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58-472: Danilov Monastery is claimed to have been founded in the late 13th century by Alexander Nevsky 's son Daniel . Shortly before his death in 1303, Daniel is supposed to have taken monastic vows and been buried there. The Russian Orthodox church venerates him as a saint . Daniel's successors had this monastery relocated to the Kremlin . All that remained at the original location was a graveyard. In 1560, Ivan

116-433: A parish church . The earliest Christian places of worship are now often referred to as chapels, as they were not dedicated buildings but rather a dedicated chamber within a building. Most larger churches had one or more secondary altars which, if they occupied a distinct space, would often be called a chapel. In Russian Orthodox tradition, the chapels were built underneath city gates, where most people could visit them;

174-558: A church or monastery, for example in remote areas; these are often called a chapel of ease . A feature of all these types is that often no clergy were permanently resident or specifically attached to the chapel. For historical reasons, chapel is also often the term used by independent or nonconformist denominations for their places of worship in England and especially in Wales, even where they are large and in practice they operate as

232-550: A contract for the transfer of the shrine to Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra for a period of 49 years. On 12 September 2023, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow placed the relics back into the silver sarcophagus. Alexander's principal feast day is 23 November. A second feast day was instituted on 30 August in commemoration of the placing of his relics in the Annunciation Church. He

290-591: A famous example is the Iberian Chapel . Although chapels frequently refer to Christian places of worship, they are also found in Jewish synagogues and do not necessarily denote a specific denomination. In England—where the Church of England is established by law— interdenominational or interfaith chapels in such institutions may be consecrated by the local Anglican bishop. Chapels that are not affiliated with

348-667: A few buildings in Moscow . In the second half of the 19th century, Danilov Monastery's cemetery was a final resting place for many writers, artists and scientists, such as Nikolai Gogol , Nikolai Yazykov , Vasili Perov , Nikolai Rubinstein , Vladimir Solovyov and many others. The remains of most of them, however, were transported in Soviet years to the Novodevichy Cemetery . By 1917, Danilov Monastery had 19 monks and four novices and owned 164 desyatinas of land. After

406-472: A hospital or university chapel). Chapels that are built as part of a larger church are holy areas set aside for some specific use or purpose: for instance, many cathedrals and large churches have a " Lady chapel " in the apse, dedicated to the Virgin Mary ; parish churches may have such a Lady chapel in a side aisle or a "chapel of Reservation" or " Blessed Sacrament chapel" where the consecrated bread of

464-406: A particular denomination are commonly encountered as part of a non-religious institution such as a hospital, airport, university or prison. Many military installations have chapels for the use of military personnel, normally under the leadership of a military chaplain . The earliest Christian places of worship were not dedicated buildings but rather a dedicated chamber within a building, such as

522-490: A room in an individual's home. Here, one or two people could pray without being part of a communion or congregation. People who like to use chapels may find it peaceful and relaxing to be away from the stress of life, without other people moving around them. The word chapel , like the associated word chaplain , is ultimately derived from Latin . More specifically, the word is derived from a relic of Saint Martin of Tours : traditional stories about Martin relate that while he

580-609: A saint of the Russian Orthodox Church by Metropolitan Macarius in 1547. In 1695, a new wooden reliquary was made in Moscow, and the relics were placed in it in 1697. By order of Peter the Great , the relics were then removed from Vladimir on 11 August 1723 and transported to Shlisselburg , arriving there on 20 September. There they were kept until 1724, when they were brought to Saint Petersburg and installed in

638-459: A sword, from a sword will perish," is a phrase that is often attributed to Alexander Nevsky, though it was not in fact said by him; it comes from Eisenstein's film, where it was said by actor Nikolai Cherkasov . There is a long tradition of Russian naval vessels bearing Nevsky's name, such as the 19th-century propeller frigate Alexander Nevsky and K-550 Alexander Nevsky , a nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine currently in service with

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696-552: Is also commemorated in common with other saints of Rostov and Yaroslavl on 23 May. In February 2024, it was announced that the memory of Saint Alexander Nevsky had been removed from the synaxarion used by the Orthodox Church of Ukraine . According to the Novgorod First Chronicle , Alexander married first a daughter of Bryacheslav Vasilkovich, Prince of Polotsk and Vitebsk , in 1239. Her name

