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146-585: Daniel Irvin Rather Jr. ( / ˈ r æ ð ər / ; born October 31, 1931) is an American journalist, commentator, and former national evening news anchor. He began his career in Texas, becoming a national name after his reporting saved thousands of lives during Hurricane Carla in September 1961. In his first national broadcast, he helped initiate the successful evacuation of 350,000 people. He reported on some of

292-399: A bachelor's degree within four years of entering college, lagging far behind their continuing-generation peers. In a 2001 US Department of Education report, Susan Choy explains that in order to becoming a college student requires a student proceed through multiple steps, starting with aspiring to earn a bachelor's degree , then achieving at least minimal academic preparation, then taking

438-535: A role model for their children. According to a study of adult first-generation and continuing-generation online college students by Susan Dumais et al., most adult online learners , regardless of parent education level, are confident that they will succeed academically. However, ways that first-generation adult online learners differed from their continuing-generation counterparts in the study included "greater intrinsic motivation" to earn their degree and more usage of built-in student support services. Additionally,

584-515: A baccalaureate degree. As reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 33.5% of undergraduate students had parents whose highest level of education was high school or less in the 2011–2012 school year. In 2014 the NCES reported that the following percentages of college students by age had parents whose highest education level was high school or less. A review of

730-641: A bold and brave people." After his report to President John F. Kennedy and Congress , $ 55 million was approved in aid for Texas, though Kennedy later requested an additional $ 65 million. President Kennedy issued a disaster declaration for Texas, allowing all jurisdictions in the state to apply for public assistance. The president also declared 6 parishes in Louisiana a disaster area. Helicopters deployed 88  United States Marines to Galveston to patrol devastated areas. A United States Navy task force composed of medical and construction work teams

876-416: A broadcast ending more suitable to his tastes. For one week in September 1986, with CBS the target of potentially hostile new ownership, Rather tried ending his broadcasts with the word "courage", and was roundly ridiculed for it. For nearly two decades, Rather ended the show with: "That's part of our world tonight." Rather also held other positions during his time as anchor. In January 1988, he became host of

1022-524: A category 4 hurricane with a peak intensity of 145 mph (125 knots). Traveling inland, the storm was reduced to a tropical storm on September 12 and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 13, while centered over southern Oklahoma . Carla's remnants reached the Labrador Sea , Canada and dissipated on September 17, 1961. While crossing the Yucatán Channel,

1168-404: A fever pitch after 60 Minutes II ran his 2004 report about President Bush's military record . Numerous critics questioned the authenticity of the documents upon which the report was based. Rather subsequently admitted on the air that the documents' authenticity could not be proven. In the aftermath, CBS fired several members of CBS News staff but temporarily retained Rather, until his contract

1314-658: A few small bridges were washed out. Precipitation of 2.5–3.5 inches (64–89 mm) in Chicago flooded about 60 viaducts and 1,000 basements. After the Chicago River rose 5 feet (1.5 m), the lock gate to Lake Michigan was opened to release excess water. However, the abrupt onrush of water resulted in about $ 75,000 in damage to boats at Wilmette Harbor . Winds in Key West reached 30 mph (48 km/h), while much of Florida reported rainfall from

1460-483: A high school diploma or less for the 2011–2012 school year: The NCES report by Redford and Hoyer following students who were high school sophomores in 2002 states that 76% of first-generation college students first enrolled in public , 9% in private , and 16% in for-profit institutions . Regarding the selectively of institutions where first-generation college students tend to enroll, the same NCES report states that 52% enrolled in 2-year institutions whose selectively

1606-512: A hurricane on September 6, Carla curved northward in the northwestern Caribbean Sea. At 1200 UTC on September 7, the storm intensified into a Category 2 hurricane while located east-northeast of Cozumel , Quintana Roo , Mexico (actual use of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale, which was developed in 1971, was not in effect). Shortly thereafter, Carla crossed the Yucatán Channel and entered

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1752-719: A means by which the "humanity of African Americans" as a whole would be "recognize[d]". Later in his life, Du Bois expressed disappointment in the Talented Tenth, accusing them of using their education for personal gain and losing solidarity with the rest of the black community. A problem that first generation students face, more frequently than other students is lack of finance with the constant growing cost of college. The cost of college often increases as students move through college. A student who manages to pay through their first year of college may find difficulty moving past that year as prices typically increase. According to

1898-678: A means for social mobility . Indeed, a 2002 report by Connie Ayala and Al Striplen cited in the TGSLC literature review asserts that first-generation college students are involved in a "deliberate attempt" to achieve upward social, economic, or occupational mobility . However, research by Jean Phinney et al. explain that first-generation college students' motivations for attending college also include helping one's family and responding to encouragement from others in addition to personal/career motivations. A study by Rebecca Covarrubias and Stephanie Fryburg equates first-generation college student status with

2044-643: A meteorologist to outline the Gulf of Mexico on a transparent sheet of plastic. He then held the map over the black and white radar screen, which put the size of Carla into perspective, saying that Carla was the size of the Gulf of Mexico. CBS was so impressed with Rather's work that he was offered the position of correspondent. Throughout Texas, Carla destroyed 1,915 homes, 568 farm buildings, and 415 other buildings. Additionally, 50,723 homes, 5,620 farm buildings, and 10,487 other buildings suffered damage. There were 460 injuries according to

2190-518: A mismatch between the environment familiar to students of working-class backgrounds and the college environment. Stephens et al. propose that American institutions of higher education should broaden their culture to include messages that accept and encourage interdependence so to mitigate academic disadvantages due to cultural mismatch. Rice et al., in an article in the journal Counseling Psychology Quarterly , conducted qualitative interviews with 14 first-generation college students to better understand

2336-563: A peak of 8.18 inches (208 mm) in Mount Carroll . Thus, Carla is the second-wettest tropical cyclone in Illinois , behind only Hurricane Audrey in 1957 . Additionally, up to 6.29 inches (160 mm) fell in 24 hours. Severe local flooding occurred, especially in the northern portions of the state. Heavy property and agricultural damage occurred. Streets and basements were reported to have flooded, while bridge approaches and

2482-401: A primary research study, first generation female students are experiencing high amounts of stress that is difficult to manage which can affect their progress in academics. Coming from this doubly disadvantaged background, first generation women face adversity related to both their gender and first generation status in academia. In a study conducted by Jennifer Blaney, special attention is paid to

2628-714: A rainfall amount of 3.89 inches (99 mm) was reported along with wind gusts up to 60 mph (97 km/h). The remnants of Carla brought tropical storm force winds to some areas of Canada. In Ontario , gusty winds caused power outages in the Clarkson – Port Credit area. Electrical services were are disrupted in New Brunswick , due to winds up to 80 mph (130 km/h) in Saint John . Winds of 57 mph (92 km/h) lashed Halifax in Nova Scotia , thus

2774-523: A rehash on Iran . How would you like it if I judged your career by those seven minutes when you walked off the set in New York? Shortly after Iraq invaded Kuwait , Rather secured an interview with Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein . There is no powerful and quick strike that a people could deliver, whatever their overall power. The United States depends on the Air Force. The Air Force has never decided

