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58-409: Danjiri are large wooden carts ( danjiri guruma ) in the shape of a shrine or temple . The carts, often being crafted out of wood, are very ornate, with elaborate carvings. Towns with danjiri festivals in them have different neighborhoods , each with their own guild responsible for maintaining their own danjiri cart. The cart is kept in storage for most of the year. As the festival approaches,

116-490: A metaphorical meaning in relation to online purchases (here, British English uses the metaphor of the shopping basket). Shopping carts first made their appearance in Oklahoma City in 1937. In golf, both manual push or pull and electric golf trolleys are designed to carry a golfer's bag, clubs and other equipment. Also, the golf cart, car, or buggy, is a powered vehicle that carries golfers and their equipment around

174-408: A sedan chair or an infant walker . Other carts: Larger carts may be drawn by animals, such as horses, mules, and oxen. They have been in continuous use since the invention of the wheel, in the 4th millennium BC. Carts may be named for the animal that pulls them, such as horsecart or oxcart . In modern times, horsecarts are used in competition while draft horse showing . A dogcart , however,

232-443: A ship's wheel , steering wheel , potter's wheel , and flywheel . Common examples can be found in transport applications. A wheel reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles . In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity or by the application of another external force or torque . The English word wheel comes from

290-464: A billy cart, go-cart, trolley etc.) is a popular children's construction project on wheels, usually pedaled, but also intended for a test race. Similar, but more sophisticated are modern-day pedal cart toys used in general recreation and racing. The term "go-kart" (also shortened as "kart", an alternative spelling of "cart"), has existed since 1959, and refers to a tiny race car with a frame and two-stroke engine . The old term go-cart originally meant

348-414: A corner, and for this reason shop owners may buy Danjiri Insurance. The Kishiwada Danjiri Matsuri is probably the most famous Danjiri festival, with its fast danjiri and very animated guild leaders that ride up on top of the danjiri, hopping and dancing as the danjiri moves faster and faster. It attracts thousands of spectators every year. Cart A cart or dray (Australia and New Zealand )

406-474: A golf course faster and with less effort than walking. A Porter's trolley is a type of small, hand-propelled wheeled platform. This can also be called a baggage cart . Autocarts are a type of small, hand-propelled wheeled utility carts having a pivoting base for collapsible storage in vehicles. They eliminate the need for plastic or paper shopping bags and are also used by tradespersons to carry tools, equipment or supplies. A soap-box cart (also known as

464-427: A harness on dogs or other light animals. Traces are made from a range of materials depending on the load and frequency of use. Heavy draught traces are made from iron or steel chain. Lighter traces are often leather and sometimes hemp rope , but plaited horse-hair and other similar decorative materials can be used. The dray is often associated with the transport of barrels . Wheel#History A wheel

522-408: A heavy load—a practice going back in pre-history so far that it has not been dated. The rim is the "outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire". It makes up the outer circular design of the wheel on which the inside edge of the tire is mounted on vehicles such as automobiles . For example, on a bicycle wheel the rim is a large hoop attached to the outer ends of the spokes of the wheel that holds

580-399: A horse, pony or dog. Examples include: The builder of a cart may be known as a cartwright ; the surname "Carter" also derives from the occupation of transporting goods by cart or wagon. Carts have many different shapes, but the basic idea of transporting material (or maintaining a collection of materials in a portable fashion) remains. Carts may have a pair of shafts, one along each side of

638-435: A log) into their finished shape. A spokeshave is a tool originally developed for this purpose. Eventually, the term spoke was more commonly applied to the finished product of the wheelwright 's work, than to the materials used. The rims of wire wheels (or "wire spoked wheels") are connected to their hubs by wire spokes . Although these wires are generally stiffer than a typical wire rope , they function mechanically

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696-453: A mobile stage elevating the condemned on the way to the guillotine: this was simply a continuation of earlier practice when they were used as the removable support in the gallows, before Albert Pierrepoint calculated the precise drop needed for instant severance of the spinal column . Of the cart types not animal-drawn, perhaps the most common example today is the shopping cart ( British English : shopping trolley), which has also come to have

754-611: A site of the Longshan Culture . Similar tracks were also found at Yanshi , a city of the Erlitou culture , dating to around 1700 BCE. The earliest evidence of spoked wheels in China comes from Qinghai , in the form of two wheel hubs from a site dated between 2000 and 1500   BCE. Wheeled vehicles were introduced to China from the west. In Britain, a large wooden wheel, measuring about 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter,