754-464: Is not given in the chronicle. Genealogies name her as Paraskeviya or Alexandra (possibly birth and marital names respectively). They had five children: He married a second wife named Vasilisa or Vassa shortly before his death. They had one son. Some of Alexander's policies on the Western border were continued by his grandson-in-law, Daumantas of Pskov , who was also beatified in the 16th century. In

812-677: Is the katholikon dedicated to the Holy Fathers of the First seven ecumenical councils (a dedication not found anywhere else in the Christian world). The lower temple was built during the reign of Tsar Alexis as a church dedicated to the feast of the Intercession. Two Baroque upper churches were completed in 1730 and 1752, respectively. The katholikon is the only building in Moscow to feature two distinct churches above another church on

870-577: The Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra on 30 August. In 1753, a silver shrine with sarcophagus for the relics, made with 90 pounds of silver, was donated by Empress Elizabeth of Russia . With the completion of the Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in 1790, the shrine and relics were transferred there at its consecration on 30 August, one of the saint's feast days. In May 1922, during

928-874: The Baltic Sea from the Novgorodians in 1256. Upon the conquest of the Grand Principality of Vladimir by the Mongols in 1238, its reigning prince, Yuri II Vsevolodovich , was killed in the Battle of the Sit River ; his younger brother, Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich (Alexander's father), requested and received from the Mongol khan his permission to become the new prince. As prince, he assigned Novgorod to his son Alexander. However, while traveling in 1245 to

986-479: The Lady chapel is a common type of these. Second, a chapel is a place of worship, sometimes interfaith , that is part of a building, complex, or vessel with some other main purpose, such as a school, college, hospital, palace or large aristocratic house, castle, barracks , prison , funeral home , hotel, airport, or a military or commercial ship. Third, chapels are small places of worship, built as satellite sites by

1044-542: The Moscow Patriarchy and became a spiritual and administrative centre of the Russian Orthodox Church . In 1988, the monastery was restored. A residence was built for the Patriarch and Synod , as well as a funeral chapel and a chapel in commemoration of the 1000 years of Russia's baptism . Apart from the 17th-century defensive towers and walls, the surviving buildings include the katholikon (main church),

1102-531: The October Revolution , the monastery housed archimandrites who had been deprived of their pulpits . In 1929, the Soviets issued a special decree on closing the monastery and organizing a detention facility on its premises under the auspices of NKVD (приёмник-распределитель НКВД, or priyomnik-raspredelitel' NKVD ). The last monastery closed in Moscow became the first one to be returned in 1983 to

1160-507: The Order of Alexander Nevsky during the war. This segment coincided with the 800th anniversary since the birth of Alexander Nevsky in 1221. Chapel A chapel (from Latin : cappella , a diminutive of cappa , meaning "little cape") is a Christian place of prayer and worship that is usually relatively small. The term has several meanings. First, smaller spaces inside a church that have their own altar are often called chapels;

1218-552: The Pskov Republic and Votia , a tributary of Novgorod. The Novgorodian authorities recalled Alexander, and in the spring of 1241, he returned from exile and assembled an army. Alexander managed to retake Pskov and Koporye from the crusaders and drive out the invaders. He then continued into Estonian-German territory. The crusaders defeated a detachment of the Novgorodian army about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of

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1276-845: The Russian Navy . Alexander Nevsky's fame was spread wherever Imperial Russia had a strong influence; thus numerous cathedrals and churches were dedicated to him, including the Patriarchal Cathedral in Sofia , Bulgaria ; the Cathedral church in Tallinn , Estonia ; the Cathedral church in Łódź , Poland ; the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Ungheni , Moldova . On 24 September 2008, Alexander Nevsky

1334-684: The Second Pskovian Chronicle : Returning from the Golden Horde, the Great Prince Alexander, reached the city of Nizhny Novgorod, and remained there for several days in good health, but when he reached the city of Gorodets he fell ill... Great Prince Alexander, who was always firm in his faith in God, gave up this worldly kingdom ... And then he gave up his soul to God and died in peace on 12 November [1263], on

1392-728: The general confiscation of Russian Orthodox Church property , the sarcophagus was opened and the relics removed; and the elaborate silver shrine was transferred to the Hermitage Museum . The relics were put into storage at the Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism, before being returned to the Holy Trinity Cathedral in 1989. On 10 May 2023, the Hermitage Museum and Alexander Nevsky Lavra signed