2920-722: A state of attrition. Martinez et al. emphasize in their article that "low parental education predicts attrition". Impostor syndrome has been observed to have detrimental effects on the academic, social, and emotional wellbeing of first-generation college students. Impostor syndrome has been identified as a barrier to the engagement, performance, and retention of first-generation college students, with some studies finding that impostor feelings can predict students' academic performance (including course engagement, attendance, withdraw/dropout intentions, and grades), as well as their social integration and emotional health. Educators and institutions can help these students overcome their fears with

3066-415: A strong grasp on how many FGCS are on their campuses, they may not understand how to serve this community. The Institute for Higher Education (2012) emphasizes the need to use data (also known as evidence-based solutions) to support the efforts to strengthen programs to help FGCS. Some methods include primarily identifying the number of FGCS and the qualitative and quantitative approaches to better serving

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3212-431: A stronger sense of self-efficacy. Research has found that first-generation college students experience of imposter syndrome (IP) at higher rates than their continuing-generation peers. Initially coined as the "impostor phenomenon" by Pauline Clance and Joe Langford in 1978 to describe the "internal experience of intellectual phoniness" among high-achieving women in the workplace, impostor syndrome has been attributed as

3358-535: A student's feeling of guilt caused by having more academic opportunities and success compared to other family members. Geraldine Piorkowski has used the term "survivor's guilt" to describe these emotions after examining the impact of attending college on low-income, African American first-generation college students, as they felt like their academic success meant that they were abandoning their family and difficult home conditions. Studies on family achievement guilt have reported that minority students are more likely to be

3504-635: A study consisting of in-depth interviews with six first-year first-generation college students with both rural and agricultural backgrounds. Many of these students associated their agricultural backgrounds with their hard-working character, which in many cases, helped the students maintain confidence that they could work hard to persist through the challenges of college too. Sometimes, these students perceived that their peers at college did not share their past of having to work as hard as they had, which could make building relationships with these student's counterparts more challenging. Their agricultural background

3650-646: A tropical depression – a tropical cyclone with sustained winds with winds of less than 39  mph (63  km/h ) – developed about 175 miles (282 km) northwest of Barranquilla , Colombia at 1200 UTC. Initially, the center of circulation remained difficult to locate on surface charts due to lack of data. At San Andrés , winds shifted west at about 12 mph (19 km/h), while barometric pressures dropped to 1,007  mbar (29.7  inHg ). The Weather Bureau Office in Miami, Florida issued its first bulletin at 1600 UTC on September 4, while

3796-555: A tropical disturbance – an area of convective activity – was observed tracking westward across the Caribbean Sea within the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Around that time, an anticyclone was situated over the western Caribbean Sea at the upper-tropospheric levels . Surface charts indicate that a low-level circulation was developing early on September 3. Thus, it is estimated that

3942-447: A two-pronged approach of mental health and institutional supports. DeAngelo provides statistics on graduation rates among FGCS and non-FGCS in a framework of four, five, and six years as well as a table that breaks down the degree attainment by race/ethnicity. These images from the study provide a breakdown, and show the huge gaps in degree attainment. A new study revealed that only 27 percent of first-generation students will earn

4088-602: A war in the history of wars. On February 24, 2003, Rather conducted another interview with Hussein before the United States' 2003 invasion of Iraq . In the interview, Hussein invited Rather to be the moderator of a live television debate between himself and George W. Bush. The debate never took place. On June 2, 1988, Rather hosted a CBS News special, The Wall Within . In it, he interviewed six veterans, each of whom said he had witnessed horrible acts in Vietnam . Two of

4234-681: A working-class family background and the university as a middle class environment. A study on first-generation college student retention rates in the U.S. revealed that a college education plays a significant role in students' potential for social mobility and status. While higher education provides opportunities for career advancement for non-FGCS, first-generation students may face financial challenges that hinder their ability to pursue further education, including financial issues, academics, and emotional stress. Stephens et al. show that working class and middle class societies have differing cultural capital and norms, and these differences are present in

4380-485: Is likely that their perspectives are not accurate, and their families lack of education experience negatively reinforces the notion that they will not succeed. Gibbons and Borders (2010) highlight that while FGCS may overcome many obstacles, they still have the notion that they are not as successful as they should have been. Regardless, SCCT predicts that if a FGCS has strong family support, they are more likely to believe in their personal goals and path to higher education and

4526-491: Is unclassified. Students enrolled at moderately selective 4-year institutions comprised 16%, at inclusive 4-year institutions 9%, at unclassified 4-year institutions 9%, at unclassified less than two-year institutions 9%, and at highly selective 4-year institutions 6% of the total first-generation college student population. The NCES 2011–2012 school year data shows that almost half of undergraduates enrolled in for-profit institutions have parents whose highest level of education

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4672-598: The Houston Chronicle (1954–1955). Around 1955, Rather wrote a piece on heroin . Under the auspices of the Houston Police, he tried a dose of the drug, which he characterized as "a special kind of hell". He worked for four seasons as the play-by-play announcer for the University of Houston football team. During the 1959 minor league baseball season, Rather was the play-by-play radio announcer for

4818-716: The American Red Cross , though the Monthly Weather Review listed a slightly higher number, 465. The storm caused 34 fatalities in Texas. Causes of death include 20 people drowning, eight from tornadoes, four electrocutions, and one heart attack. Overall, damage in the state was "conservatively" estimated at $ 300 million. A breakdown of damage indicates $ 200 million incurred to property and $ 100 million to crops, mostly from unharvested rice and lesser impact to cotton and citrus. In southeastern Louisiana, abnormally high tides lashed

4964-704: The East Coast . His first report for CBS included radio coverage of the crash of American Airlines Flight 1 in Jamaica Bay , and a story on the accidental deaths of newborns who were served salt in their formula at Binghamton General Hospital in Binghamton, New York , referred to years later as the Salt Babies. Shortly after, Rather was made chief of CBS's Southwest bureau in Dallas . In August 1963, he

5110-477: The Evening News had fallen to third place of the three major networks. It rose in rankings in 2005, when Bob Schieffer became the interim anchor between Rather and Katie Couric . It briefly moved ahead of ABC World News Tonight in the wake of the death of Peter Jennings, but remained behind NBC Nightly News . Rather was a frequent collaborator with CBS News producer Susan Zirinsky , a leading member of

5256-467: The Galveston Seawall . Carla spawned 21 tornadoes, the largest hurricane-related tornado outbreak on record at the time. However, it was overwhelmingly surpassed by Hurricane Beulah in 1967 , which spawned at least 120 tornadoes. Throughout its path, 43 fatalities and about $ 325.74 million in damage were attributed to Carla. Most of the impact occurred in Texas, where

5402-474: The Halifax Public Gardens closed for threat of falling trees and branches. Shortly after the storm, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson , a lifelong resident of Texas, toured the devastation in the state and met with officials from 18  different counties , remarking that "as always, Texans are arising to a challenge... We have suffered hurricane, tornado, and floods, but we in Texas are

5548-574: The Journal of Black Studies , discuss the conversation around higher education that took place among black intellectual leaders in the post-Reconstruction era. Du Bois's philosophy was that the cohort of emancipated slaves who would go on to become college educated, or the "Talented Tenth", had a responsibility to become leaders and advocates for the whole of the African American community. Du Bois wanted institutions of higher education to be

