lake side of the station and call at all main entertainment areas in Amsterdam's city centre, including Leidseplein and Rembrandtplein . EBS (part of Egged ) regional bus services depart from

1836-532: The original course of the Amstel River from Centraal Station to Muntplein (Mint Square) and the Munttoren (Mint Tower). The Dam also marks the endpoint of the other well-traveled streets Nieuwendijk , Kalverstraat and Damstraat. A short distance beyond the northeast corner lies the main red-light district : De Wallen . On the west end of the square is the neoclassical Royal Palace , which served as

1890-475: The pedestrian tunnel and the road in front of the station disappeared. In the early 1980s, the central hall and middle tunnel were considerably widened and modernized. In the 1990s, a new signaling post was built on the western side of the station. In addition, the number of tracks on that side was expanded in order to increase capacity in the direction of Sloterdijk station . In 1996, a third, 'centre roof' designed by Jan Garvelink, architect at Holland Rail Consult,

1944-449: The principal rail operator in the Netherlands. Amsterdam Centraal is the northern terminus of Amsterdam Metro routes 51, 53, 54, and stop for 52 operated by municipal public transport operator GVB . It is also served by a number of GVB tram and ferry routes as well as local and regional bus routes operated by GVB, Connexxion and EBS . Amsterdam Centraal was designed by Dutch architect Pierre Cuypers and opened in 1889. It features

1998-442: The private railroad company Staatsspoorwegen . The roof was manufactured by Andrew Handyside and Company of Derby , England . Cuypers did design the decorations for the trusses and the gable ends. On 15 October 1889, the station was officially opened, drawing large numbers of crowds. The visitors were charged 0.25 guilders to see the station; in the first two days after the opening, several dozens of thousands paid. The opening of

2052-413: The soil, which set back the completion of the work by several years. The station building was completed in 1884, but the commission to Cuypers did not include the roofwork of the platforms. Therefore, the station did not yet feature its distinctive station roof. This roof, consisting of 50 curved trusses and a span of almost 45 meters (147 ft 8 in), was designed by L.J. Eijmer, a civil engineer with

2106-599: The station are provided by NS , the principal rail operator in the Netherlands. NS offers four types of rail service from Amsterdam Centraal: Intercity Direct operating on the HSL-Zuid high-speed rail line, long-distance Intercity services, local Sprinter services, and the Nachtnet night service. Amsterdam Centraal metro station (called Centraal Station on the Amsterdam Metro system) opened in 1980. It

2160-680: The station at the De Ruijterkade . Just behind the station is the EYE Film Institute Netherlands , easily accessible with a free ferry. Due to the completion of the Stationseiland project and the implementation of the Entree plan, the station has had two indoor bicycle parking station and two station bicycle parking stations around the station since 2023. After moving both car traffic and bus traffic from

2214-551: The station building and left the structural design to railway engineers. The station was built by contractor Philipp Holzmann . The new central station replaced Amsterdam Willemspoort Station, which had closed in 1878, as well as the temporary Westerdok Station used from 1878 to 1889. The idea for a central station came from Johan Rudolph Thorbecke , then the Netherlands Minister of the Interior and responsible for

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2268-489: The station building in many ways strongly resembled his other architectural masterpiece, the Rijksmuseum , of which the construction had begun in 1876. It features a palace -like, Gothic / Renaissance Revival facade, with two turrets and many ornamental details and stone reliefs referring to the capital city's industrial and commercial importance. A royal waiting room for the Dutch monarchy (one of three in active use in

2322-461: The station include a renovation of the station building, including the reconstruction of original station features which had disappeared over the years, a redevelopment of the Stationsplein (Station Square), and a new bus station on the north side of the station. In 2000, the new western passenger tunnel opened replacing the main tunnel in the centre of the station which was shut down enabling

2376-525: The station square to the rear of the station, the municipality has further reduced the large number of bicycles parked on the street around the station with the construction of these two large station bicycle parkings at the station, whereby cyclists have to park their bicycles in the sheds and no longer on the street. The Stationsplein Bicycle Parking, the largest bicycle shed in Amsterdam, opened on 26 January 2023 at Central Station. The bicycle shed

2430-670: The station. On 4 February 2020, the Minister of Infrastructure and Water Management , Cora van Nieuwenhuizen , and the UK Transport Secretary , Grant Shapps , announced that juxtaposed controls would be established in the station. According to the announcement, starting from 30 April 2020, Eurostar passengers travelling to the UK would clear exit checks from the Schengen Area as well as UK entry checks (conducted by

2484-428: The station. A number of platforms will be widened making use of the tracks which do not currently have platforms. This means that alterations will be made in the tunnels under the platforms again. Furthermore, the eastern tunnel will be made wider, based on the example of the middle tunnel. The old railway bridges to the east of the station will also be replaced. Amsterdam Centraal has 15 tracks, 11 of which are alongside

2538-436: The upscale department store De Bijenkorf . These various attractions have turned the Dam into a tourist zone. The Dam derives its name from its original function: a dam on the Amstel River, hence also the name of the city of Amsterdam. Built in approximately 1270, the dam formed the first connection between the settlements on the sides of the river. The dam was originally built with a discharge sluice to allow control of

2592-582: The water from the Open Havenfront was pumped away and part of the Prins Hendrikkade, with the former Prins Hendrikplantsoen, was excavated. The storage facility was built in the construction pit, after which the water returned. Above the storage facility there are now jetties for tour boats . On 22 February 2023, the IJboulevard Bicycle Parking was also completed and put into use on the north side of Central Station, which

2646-510: The water level of the newly dammed river, but would soon be rebuilt with locks which also permitted navigation between the dammed river and the new harbor, the Damrak . The settlement first appeared in a document from 1275, concerning a road toll granted by the count of Holland Floris V to the residents apud Amestelledamme 'at the dam in the Amstel' or 'at the dam of Amstelland'. As the dam

2700-414: Was brought to light that suggested the number may have been higher: possibly 33 people died, and there were 10 more unconfirmed possible victims. Dam Square was the central scene of the largest post-war civil disturbance in the Netherlands during the Amsterdam coronation riots on 30 April 1980. Several tram lines traverse the Dam and have stops there. In the time of the horse tram (end 19th century),

2754-574: Was built between the two existing roofs, whereby all platforms at the station were now covered. Since 1997, the station has been continuously undergoing reconstruction works because of the development of the North-South Line of the Amsterdam Metro , which was originally planned to be completed in 2014. Due to several setbacks, some at the Amsterdam Centraal building site, the line was fully completed in 2018. Construction works at

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2808-631: Was built in the water of the IJ and will be located under the new IJboulevard along the De Ruijterkade (construction started in March 2021). 4,000 bicycles can be parked here. Kalverstraat The Kalverstraat ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkɑlvərˌstraːt] , locally [ˈkaləvərˌstrɑːt] ) is a busy shopping street of Amsterdam , the capital of the Netherlands . The street runs roughly North-South for about 750 meters, from Dam Square to Muntplein square. The Kalverstraat

2862-404: Was demolished and replaced by "The East", a postal service building designed by Cuypers' son Joseph. A second, narrower and longer but similar roof on the north side of the station was completed in 1922. In the 1950s, a pedestrian tunnel was created between the station and the road in front of it, which terminated inside the station. With the construction of the metro tunnel in the late 1970s, both

2916-404: Was gradually built up it became wide enough for a town square, which remained the core of the town developing around it. Dam Square as it exists today grew out of what was originally two squares: the actual dam, called Middeldam , on which was located a large fish market ( vismarkt ) where ships moored at the dam to load and unload goods; and Plaetse , an adjacent plaza to the west. The area became

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