812-401: A slow development over centuries in many locales. Mesopotamian civilization was credited with the invention of the wheel by several, mainly old sources. Some recent sources either suggest that the wheel was invented independently in both Mesopotamia and Eastern Europe or credit prehistoric Eastern Europeans with the invention of the wheel, and that unlike other breakthrough inventions,

870-404: A strong cultural and spiritual metaphor for a cycle or regular repetition (see chakra , reincarnation , Yin and Yang among others). As such and because of the difficult terrain, wheeled vehicles were forbidden in old Tibet . The wheel in ancient China is seen as a symbol of health and strength and used by some villages as a tool to predict future health and success. The diameter of the wheel

928-626: A tread and a body. The tread provides traction while the body ensures support. Before rubber was invented, the first versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fitted around wooden wheels to prevent wear and tear. Today, the vast majority of tires are pneumatic inflatable structures , comprising a doughnut-shaped body of cords and wires encased in rubber and generally filled with compressed air to form an inflatable cushion. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, such as cars , bicycles , motorcycles , trucks , earthmovers , and aircraft . Extreme off-road conditions have resulted in

986-606: A wheeled vehicle appeared between 3631 and 3380 BCE in the Bronocice clay pot excavated in a Funnelbeaker culture settlement in southern Poland . In nearby Olszanica , a 2.2   m wide door was constructed for wagon entry; this barn was 40   m long with three doors, dated to 5000 BCE, and belonged to the neolithic Linear Pottery culture . Surviving evidence of a wheel-axle combination, from Stare Gmajne near Ljubljana in Slovenia ( Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel ),

1044-553: Is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact with the ground. The word itself may be derived from the word "tie", which refers to the outer steel ring part of a wooden cart wheel that ties the wood segments together (see Etymology above). The fundamental materials of modern tires are synthetic rubber , natural rubber , fabric, and wire, along with other compound chemicals. They consist of

1102-429: Is a rotating component (typically circular in shape) that is intended to turn on an axle bearing . The wheel is one of the key components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines . Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as

1160-482: Is a vehicle designed for transport, using two wheels and normally pulled by draught animals such as horses, donkeys, mules and oxen, or even smaller animals such as goats or large dogs. A handcart is pulled or pushed by one or more people. Over time, the word "cart" has expanded to mean nearly any small conveyance, including shopping carts , golf carts , go-karts , and UTVs , without regard to number of wheels, load carried, or means of propulsion. The history of

1218-613: Is dated within two standard deviations to 3340–3030 BCE, the axle to 3360–3045 BCE. Two types of early Neolithic European wheel and axle are known: a circumalpine type of wagon construction (the wheel and axle rotate together, as in Ljubljana Marshes Wheel), and that of the Baden culture in Hungary (axle does not rotate). They both are dated to c.   3200–3000 BCE. Some historians believe that there

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1276-408: Is hollow, following the wheel at very close tolerances . A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface. The term originally referred to portions of a log which had been split lengthwise into four or six sections. The radial members of a wagon wheel were made by carving a spoke (from

1334-611: Is indicator of one's future health. The Kalachakra or wheel of time is also a subject in some forms of Buddhism , along with the dharmachakra . The winged wheel is a symbol of progress, seen in many contexts including the coat of arms of Panama , the logo of the Ohio State Highway Patrol and the State Railway of Thailand . The wheel is also the prominent figure on the flag of India . The wheel in this case represents law ( dharma ). It also appears in

1392-529: Is thought that Nubian waterwheels may have been ox-driven. It is also known that Nubians used horse-drawn chariots imported from Egypt . Starting from the 18th century in West Africa, wheeled vehicles were mostly used for ceremonial purposes in places like Dahomey . The wheel was barely used for transportation, with the exception of Ethiopia and Somalia in Sub-Saharan Africa well into

1450-436: Is usually a cart designed to carry hunting dogs : an open cart with two cross-seats back to back; the dogs could be penned between the rear-facing seat and the back end. The term "cart" (synonymous in this sense with chair ) is also used for various kinds of lightweight, two-wheeled carriages, some of them sprung carts (or spring carts ), especially those used as open pleasure or sporting vehicles. They could be drawn by