5694-599: The SAT or ACT test, and finally, applying to a four-year institution. Her report shows that as a students' parents' education level increases, so does the students' likelihood of completing each step along the way to enrollment at a four-year institution. Choy also reports that the likelihood that a students will enroll in a four-year higher education institution is highly correlated with taking more advanced math courses in high school. While students whose parents had less education were less likely to take more advanced math courses,

5840-568: The United States Marine Corps and was sent to Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego . He was soon discharged, however, because he was found to have had rheumatic fever as a child, a fact he had omitted during the enlistment process. Rather began his journalism career in 1950 as an Associated Press reporter in Huntsville, Texas . Later, he was a reporter for United Press (1950–1952), several Texas radio stations, and

5986-476: The documentary series CBS Reports . In December 1975, he became a correspondent of the long-running Sunday night news show 60 Minutes — at the time the program was moved from a Sunday afternoon time-slot to primetime . Success there helped Rather pull ahead of longtime correspondent Roger Mudd , who was in line to succeed Walter Cronkite as anchor and Managing Editor of The CBS Evening News . Good evening. President Reagan, still training his spotlight on

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6132-912: The outer bands of Carla brought high winds and local flooding in western Cuba and the Yucatán Peninsula. In Texas, wind gusts as high as 170 mph (270 km/h) were observed in Port Lavaca . Tornadoes spawned in the state, including an F4 tornado near Galveston, Texas , resulting in 60 buildings destroyed, eight deaths and 200 injuries. Throughout the state, Carla destroyed 1,915 homes, 568 farm buildings, and 415 other buildings. Additionally, 50,723 homes, 5,620 farm buildings, and 10,487 other buildings suffered damage. There were 34 fatalities and at least $ 300 million in losses in Texas. Several tornadoes also touched down in Louisiana , causing

6278-450: The social class worldview and identity of first-generation college students from the students' own perspectives. When attempting to label their own social class, terms of social and cultural capital were more relevant than formal indicators of social class such as income, education, and occupation. According to Stephens et al., first-generation college students' tendency to have different social capital than those they are surrounded by in

6424-494: The 1980s, Rather gained further renown for his forceful and direct reporting of the Iran–Contra affair . He questioned Vice President George H. W. Bush in an on-air interview during the latter's presidential campaign. Bush referred to Rather's " dead air incident " saying: I want to talk about why I want to be President, why those 41 percent of the people are supporting me. And I don't think it's fair to judge my whole career by

6570-410: The 2011–2012 school year states the shares of undergraduate students whose parents' highest level of education was high school or less by dependency and marriage status. According to the NCES report for the 2011–2012 school year, the share of undergraduate full-time employed undergraduate students whose parents' highest education level was high school or less was 38.0%. This is slightly higher than

6716-471: The Gulf of Mexico. A strong high-pressure area forced Carla to resume its original northwesterly course. Early on September 8, the storm strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane while located just north of the Yucatán Peninsula. Thus, Carla was the third major hurricane of the season. Carla was upgraded to a Category 4 hurricane early on September 10, while approaching the Gulf Coast of

6862-590: The Texas League Houston Buffs . In 1959, Rather began his television career as part of a weekly Coaches Show for the University of Houston on KTRK-TV , the ABC affiliate in Houston . In 1960 , he was hired as the 6:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. news anchor and director of news for KHOU-TV , the local CBS affiliate. In September 1961, Rather covered Hurricane Carla for KHOU-TV, broadcasting from

7008-700: The United States Compared to their continuing-generation counterparts, first-generation college students are more likely to be older than their peers, have dependents, come from low-income families, attend college part-time, live off campus, have more work responsibilities , and hold traditionally disadvantaged ethnic and racial identities. While first-generation college students are less likely to complete their postsecondary education than their peers, those who do graduate often incur more debt to pay for their degree and accumulate less lifetime wealth than students whose parents completed

7154-627: The United States. Operationally, at 0000 UTC on September 11, Carla strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane while located in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Six hours later, the storm reached its maximum sustained wind speed of 175 mph (282 km/h). However, a 2018 reanalysis concluded that Carla did not reach Category 5 intensity, and in fact only had maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (233 km/h), and this has been officially incorporated into HURDAT . Late on September 11, Carla reached its minimum barometric pressure of 931 mbar (27.5 inHg). Later that day,

7300-474: The accusations that the student has changed or is not remaining true to their culture, which further complicates their identity and belief in their potential to succeed. Additionally, Olson addresses the obstacles the FGCS faces when wanting to move out. London (1989) explains how families of FGCS assign roles to keep them grounded to their families. Families may delegate the FGCS as the example for other members of

7446-506: The advice they wish they were given by their parents. Students must rely on their teachers and counselors to place them on the correct track in order to enroll in any form of post-secondary education. DeAngelo (et al., 2011) explains how prior academic achievements impact degree completion. These are explored through SAT scores and high school grades. FGCS with a higher-grade average in high school and SAT composite scores are more likely to graduate in 4 years. If these students don't understand

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7592-590: The area destroyed six houses and extensive, but lesser, damage. In Hardin , another F3 tornado damaged six homes. Several structures sustained impact during yet another F3 tornado in Fulbright . The final tornado occurred during the late afternoon hours of September 13 in Latex . It caused F2 damage, two injuries, and resulted in $ 2,500 in losses after damaging two houses and three garages. Then little-known newsman Dan Rather reported live from

7738-606: The cable channel AXS TV (then called HDNet), Rather hosted Dan Rather Reports , a 60 Minutes –style investigative news program, from 2006 to 2013. He also hosts several other projects for AXS TV, including Dan Rather Presents , which provides in-depth reporting on broad topics such as mental health care or adoption, and The Big Interview with Dan Rather , in which he conducts long-form interviews with musicians and other entertainers. In January 2018, he began hosting an online newscast called The News with Dan Rather on The Young Turks YouTube channel. Since 2021, he has been writing

7884-731: The city of Victoria reached $ 10 million. Of the 21 tornadoes spawned by Carla, eight of them in Texas caused significant impact. On September 11, an F2 tornado near Bay City destroyed two radio towers and damaged several buildings. An F3 tornado injured three people and caused the destruction of one house and impacted three others in Jacksonville , resulting in $ 25,000 in damage. Another F3 tornado in Channelview , located east of Houston , injured 22 people, destroyed 18 homes and six commercial buildings, damaged 40 additional homes, and caused $ 200,000 in damage. In

8030-1043: The coast, though no beach erosion was reported. Rainfall was heavy, peaking at 13.9 inches (350 mm) in Many . Other observed precipitation totals include 5.6 inches (140 mm) in Baton Rouge , 5.57 inches (141 mm) in Morgan City , 4.25 inches (108 mm) in Shreveport , 3.16 inches (80 mm) in New Orleans , 2.25 inches (57 mm) in Lafayette , 2.19 inches (56 mm) in Alexandria , 2.1 inches (53 mm) in Jonesboro and West Monroe , and 1.37 inches (35 mm) in Lake Charles . In