1450-513: The sobriquet Nevsky ("of the Neva"). This victory, coming just three years after the disastrous Mongol invasions , strengthened Alexander's political influence, but at the same time it worsened his relations with the boyars . Alexander would be banished to Pereslavl-Zalessky . Later in 1240, crusaders from the Bishopric of Dorpat along with the forces of the exiled prince of Pskov attacked

1508-535: The Egyptian Pharaoh placed as next to the king after him of Egypt. His power was a part of the power of Samson and God gave him the wisdom of Solomon ... this Prince Alexander: he used to defeat but was never defeated... Born in Pereslavl-Zalessky , Alexander was the second son of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and Feodosia Igorevna of Ryazan. His maternal grandfather was Igor Glebovich,

1566-734: The Ice . He preserved separate statehood and Orthodoxy , agreeing to pay tribute to the powerful Golden Horde . Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow canonized Alexander Nevsky as a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1547. From the Tales of the Life and Courage of the Pious and Great Prince Alexander found in the Second Pskovian Chronicle ( c.  1260–1280 ) comes one of the first known references to Alexander Yaroslavich: By

1624-571: The Mongol capital Karakorum in Central Asia, Yaroslav died. When in 1248 Alexander and his older brother Andrey II Yaroslavich also traveled to Karakorum to attend upon the Great Khan, Andrey returned with the award of the title of grand prince of Vladimir and Alexander the nominal lordship of Kiev. The Rurikid princes of Rus' were obliged to appear before the khan in person to be affirmed in their principalities. When Möngke became

1682-922: The Neoclassical cathedral of the Holy Trinity (1833–1838), the Baroque gate church and belltower of St Simeon Stylites (1681, 1732), a group of 19th-century dwellings for monks and the father superior, and the extensive modern residence of the Holy Synod and the Patriarch (1988). Right next door is the large parish church of the Renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem , built in 1832–1837 to Neoclassical designs by Fyodor Shestakov . The oldest building

1740-474: The Terrible visited the village of Danilovskoye and noticed the neglected graveyard. Upon learning about the old monastery, he invited monks to settle there again. In 1591, when the armies of a Crimean khan Kaza Giray approached Moscow, the grounds were fortified and used as a mobile camp. In 1606, the rebels led by Ivan Bolotnikov and Istoma Pashkov collided with the army of Vasili IV not far from

1798-569: The cape was called the capella and the priests who said daily Mass in the tent were known as the capellani . From these words, via Old French , we get the names "chapel" and "chaplain". The word also appears in the Irish language (Gaelic) in the Middle Ages , as Welsh people came with the Norman and Old English invaders to the island of Ireland. While the traditional Irish word for church

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1856-456: The celebration of services, particularly the Mass, which is not a parish church. This may be a private chapel, for the use of one person or a select group (a bishop's private chapel, or the chapel of a convent, for instance); a semi-public oratory, which is partially available to the general public (a seminary chapel that welcomes visitors to services, for instance); or a public oratory (for instance,

1914-599: The day when the Holy Apostle Philip is remembered... At this burial Metropolitan Archbishop Cyril said, 'My children, you should know that the sun of the Suzdalian land has set. There will never be another prince like him in the Suzdalian land.' And the priests and deacons and monks, the poor and the wealthy, and all the people said: 'It is our end.' The veneration of Alexander began almost immediately after his burial, when he reportedly extended his hand for

1972-572: The easternmost part of the Baltic region. According to the Novgorod First Chronicle written in the 14th century, more than a century after the events it records, the Swedish army landed at the confluence of the rivers Izhora and Neva , when Alexander and his small army suddenly attacked the Swedes on 15 July 1240 and defeated them at the Battle of the Neva . Following the battle, Alexander received

2030-421: The film was written by Sergei Prokofiev , who also reworked the score into a concert cantata . Today the film is renowned for its extraordinary battle on ice sequence, which has served as inspiration for countless other films. In the picture, Nevsky used a number of Russian proverbs , tying Nevsky firmly to Russian tradition. The famous proverbial phrase (paraphrasing Matthew 26:52), "Whoever will come to us with

2088-523: The fortress of Dorpat . As a result, Alexander set up a position at Lake Peipus . Alexander and his men then faced the Livonian heavy cavalry led by Hermann of Dorpat , brother of Albert of Buxhoeveden , where they met on 5 April 1242. Alexander's army then defeated the enemy in the Battle on the Ice , halting the eastward expansion of the Teutonic Order . Later Russian sources would elevate