1508-523: The American bison , is difficult to domesticate and was never domesticated by Native Americans; several horse species existed until about 12,000 years ago, but ultimately became extinct. The only large animal that was domesticated in the Western hemisphere, the llama , a pack animal, was not physically suited to use as a draft animal to pull wheeled vehicles, and use of the llama did not spread far beyond

1566-517: The Andes by the time of the arrival of Europeans. On the other hand, Mesoamericans never developed the wheelbarrow , the potter's wheel , nor any other practical object with a wheel or wheels. Although present in a number of toys, very similar to those found throughout the world and still made for children today ("pull toys"), the wheel was never put into practical use in Mesoamerica before

1624-531: The Indus Valley civilization of the late 4th millennium BCE covering areas of present-day India and Pakistan . The oldest indirect evidence of wheeled movement was found in the form of miniature clay wheels north of the Black Sea before 4000   BCE. From the middle of the 4th millennium BCE onward, the evidence is condensed throughout Europe in the form of toy cars, depictions, or ruts, with

1682-568: The Old English word hwēol , from Proto-Germanic * hwehwlaz , from Proto-Indo-European * k ék los , an extended form of the root * k el- ' to revolve, move around ' . Cognates within Indo-European include Icelandic hjól ' wheel, tyre ' , Greek κύκλος kúklos , and Sanskrit chakra , the last two both meaning ' circle ' or ' wheel ' . Archaeological artifacts demonstrate

1740-473: The danjiri cart is prepared with elaborate flower arrangements , prayer cards, ornaments, and religious consecrations. They also make a special song every year. It is believed that spirits or gods reside in the danjiri . The person on the roof of the Danjiri cart controls the direction of movement and performs a traditional fan dance. Town guild members spend a considerable amount of time to prepare for

1798-593: The flag of the Romani people , hinting to their nomadic history and their Indian origins. The introduction of spoked ( chariot ) wheels in the Middle Bronze Age appears to have carried somewhat of a prestige. The sun cross appears to have a significance in Bronze Age religion , replacing the earlier concept of a solar barge with the more 'modern' and technologically advanced solar chariot . The wheel

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1856-420: The propeller , the jet engine , the flywheel ( gyroscope ) and the turbine . A wheeled vehicle requires much less work to move than simply dragging the same weight. The low resistance to motion is explained by the fact that the frictional work done is no longer at the surface that the vehicle is traversing, but in the bearings . In the simplest and oldest case the bearing is just a round hole through which

1914-496: The 16th century. Possibly the closest the Mayas came to the utilitarian wheel is the spindle whorl , and some scholars believe that these toys were originally made with spindle whorls and spindle sticks as "wheels" and "axes". Aboriginal Australians traditionally used circular discs rolled along the ground for target practice. Nubians from after about 400   BCE used wheels for spinning pottery and as water wheels . It

1972-469: The 19th century. The spoked wheel was in continued use without major modification until the 1870s, when wire-spoked wheels and pneumatic tires were invented. Pneumatic tires can greatly reduce rolling resistance and improve comfort. Wire spokes are under tension, not compression, making it possible for the wheel to be both stiff and light. Early radially-spoked wire wheels gave rise to tangentially-spoked wire wheels, which were widely used on cars into

2030-674: The 4th millennium BCE in the Middle East. The oldest surviving example of a potter's wheel was thought to be one found in Ur (modern day Iraq ) dating to approximately 3100 BCE. However, a potter's wheel found in western Ukraine , of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture , dates to the middle of the 5th millennium BCE which pre-dates the earliest use of the potter's wheel in Mesopotamia. Wheels of uncertain dates have been found in

2088-572: The Americas prior to European contact , numerous small wheeled artifacts, identified as children's toys, have been found in Mexican archeological sites, some dating to approximately 1500 BCE. Some argue that the primary obstacle to large-scale development of the wheel in the Americas was the absence of domesticated large animals that could be used to pull wheeled carriages. The closest relative of cattle present in Americas in pre-Columbian times,

2146-471: The Greek peninsula where they joined with the existing Mediterranean peoples to give rise, eventually, to classical Greece after the breaking of Minoan dominance and consolidations led by pre-classical Sparta and Athens . Celtic chariots introduced an iron rim around the wheel in the 1st   millennium BCE. In China , wheel tracks dating to around 2200   BCE have been found at Pingliangtai,