8176-568: The college environment makes it difficult for them to feel comfortable at college. For example, first-generation college students may not have relationships with college graduates, or they may lack a sense of belonging among their classmates. In addition some African American students have shown to be reluctant to seek help from school counselors, and instead seek spiritual guidance. Some of the interviewees found that shared life experiences allowed them to bond with and feel comfortable around each other despite social class differences. Studies show that

8322-441: The college lifestyle in general. Orbe (2008) explains that FGCS' understanding of the college culture becomes a "multidimensional identity negotiation" against their home culture. FGCS have to acknowledge how they change in college while also relating that to their experiences with family and friends. Orbes mentions how FGCS might not even notice this, but their family and friends will acknowledge this change. The challenge comes with

8468-434: The college system in areas such as financial aid , student advising services , and student-professor relationships. Interviewees who were also parents cited their children as sources of motivation in their academic pursuits. In contrast to younger first-generation college students who may perceive their education as surpassing their parents, older first-generation college students may perceive their education in terms of being

8614-484: The cultural obstacles these students may face. By identifying and integrating cultural characteristics into the way they serve FGCS, they are being more inclusive and creating stronger relationships between the students and faculty. There are also many educational interventions being put into place to proved more programs and opportunities for FGCS, including AVID , GEAR-UP , and other after school programs . Because many Minority-Serving Institutions (MSI's) don't have

8760-410: The depression was centered about 250 miles (400 km) east-southeast of Cabo Gracias a Dios , Nicaragua . It is estimated that sustained winds reached 45 mph (72 km/h) at 1200 UTC on September 5, thus the depression strengthened into a tropical storm and was named Carla , while located just northeast of Cabo Gracias a Dios. A reconnaissance aircraft flight reported that Carla

8906-644: The destruction of 140 homes and 11 farms and other buildings, and major damage to 231 additional homes and 11 farm and other buildings. Minor to moderate damage was also reported to 748 homes and 75 farms and other buildings. Six deaths and $ 25 million in losses in Louisiana were attributed to Carla. Heavy rainfall occurred in several other states, especially in Kansas, where flash flooding severely damaged crops and drowned five people. Overall, Carla resulted in $ 325.74 million in losses and 43 fatalities. As early as September 1,

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9052-417: The documents had been authenticated by experts. CBS was contradicted by some of the experts it originally cited, and later reported that its source for the documents—former Texas Army National Guard officer Lt. Col. Bill Burkett —had misled the network about how he had obtained them. On September 20, 2004, CBS retracted the story. Rather stated, "If I knew then what I know now, I would not have gone ahead with

9198-399: The documents has characteristics that exactly or almost exactly match standard font features of Microsoft Word . This led to claims that the memos were forgeries. The accusations then spread over the following days into mainstream media outlets, including The Washington Post , The New York Times , and The Chicago Sun-Times . Rather and CBS initially defended the story, insisting that

9344-474: The early morning hours of September 12, a violent F4 tornado moved across Galveston Island along a 1-mile long, 100-yard-wide path (it crossed into Galveston Bay as well), severely damaging 200 buildings, of which 60-75 were destroyed, and causing eight deaths and 200 injuries. This was the first of only two known violent tornadoes ever spawned by a hurricane with the other one happening during Hurricane Hilda in 1964 . A few hours later, an F3 tornado in

9490-421: The economy, today signed a package of budget cuts that he will send to Congress tomorrow. Lesley Stahl has the story. Rather succeeded to the news anchor position after Cronkite's retirement, making his first broadcast on March 9, 1981. Rather had a significantly different style of reporting the news. In contrast to the avuncular Cronkite, who ended his newscast with "That's the way it is," Rather searched to find

9636-435: The fact that first-generation students have a hard time completing their higher education due to their constant struggle of comparing themselves with their counterpart, students who have parents with a degree. The feelings of inadequacy or feeling like a fraud can be overpowering and mentally limit a student from achieving their best. When first-generation students can't find a support system at home, they feel lonely and go into

9782-402: The family, or keep them at home so they can remain reliant on family. Their success then becomes validated by family approval as well as by completing their own goals. Furthermore, Olson applies social cognitive career theory (SCCT) when exploring self-efficacy in more depth. Bandura (1986) says that self-efficacy and success of FGCS may be "learned" by watching their peers fail in college. It

9928-743: The first in their family to attend college than non-minority students and that they are prone to feelings of guilt over prior generations' inability to pursue further education due to a variety of factors. As a result, these students are more likely to attempt to hide or downplay their scholastic achievements, which can lead to the students becoming depressed. The students living on what they perceive as "luxurious campuses" have also reported feeling guilt, particularly if their family members continue to experience suffering. Covarrbuias et al. have suggested that depression and family achievement guilt can be lessened by students reflecting on times they helped their family. Most first generation college students (FGCS) feel

10074-441: The first to describe it on television. Rather reported the fatal headshot as forcing Kennedy's head forward, but it was thrown backward. Later, he reported that some Dallas schoolchildren had applauded when they were notified of the president's death. Administrators said they had announced that school was to be dismissed early, and did not mention the assassination. However, teacher Joanna Morgan confirmed that students had cheered at

10220-480: The first-generation students reported having more demanding work environments and less support from their employers to balance their work responsibilities with their family and academic responsibilities. In an article from the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , Stephens et al. observe that the institution of higher education in the United States of America is popularly viewed as an environment of equal opportunity regardless of social class background and

10366-784: The guilt of achieving great success in college because most of their parents did not even finish elementary school, middle school, high school or any post secondary education. They face unique psychological challenges according to associate professor of Education Linda Banks-Santilli in an article published in The Washington Post . This is something that is common among minority Latinx families. The parents of first generation college students chose to sacrifice their education to come to another country to find better opportunities for themselves and for their future families. With that being said, some of FGCS are also looked down upon because their relatives are not getting or taking advantage of

10512-463: The impact of their SAT scores and GPAs on their likelihood to graduate, they are not predisposed to take them seriously, while college experienced students know that based on their previous knowledge. By the results being shown, it suggest that the results of the supportive relationship within their community are usually associated with higher levels of satisfaction but not academic achievement as measured by grades. A study by Mara Casey Tieken discusses

10658-470: The importance of maintaining strong emotional connection with and loyalty to one's family and background. The second theme was "focusing on family", which included messages encouraging the student to prioritize the family highly. The third theme was "counting on family", which included messages guaranteeing unconditional support. Students who cited these messages also reflected that being at college had led them to cherish their family relationships more than in

10804-513: The internet, a highly useful tool for researching and applying to colleges. Because of a lack of experience, first-generation college students' parents do not always understand what the academic requirements are to attend a four-year college; therefore they cannot prepare their children for admission to such universities or the stress of the college experience. First-generation past students now parents would advise their children different from how they were advised when they were college students, with

10950-500: The intersectional disadvantages that first generation women studying computer science face as it relates to their success, college experience, and graduation status. A 2014 study by Tiffany Wang in the Journal of Family Communication identified five thematic messages that 30 first-generation participants from a large public university received from their families . The first theme was "remembering family", which included messages about

11096-811: The key point of contact for students in the classroom. When faculty are encouraged by their institutions to uphold strong leadership roles in FGCS initiatives, the results are extremely beneficial. The issue brief has a very helpful graphic that breaks down the strategies faculty can use to help students Additionally, the Institute for Higher Education (2012) identifies how it is crucial for institutions to examine barriers faced by FGCS and to redesign their curriculum to better serve these students. Some possible approaches involve educators implementing tutoring programs and proving supplemental services to better serve this community. They can create an initiative to train faculty and instructors specially, while keeping in consideration