2146-435: The ground floor. When the monastery was closed in 1929 and 1930, its bell set was saved from Communist melting through the purchase by American industrialist Charles R. Crane . The largest of the bells, Bolshoi (or The Big One - called The Mother Earth Bell at Harvard), weighs 13 tons and has a 700-pound clapper. The smallest weighs just 22 pounds. Crane donated the bells to Harvard University and they were installed in

2204-531: The importance of the battle and portray it as one of the great Russian victories of the Middle Ages. After the Livonian invasion, Nevsky continued to strengthen the Republic of Novgorod. He sent his envoys to Norway and, as a result, they signed a first peace treaty between Novgorod and Norway in 1251. Alexander led his army to Finland and successfully routed the Swedes, who had made another attempt to block

2262-623: The late 13th century, a chronicle was compiled called the Life of Alexander Nevsky (Житие Александра Невского), in which he is depicted as an ideal prince-soldier and defender of Russia. On 21 May 1725, the empress Catherine I introduced the Imperial Order of St. Alexander Nevsky as one of the highest decorations in the land. During World War II , on 29 July 1942, the Soviet authorities introduced an Order of Alexander Nevsky to revive

2320-573: The main tower of Harvard's Lowell House and at the Harvard Business School 's Baker Library . Beginning in the 1980s, with openness under Gorbachev, there were calls to return the bells, and after numerous meetings over the years, the bells were returned to the Russian Orthodox Church in the fall of 2008. Russian industrialist Viktor Vekselberg , famous for buying up a number of Faberge Eggs , agreed to pay for

2378-589: The memory of Alexander's struggle with the Germans. There was also an earlier Bulgarian Order dedicated to Saint Alexander which was founded on 25 December 1881, which ceased to exist when the People's Republic was declared on 16 September 1946. In 1938, Sergei Eisenstein made one of his most acclaimed films, Alexander Nevsky , about Alexander's victory over the Teutonic Knights. The soundtrack for

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2436-535: The monastery was ransacked by the French army . The monasterial sacristy and treasury , however, had been transported to Vologda and Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra shortly before the French occupied Moscow. First documented information on Danilov Monastery's landownership can be traced back to 1785, when it owned 18 desyatinas of land. By the end of the 19th century, the monastery had already possessed 178 desyatinas and

2494-625: The monastery. In 1607, an impostor by the name of Ileyka Muromets , who had pretended to be tsarevich Peter (son of Feodor I of Russia ), was executed next to Danilov Monastery. Being in the center of many military events during the Time of Troubles , the monastery was severely damaged in 1610. In the early 17th century, it was surrounded by a brick wall with seven towers. In 1710, there were 30 monks in Danilov Monastery. In 1764, there were only twelve of them on staff. By 1900, however,

2552-533: The most senior of the princes at the time following the fall of Kiev. Alexander faithfully supported Mongol rule within his own domains. In 1259, he led an army to the city of Novgorod and forced it to pay tribute it had previously refused to the Golden Horde. Some historians see Alexander's choice of subordination to the Golden Horde as an important reaffirmation of East Slavs' Orthodox orientation (which begun under Vladimir I of Kiev and his grandmother Olga ). Orlando Figes mentions that "Nevsky's collaboration

2610-404: The new great khan in 1251, only two years after Guyuk's death, he demanded another appearance at Sarai on the Volga, but Andrey refused to go. Thanks to his friendship with Sartaq Khan , the subsequent invasion by the Mongols, their first venture into northeastern Rus' since the initial conquest, saw Andrey exiled to Sweden and Alexander assuming the title of grand prince of Vladimir in 1252,

2668-428: The northern industrial towns of the late 18th and 19th centuries, and centres of population close to but outside the City of London . As a result, "chapel" is sometimes used as an adjective in England and Wales to describe members of such churches: for example in the sentence, "I'm Chapel." While the word chapel is not exclusively limited to Christian terminology, it is most often found in that context. Nonetheless,

2726-442: The number rose to seventeen. Among the monks who lived in Danilov Monastery during its history was the renowned Greek scholar Nikephoros Theotokis , who retired to this monastery in 1792 from his bishop 's position in South Russia, and lived here until his death in 1800. In 1805, an almshouse for elderly women was established at the monastery; later it was turned into an almshouse for elderly clergymen and their widows. In 1812,