11242-603: The latest on today's high-tech low comedy. On January 28, Challenger' s explosion and destruction occurred 73 seconds after launch. During the Soviet–Afghan War , Rather was filmed reporting near the front lines while wearing a traditional mujahideen headdress and garments. Rather attracted an Evening News audience (and was nicknamed "Gunga Dan"). The American comic strip Doonesbury spoofed his actions. Rather's reports were later revealed to have influenced Congressman Charlie Wilson (D-Texas), who led an effort to help

11388-532: The likelihood of enrolling in college for students whose parents did not go to college greatly increases with the level of math course they take, especially if they take algebra in 8th grade. Regarding the last step in the college enrollment process, application, the literature review by Carmen Tym et al. explains that first-generation college students are not as likely to receive help from their parents nor their schools. Additionally, prospective first-generation college students are less likely to have full access to

11534-617: The literature on first-generation college students published by the Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation (TGSLC) cites a 2001 study which reported that 31% of first-generation college students were 24 years of age or older. A 1998 study cited in the same review reported that 13% of first-generation college students were 30 years of age or older. Additionally, 46% did not start attending college immediately after high school graduation. 37% were not dependents, and 18% were married. The NCES report for

11680-487: The location of Carla's landfall, was virtually destroyed. In Columbus , the "Ranch Drive-In" theater is destroyed by the storm and was never reopened after 6 years of operation. In Victoria , the highest sustained wind speed was 110 mph (180 km/h), while gusts reached 150 mph (240 km/h). About 4,260 homes were damaged, with around 500 severely damaged or destroyed. 43 businesses and 26 public buildings were also significantly impacted. Damage in

11826-475: The men said that they had killed civilians, and two others said that they had seen friends die. Each talked about the effects the war had upon their lives—including depression , unemployment , drug use , and homelessness . In 2004, National Review ran an article by Anne Morse entitled "The First Rathergate". She said that almost nothing claimed by participants in The Wall Within was true. Citing

11972-737: The most significant events of the modern age, such as the fall of the Berlin Wall , the Gulf War , 9/11 , the Iraq War , and the war on terror . Rather also famously reported from Dallas in November 1963 at the time that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated . Based on such reporting, he was promoted at CBS News , where he served as White House correspondent beginning in 1964. He served as foreign correspondent in London and Vietnam over

12118-764: The mujahideen which included the Taliban . The Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in the late 1980s, shortly before the collapse of the USSR. Rather was promoted to the anchor spot on the Evening News . He was competing with Roger Mudd , a more senior correspondent and a frequent substitute anchor for Walter Cronkite on Evening News . Mudd had also anchored the Sunday evening broadcast, but Rather traveled through Afghanistan when news led there. A few years into his service as anchor, Rather began wearing sweaters beneath his suit jacket to soften his on-air appearance for viewers. During

12264-490: The newly created 48 Hours , and in January 1999, Rather joined the new 60 Minutes II as a correspondent. Ratings for the Evening News with Rather at the helm fluctuated wildly, at a time when more alternatives to TV news were developing. After a dip to second place, Rather regained the top spot in 1985 until 1989, when he ceded the ratings peak to rival Peter Jennings at ABC's World News Tonight . By 1992, however,

12410-496: The news division's staff. In 1987, new CBS owner Laurence Tisch oversaw layoffs of hundreds of CBS News employees, in a major shake-up of the network. Among those to go were correspondents such as David Andelman , Fred Graham , Morton Dean , and Ike Pappas . Fewer videotape crews were dispatched to cover stories, and numerous bureaus were closed. Critics cited the cutbacks as a major factor in CBS News' fall into third place in

12556-475: The news that Kennedy was shot. This story infuriated local journalists at then-CBS affiliate KRLD-TV (now Fox-owned-and-operated KDFW-TV ). Rather's reporting during the national mourning period following the Kennedy assassination and subsequent events impressed CBS News management. In 1964, they selected him for the network's White House correspondent position. When White House correspondent, he contributed to

12702-656: The newsletter "Steady" on the Substack platform. In April 2024, Rather was interviewed by correspondent Lee Cowan on Sunday Morning , his first return to CBS News since his 2006 departure. Rather was born on October 31, 1931, in Wharton County, Texas , the son of Daniel Irvin Rather Sr., a ditch digger and pipe layer, and the former Byrl Veda Page. Neither of his parents completed high school; however, they were avid readers. The Rathers moved to Houston when he

12848-586: The next two years before returning to the White House correspondent position. He covered the presidency of Richard Nixon , including Nixon's trip to China , the Watergate scandal , and the president's resignation. In 1981, Rather was promoted to news anchor for the CBS Evening News , a role he occupied for 24 years. Along with Peter Jennings at ABC News and Tom Brokaw at NBC News , he

12994-439: The other side of the railroad tracks, beyond the triple underpass, thirty yards from a grassy knoll that would later figure in so many conspiracy theories". His job was to fetch a film drop from a camera truck at that location, and take it to the station for editing. He did not witness the shooting of Kennedy, and knew nothing of the events until he reached KRLD, having run through Dealey Plaza. He later wrote: The moment I cleared

13140-484: The outer bands of Carla. In Kansas, 4 to 7 inches (100 to 180 mm) of rain in only 6 hours caused flash flooding. With a peak amount of 8.52 inches (216 mm) in Haddam , Carla was the rainiest tropical cyclone in Kansas, until being surpassed by Hurricane Paine in 1986 as well as Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 . Severe crop damage occurred, especially in areas of Chautauqua and Shawnee Counties and to

13286-635: The past. The fourth theme was "not worrying about family", and included messages of assurance that the student had made the right choice in pursuing education even if sacrifices of responsibility to and time with the family had to be made. The fifth theme was "setting a good example", and included messages reminding the student of their responsibility to demonstrate maturity , hard work , and focus to younger family members and friends. More than 25% of first generation students attend junior college, and less than half of students parents doesn't attend college. Olson's literature review and research (2014) explores

13432-477: The personal files of Lt. Bush's former commanding officer, Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian . Once copies of the documents were made available on the Internet, their authenticity was quickly called into question. Much of this was based on the fact that the documents were proportionally printed and displayed using other modern typographic conventions usually unavailable on military typewriters of the 1970s. The font used on

13578-639: The population. Schools can also use research models to not only design, but track the most effective practices that provide the utmost opportunities for FGCS. It is also important that teachers and counselors understand how these students define success, and how it may not be measurable or equivalent to an average student whose parents have not attended college before. Although there are programs intact to help FGCS, The Council for Opportunity in Education states that these programs can only serve 11 percent of students. The Institute for Higher Education also points out

13724-508: The preparations to launch the Space Shuttles Columbia and Challenger in close sequence. Rather described the January 10 delay of Columbia as: star-crossed space shuttle Columbia stood ready for launch again today, and once more, the launch was scrubbed. Heavy rain was the cause this time. The launch has been postponed so often since its original date, December 18, that it's now known as mission impossible. This