2784-415: The prayer of absolution. According to Orthodox tradition, Alexander foresaw his death and before this took strict Orthodox Christian monastic vows, called Great Schema , and took the name Alexey. In 1380, Alexander's remains were uncovered in response to a vision before the Battle of Kulikovo and found to be incorrupt . The relics were then placed in a shrine in the church. Alexander was canonized as

2842-554: The repatriation of the 18 bells and for the cost of casting replacements of them in Russia to be hung at Harvard. The first of the bells, known as the Everyday (or Weekday) Bell, weighing 2.2 tons, arrived at the Danilov Monastery on September 12, 2007; the remaining seventeen were returned on September 12, 2008. Alexander Nevsky Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky ( Russian : Александр Ярославич Невский ; IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr jɪrɐˈsɫavʲɪtɕ ˈnʲɛfskʲɪj] ; monastic name : Aleksiy ; 13 May 1221 – 14 November 1263)

2900-420: The rise in Nonconformist chapels during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, by the time of the 1851 census , more people attended the independent chapels than attended the state religion's Anglican churches. (The Anglican Church does not function as the established church in Scotland.) In Roman Catholic Church canon law, a chapel, technically called an " oratory ", is a building or part thereof dedicated to

2958-434: The second son of Gleb Rostislavich, the prince of Ryazan ( d.  1178 ). His maternal grandmother was Agrafena of Kiev, daughter of Rostislav I of Kiev . In 1236, Alexander was appointed by the Novgorodians to become their prince ( knyaz ), where he had already served as his father's governor in Novgorod. In 1237, the Swedes received papal authorization to launch a crusade , and in 1240, new campaigns began in

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3016-400: The will of God, prince Alexander was born from the charitable, people-loving, and meek the Great Prince Yaroslav, and his mother was Theodosia. As it was told by the prophet Isaiah : 'Thus sayeth the Lord: I appoint the princes because they are sacred and I direct them.' ...He was taller than others and his voice reached the people as a trumpet, and his face was like the face of Joseph , whom

3074-481: The word's meaning can vary by denomination, and non-denominational chapels (sometimes called "meditation rooms") can be found in many hospitals, airports, and even the United Nations headquarters . Chapels can also be found for worship in Judaism . "Chapel" is in particularly common usage in the United Kingdom , and especially in Wales , for Nonconformist places of worship; and in Scotland and Ireland for Roman Catholic churches. In England and Wales, due to

3132-427: Was eaglais (derived from ecclesia ), a new word, séipéal (from cappella ), came into usage. In British history, "chapel" or " meeting house " were formerly the standard designations for church buildings belonging to independent or Nonconformist religious societies and their members. They were particularly associated with the pre-eminence of independent religious practice in rural parts of England and Wales,

3190-403: Was Prince of Novgorod (1236–1240; 1241–1256; 1258–1259), Grand Prince of Kiev (1246–1263) and Grand Prince of Vladimir (1252–1263). Commonly regarded as a key figure in medieval Russian history, Alexander was a grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest and rose to legendary status on account of his military victories over Swedish invaders, specifically the Battle of the Neva and the Battle on

3248-416: Was declared the main hero of Russia's history by popular vote, as reported by the Kommersant newspaper. In December 2008, he was voted the greatest Russian in the Name of Russia television poll. During the 2021 Moscow Victory Day Parade, a small historical segment of the parade featured Russian soldiers dressed in historical M1945 Red Army uniforms carrying out the Soviet combat banners which received

3306-417: Was no doubt motivated by his distrust of the West, which he regarded as a greater threat to Orthodox Russia than the Golden Horde". On 14 November 1263, while returning from Sarai on one of his frequent visits to the Horde, Alexander died in the town of Gorodets -on-the- Volga . On 23 November 1263, he was buried in the church of the Monastery of the Nativity of the Holy Mother of God in Vladimir . From

3364-456: Was still a soldier, he cut his military cloak in half to give part to a beggar in need. The other half he wore over his shoulders as a "small cape" ( Latin : cappella ). The beggar, the stories claim, was Christ in disguise, and Martin experienced a conversion of heart, becoming first a monk, then abbot, then bishop. This cape came into the possession of the Frankish kings, and they kept the relic with them as they did battle. The tent which kept

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