13870-665: The presidency of Richard Nixon . In 1970, he was also assigned as anchor for the CBS Sunday Night News (1970–73; 1974–75), and later for the CBS Saturday Evening News (1973–76). Rather was among those journalists who accompanied Nixon to China. He later covered the Watergate investigation, as well as the impeachment proceedings against Richard Nixon in Congress. After President Nixon's resignation in 1974, Rather became chief correspondent for

14016-503: The previous hurricane, which had killed 6,000 to 12,000 people. Rather's live coverage of Carla was broadcast by New York and national stations. Ray Miller , news director of KPRC-TV , the NBC affiliate in Houston, also mentored Rather in his early years. On February 28, 1962, Rather left Houston for New York City for a six-month trial initiation at CBS . Rather did not fit in easily on

14162-474: The railroad tracks I saw a scene I will never forget. Some people were lying on the grass, some screaming, some running, some pointing. Policemen swarmed everywhere and distinctly above the din, I heard one shout, 'DON'T ANYBODY PANIC.' And of course, there was nothing but panic wherever you looked. In his autobiography, Rather said he was one of the first to view the Zapruder film showing the assassination, and

14308-1124: The rainfall, flooding in Michigan was relatively minimal, limited to a washed out dam in Traverse City . Precipitation in Wisconsin reached 7.58 inches (193 mm) in Brodhead , causing Carla to rank as the wettest tropical cyclone in the state. Precipitation peaks in other states include 4.44 inches (113 mm) in Alabama , 5.48 inches (139 mm) in Arkansas , 6.37 inches (162 mm) in Mississippi , and 3.6 inches (91 mm) in Indiana . In Cuba, broadcasts reported severe flooding near Pinar del Río , and in Los Colomas and Punta de Cartas. Offshore Honduras on Swan Island,

14454-677: The rainiest tropical cyclone in the state. Heavy precipitation also fell in Missouri , especially in Brookfield , Lee's Summit , and Pleasant Hill . The maximum rainfall total in Missouri was 9.34 inches (237 mm) in Concordia . One fatality was reported in Missouri, though the cause of death is unknown. Rainfall in Iowa peaked at 9.03 inches (229 mm) near Chariton , making Carla

14600-629: The rainiest tropical cyclone in the state. Up to 8 inches (200 mm) of rain fell in a 12-hour period in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan , mostly between Cheboygan and Grand Rapids . However, the Weather Prediction Center indicated precipitation amounts of 6.07 inches (154 mm) in Boyne Falls . Regardless, Carla is the 2nd wettest tropical cyclone in the history of Michigan, behind Beryl in 2024. Despite,

14746-616: The ratings. For a short time from 1993 to 1995, Rather co-anchored the evening news with Connie Chung . Chung had been a Washington, DC correspondent for CBS News, and anchored short news updates on the West Coast during her time as a newscaster for KNXT (now KCBS-TV ) in Los Angeles . On joining the CBS Evening News , she reported "pop news" stories. In one widely cited case, she aggressively pursued Tonya Harding , who

14892-506: The reason that many first-generation college students feel that they do not belong in postsecondary education and/or do not have the skills or intelligence to complete their studies. First-generation college students who struggle with impostor syndrome often cite feeling that their classes are highly competitive and that their continuing-generation peers may "find out" that they are not as capable, as skilled, or as intelligent as they may be perceived. IP perceptions can be influenced depending on

15038-494: The remnants dissipated over the Labrador Sea on September 17. Occurring a year after Hurricane Donna , officials in the Florida Keys took precautions to brace for potential impact from the storm. The United States Navy flew their planes out of Key West , while Coast Guardsmen evacuated Alligator Reef Light , American Shoal Light , and Sombrero Key Light . Ships docked at Key West sailed out to sea to ride out

15184-683: The right resources if they were put into place. Joel Bothello and Thomas J. Roulet , authors of The Imposter Syndrome, or the Mis-Representation of Self in Academic Life, state, "higher education establishments need to change their incentive systems. Scholars need to be encouraged to act less as mercenaries and more as public intellectuals, loyal to institutions that promote and cherish a holistic contribution". Most research tasks postsecondary institutions with addressing impostor feelings among first-generation college students through

15330-620: The same opportunities. Although some relatives are supportive, others are envious and judgmental and may be quick to judge when they see their cousins or other relatives taking advantage of the opportunities given to them. Some go as far to say that those who pursue the college route are a disgrace to the family name because they are not following the traditions and are putting their immediate family into student debt . The Institute for Higher Education (September 2012), provides an issue brief and describes how to support FGCS through classroom-based practices. First, faculty can be key allies as they are

15476-928: The school's football team. When he did not earn an athletic scholarship, Rather turned his focus to journalism and found part-time jobs to pay for tuition. In 1953, Rather earned a bachelor's degree in journalism , and he was editor of the school newspaper, The Houstonian . He was also a member of the Caballeros, the founding organization of the Epsilon Psi chapter of the Sigma Chi fraternity . While in college, Rather worked for KSAM-FM radio in Huntsville, calling junior high, high school, and Sam Houston State football games. After obtaining his undergraduate degree, Rather briefly attended South Texas College of Law in Houston. In January 1954, Rather enlisted in

15622-596: The secondary level to prepare first-generation students for college through academic counseling, college field trips, study skill development, and support from college graduates. In the Rice et al. article, classism is defined as the belief that all members of a certain social class possess certain characteristics inherent to that class. Many of the interviewees found it hard to recall specific experiences of classism, but nevertheless experienced being generally "looked down upon". Non-white first generation college students in

15768-539: The self-published book Stolen Valor (1998) by veteran B. G. Burkett , and investigative journalist Glenna Whitley, Morse said that military records revealed that the six former servicemen had lied about their experiences. Only one served in combat, and two had never been in Vietnam. On September 8, 2004, Rather reported on 60 Minutes Wednesday that a series of memos critical of President George W. Bush's Texas Air National Guard service record had been discovered in

15914-436: The share of undergraduate students who did not work while enrolled whose parents' highest education level was high school or less (34.1%). The share of part-time employed undergraduate students whose parents' highest education level was high school or less was 29.6%. Many first generation students are forced to work to pay for their tuition. The NCES reported these percentages of undergraduate college students whose parents had

16060-684: The south of the Kansas River . Many highways were left impassable due to water inundation. A family of 4 drowned after their car was swept off a road near Waverly . A fifth fatality occurred after a car with one occupant was swept into a tributary of the Marmaton River near Fort Scott . The storm persistently produced winds of 35 to 50 mph (56 to 80 km/h), causing further agricultural damage. In Nebraska , rainfall peaked at 5.68 inches (144 mm) in Hubbrell, making Carla

16206-474: The southwest. Based on observations obtained by a reconnaissance aircraft at 1100 UTC on September 6 – namely a barometric pressure of 982 mbar (29.0 inHg) – a bulletin issued by the Weather Bureau an hour later indicated that the storm had "probably reached hurricane intensity". According to post-season analysis, Carla reached hurricane status at that time. Shortly after becoming

16352-648: The southwestern Caribbean Sea on September 3. As a tropical depression, it strengthened while heading northwest. The system was upgraded to a tropical storm on September 5 and reached hurricane intensity on September 6. On September 7, Carla entered the Gulf of Mexico , passing northeast of the Yucatán Peninsula . On the morning of September 11, Carla became a category 4 hurricane when winds reached 130 mph (282 km/h). Carla made landfall at 2 p.m. on September 11 near Port O'Connor, Texas as

16498-468: The squalls. On the morning of September 7, a hurricane watch was issued from the entire coast of Louisiana eastward to Apalachicola, Florida . On September 8, a hurricane watch was issued along the southwest coast of the state from Vermilion Bay westward. It was later extended westward to include the entire coast of Texas, and eastward to Apalachicola, Florida. A portion of the hurricane watch from Aransas Pass, Texas to Grand Isle, Louisiana

16644-774: The state peaked at 7.68 inches (195 mm) in Kingfisher . More than 140 city blocks were flooded with up to 6 feet (1.8 m) in residential areas of Kingfisher and up to 3 feet (0.91 m) in business areas. 225 homes and buildings in the city suffered water damage. Throughout the state, damage in other areas included 90 homes and buildings in Tulsa , 50 homes each in El Reno and Oklahoma City , and 10 homes in Pawnee . Additionally, water inundation washed out several bridges and highways in northeastern parts of

16790-558: The state, leaving roads impassable. Sustained winds between 30 and 55 mph (48 and 89 km/h) and gusts up to 70 mph (110 km/h) were recorded in Oklahoma. Winds injured two people due to airborne debris. Winds and rain combined severely disrupted electrical and telephone services and caused $ 670,000 in damage, with $ 600,000 to property and $ 70,000 to crops. The storm dropped precipitation amounts of 7 inches (180 mm) throughout northwestern Illinois , with

16936-571: The storm curved just east of due north. After reaching Oklahoma early on September 13, Carla transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located over rural Johnston County . The extratropical remnants of Carla moved rapidly northeastward and brought heavy rainfall to some areas of the Great Plains and Midwestern United States . By September 14, it entered Canada near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario . It then continued swiftly northeastward across Ontario , Quebec , and Labrador , before

17082-887: The storm made landfall as a large and strong Category 4 hurricane. Abnormally high tides and storm surge was reported along the coast of Texas, reaching at least 10 feet (3.0 m) above mean sea level at many coastal areas between Sabine Pass and Port Aransas . The highest tide reported was 18.5 feet (5.6 m) at Port Lavaca, with large wave heights including 12.6 feet (3.8 m) in Matagorda , 10.9 feet (3.3 m) in Port Aransas, 10.8 feet (3.3 m) in Freeport , 10.1 feet (3.1 m) in Texas City , and 10 feet (3.0 m) in Galveston and Sabine . Because

17228-475: The storm struck Matagorda Island , Texas (seven miles south of Port O'Connor ) with winds of 145 mph (233 km/h). Carla rapidly weakened inland, and degenerated to a Category 2 hurricane on September 12, while passing just east of Port Lavaca. Six hours later, the storm was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane near Shiner , shortly before being downgraded to a tropical storm between Taylor and Coupland . Beginning late on September 12,

17374-1951: The storm was a Category 4 hurricane at landfall, Carla produced strong winds, especially near its path. The strongest sustained winds include 115 mph (185 km/h) in Matagorda, 110 mph (180 km/h) in Victoria, and 88 mph (142 km/h). Additionally, the highest wind gust observations include 175 mph (282 km/h) in Port Lavaca, 160 mph (260 km/h) in Matagorda, and 150 mph (240 km/h) in Aransas Pass, Austwell , Edna , Port Aransas, and Victoria. Carla produced heavy rainfall in Texas, peaking at 17.48 inches (444 mm) in Bay City . Other significant precipitation totals include 16.49 inches (419 mm) at Scholes International Airport at Galveston , 14.94 inches (379 mm) in Downtown Galveston, 13.05 inches (331 mm) in Wharton , 12.55 inches (319 mm) in Liberty , 12.47 inches (317 mm) in Dickinson , 11.81 inches (300 mm) in Flatonia, 10.59 inches (269 mm) in Columbus , 8.75 inches (222 mm) in Hallettsville , and 8.9 inches (230 mm) in Smithville . The most significant property damage occurred between Port Arthur and Corpus Christi . Port O'Connor, lying nearest to

17520-411: The story as it was aired, and I certainly would not have used the documents in question." The controversy has been referred to by some as "Memogate" and "Rathergate". Hurricane Carla Hurricane Carla was the most intense tropical cyclone landfall in Texas in the 20th century. The third named storm of the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season , Carla developed from an area of squally weather in

17666-489: The strongest predictors for college attendance and completion are academic preparation, social support, access to information, parental involvement and knowledge about college, and financial aid. Another form of social support is the prevalence of strong social networks that support a student's academic and emotional development. Federally funded programs such as Upward Bound , Talent Search, Gear Up , and non-profit organizations such as AVID have been implemented at

17812-445: The student's familial background. According to research, first-generation students are generally less academically prepared for college because they do not have the guidance by their parents. In return, they develop lower self-esteem and lower ambitions to complete their degree because they feel pressurized by the burden of attaining social norms and succeeding. In The Journal of Higher Education , Ernest Pascarella et al. reiterate

17958-472: The students of agricultural background interviewed by Patrick Schultz made the decision to pursue post-secondary education in late high school. When a student's parents supported their pursuit of post-secondary education, the decision to attend college was much easier, but when parental support was absent, the decision was more likely to be conflicted and confusing. Family achievement guilt is defined by Rebecca Covarrubias, Andrea Romero, and Michael Trivelli as

18104-654: The study would sometimes refer to their experiences using racial or ethnic terms interchangeably with class terms, showing that dimensions of their identities are not separable from one another. Indeed, an article by Jessica Harris and Chris Linder discusses abundant literature reporting on the high prevalence of racial micro-agrression against graduate students of color within the university which becomes normalized due to its commonness. The interviewees also acknowledged stereotypes of students of higher classes, including that they do not work as hard or value their education as much as less affluent students. Patrick Shultz conducted

18250-601: The subsequent events following the Kennedy assassination. In 1965, he contributed to the reporting of return to Washington from Dallas by Charles von Fremd during a conversation that NBC Director Max Schindler, who directed the coverage of the arrival for the networks, did with President Lyndon B. Johnson , at the White House for the TV networks. In 1965, Rather served as a foreign correspondent for CBS in London , and in 1966 in Vietnam . He served again as White House correspondent during

18396-453: The tension that many students from rural backgrounds face when deciding whether to attend college. The choice between staying at home to working in a trade which does not require a college degree and pursuing an education which will likely result in that student permanently living away from where they grew up can be hard because of mixed expectations and hopes from the students themselves, their parents, and their advisors or mentors. Many of

18542-421: The then National Weather Center in Galveston and showing the first radar image of a hurricane on TV. He conceived of overlaying a transparent map over the radar screen, in order to show the size of Hurricane Carla to the audience. Convinced of the threat, more than 350,000 people evacuated from the area, the largest known evacuation to that time. Their actions are believed to have saved thousands of lives compared to

18688-732: The tornadoes. Damage in Louisiana totaled to about $ 25 million. A breakdown of losses include $ 6 million to agriculture, $ 5 million to buildings, $ 4 million to boats and beach property, $ 3 million to roads and bridges, $ 5 million to oil platforms just offshore, and $ 2 million in miscellaneous damage. Carla and its remnants brought heavy rainfall and strong winds to portions of Oklahoma. About 2–8 inches (51–203 mm) of rain fell in Grant , Tillman , Washita Counties . Heavier amounts of at least 5 inches (130 mm) fell in Atoka and Pushmataha County . Precipitation in

18834-496: The unfamiliarity FGCS face when they navigate through their postsecondary education and the fact that they usually do this on their own. Olson cites how FGCS have been found to enter college with the expectation that it will lead to a high-paying or prestigious job, which are not guaranteed outcomes. Brooks-Terry (1998) explores FGCS go into college with faulty expectations and struggle with "double assignment", which entail handling their courses while also learning and understanding

18980-507: The way each class approaches and values higher education. The "cultural mismatch" between the college environment and first-generation college students' working-class backgrounds can be a source of academic disadvantage. Middle class students are typically socialized to value independence, and they are encouraged to approach college with the intention to "separate and distinguish themselves from their parents..., to find themselves, to develop their voices, to follow their passions, and to influence

19126-495: The weather bureau building in Galveston during the storm, live on-site storm coverage that would be imitated by later reporters. This marked the first live television broadcast of a hurricane. Rather also alerted the public of the size of Carla in a way that "literally changed the way the world sees hurricanes", according to a fellow reporter. Broadcasting live at the Weather Bureau Office in Galveston, Rather asked

19272-663: The western portions of Louisiana, sustained winds peaked at 44 mph (71 km/h) and gusts reached 55 mph (89 km/h). Only minor damage occurred, limited to roofs, glass, and downed tree limbs. Winds caused a local river to reach 1 foot (0.30 m) above flood stage . The 11 tornadoes spawned by Carla in Louisiana destroyed 140 homes and 11 farm and other buildings, while causing major damage to 231 additional homes and 11 farm and other buildings. Additionally, 748 homes and 75 farm and other buildings suffered minor to moderate damage. Six fatalities and 199 injuries occurred, mostly related to

19418-415: The world". On the other hand, working class students are often socialized to value interdependence , such as by "adjusting and responding to others' needs" and "being a part of a community", and may view college through a lens of interdependence as well. The article shows how American first and second tier universities included in their study do indeed reflect the middle class values of independence, creating

19564-425: Was a child, where Dan attended Lovett Elementary School and Hamilton Middle School. He graduated in 1950 from John H. Reagan High School in Houston where he played football. Rather aspired to be a reporter, and his mother encouraged him to attend college and to become the first person in the family to earn a college degree . He hitchhiked to Sam Houston State Teachers College in Huntsville, Texas and walked on to

19710-405: Was a source of pride and identity which also set them apart as multidimensionally "different" from their peers. In the case of African Americans in the post- Reconstruction era , higher education was seen by some as a means of generating leadership to bring entire oppressed classes to recognition. Battle and Wright, in their quantitative assessment of W. E. B. Du Bois 's " Talented Tenth " in

19856-525: Was abruptly fired. In September 2007, Rather filed a $ 70 million lawsuit against CBS and its former parent company Viacom . Rather accused the network and its ownership and management of making him a " scapegoat " in the Killian story. An intermediate New York state appeals court dismissed the lawsuit in September 2009, and the New York Court of Appeals refused to reinstate it in January 2010. On

20002-400: Was accused of a plot to injure fellow Olympic ice skater Nancy Kerrigan . After Chung left the network, Rather went back to doing the newscast alone. By the 2005–06 season, the end of Rather's time as anchor, CBS Evening News lagged behind NBC Nightly News and ABC World News Tonight in the ratings. But it still drew approximately 5.5 million viewers a night. Criticism of Rather reached

20148-491: Was also sent to the area. Members of the United States National Guard assisted refugees in returning to their homes and worked to prevent looting. Owing to the hurricane's intensity and destruction, the name Carla was retired after his season, and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. The name was replaced with Carol for the 1965 season . First-generation college students in

20294-621: Was appointed chief of the Southern bureau in New Orleans , responsible for coverage of news events in the South, Southwest, Mexico and Central America . In his autobiography, Rather noted that he was in Dallas in November 1963 to return film from an interview in Uvalde at the ranch of former Vice President John Nance Garner , who celebrated his 95th birthday on November 22. He happened to be "on

20440-468: Was considered an example of the "biting sarcasm" the media used related to NASA's scheduling. Columbia launched on January 12. On January 27, Rather's reporting of the expected Challenger launch began as follows: Yet another costly, red-faces-all-around space-shuttle-launch delay. This time, a bad bolt on a hatch and a bad-weather bolt from the blue are being blamed. What's more, a rescheduled launch for tomorrow doesn't look good either. Bruce Hall has

20586-420: Was continuing to intensify, with surface winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). Radars reported an unusually large tropical cyclone, with convective bands extending about 520 miles (840 km) outward from the center. Around 0000 UTC on September 6, Carla passed near Swan Island , which reported a barometric pressure of about 995 mbar (29.4 inHg) and wind gusts of 60 mph (97 km/h) from

20732-438: Was cooperating with the grand jury investigation and House Judiciary Committee in relation to the Watergate scandal. NBC 's Tom Brokaw has said the network considered hiring him to replace Rather as its White House correspondent, but dropped it after word was leaked to the press. Rather was believed to have provided tough coverage of the Watergate scandal , raising his profile. In January 1986, NASA faced repeated delays in

20878-652: Was high school or less. Students whose parents' highest education level was high school or less also represented: Through interviews with first-generation college students older than 25 at a small liberal arts college , researchers Kathleen Byrd and Ginger Macdonald found that these students considered their age to be a positive contributor to their time management and self-advocacy skills. Having more experience navigating life and work contributed to their confidence. Some interviewees expressed that their self-advocacy skills in particular had helped to compensate for what they lacked in background knowledge, or cultural capital, of

21024-459: Was one of the " Big Three " nightly news anchors in the U.S. from the 1980s through the early 2000s. He frequently contributed to CBS's weekly news magazine, 60 Minutes . Rather left the anchor desk in 2005 following the Killian documents controversy , in which he presented unauthenticated documents in a news report on President George W. Bush 's Vietnam War –era service in the National Guard . He continued to work with CBS until 2006, when he

21170-530: Was up for renewal the following year, whereupon he was completely ousted. During Richard Nixon 's presidency, critics accused Rather of biased coverage against him. At a Houston news conference in March 1974, Nixon fielded a question from Rather, still CBS's White House correspondent, who said, "Thank you, Mr. President. Dan Rather, of CBS News." The room filled with jeers and applause, prompting Nixon to joke, "Are you running for something?" Rather replied, "No, sir, Mr. President. Are you?" He questioned whether Nixon

21316-462: Was upgraded to a hurricane warning at 1600 UTC on September 9. An estimated 500,000 people fled the coasts of Texas and Louisiana, making it the largest evacuation in the history of the United States, at the time. Further, at least half of those people were from Texas. In small towns along the coast of Texas, 90–100% of their populations evacuated, while 20% of people left the larger cities. Many in Galveston stayed due to protection from

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