2204-399: The axle passes (a " plain bearing "). Even with a plain bearing, the frictional work is greatly reduced because: Example: Additional energy is lost from the wheel-to-road interface. This is termed rolling resistance which is predominantly a deformation loss. It depends on the nature of the ground, of the material of the wheel, its inflation in the case of a tire, the net torque exerted by

2262-501: The cart is closely tied to the history of the wheel . Carts have been mentioned in literature as far back as the second millennium B.C. The first people to use the cart may have been Mesopotamians or early Eastern Europeans, such as the Yamnaya Culture (See history of the wheel for more information). Handcarts pushed by humans have been used around the world. Carts were often used for judicial punishments, both to transport

2320-490: The cart pulling, which can be heard from street blocks away. In towns with many guilds, the danjiri matsuri consists of various danjiri crisscrossing the streets at the same time. The festival usually ends in the danjiri gathering at an appointed place and having a religious ceremony. The way in which the festivals are celebrated vary from town to town. The danjiri carts can vary in size and decorative style. Some are large and tall, others are relatively small. In some towns,

2378-596: The condemned – a public humiliation in itself (in Ancient Rome defeated leaders were often carried in the victorious general's triumph ) – and even, in England until its substitution by the whipping post under Queen Elizabeth I , to tie the condemned to the cart-tail (the back part of a cart) and administer him or her a public whipping. Tumbrils were commonly associated with the French Revolution as

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2436-453: The danjiri are pulled slowly through the town until they get to their destination. In other towns, the danjiri are pulled as fast as the people can pull it. This results in a difficulty turning the cart at corners, sometimes resulting in the cart falling over and killing someone. It is said that at least one person dies in the danjiri festival of Kishiwada every year. It is common for danjiri to hit and damage buildings when they careen around

2494-470: The day(s) of the festival, members of the town guilds pull their danjiri through the streets of the town, wearing their guild happi coat and head-band. The event is accompanied with the commotion of the participants pulling the cart, as they yell their kakegoe or signature shout, equivalent to the English "heave-ho!" Adding to the atmosphere is the danjiri rhythm played on drums and bells throughout

2552-418: The draught animal that supports the forward-balanced load in the cart. The shafts are supported by a saddle on the horse. Alternatively (and normally where the animals are oxen or buffalo), the cart may have a single pole between a pair of animals. The draught traces attach to the axle of the vehicle or to the shafts. The traces are attached to a collar (on horses), to a yoke (on other heavy draught animals) or to

2610-489: The early Bronze Age . This implies the passage of several wheel-less millennia after the invention of agriculture and of pottery , during the Aceramic Neolithic . The Halaf culture of 6500–5100 BCE is sometimes credited with the earliest depiction of a wheeled vehicle, but there is no evidence of Halafians using either wheeled vehicles or pottery wheels. Potter's wheels are thought to have been used in

2668-508: The eventual engine, and many other factors. A wheel can also offer advantages in traversing irregular surfaces if the wheel radius is sufficiently large compared to the irregularities. The wheel alone is not a machine, but when attached to an axle in conjunction with bearing, it forms the wheel and axle , one of the simple machines . A driven wheel is an example of a wheel and axle. Wheels pre-date driven wheels by about 6000 years, themselves an evolution of using round logs as rollers to move

2726-440: The festival. Meetings and consecrations are held at shrines days before the festival. The carts themselves must be readied for pulling, as they are stored partly disassembled in warehouses. The carts are consecrated for the big event, and they are decorated in various ways. For decorations, flags , prayer cards, fresh flower arrangements, and in some cases even lanterns are used. The taiko ("drum") and Kane ("bell") used to play

2784-464: The invention of several types of wheel cover, which may be constructed as removable attachments or as permanent covers. Wheels like this are no longer necessarily round, or have panels that make the ground-contact area flat. Examples include: Truck and bus wheels may block (stop rotating) under certain circumstances, such as brake system failure. To help detect this, they sometimes feature "wheel rotation indicators": colored strips of plastic attached to

2842-412: The late 20th century. Cast alloy wheels are now more commonly used; forged alloy wheels are used when weight is critical. The invention of the wheel has also been important for technology in general, important applications including the water wheel , the cogwheel (see also antikythera mechanism ), the spinning wheel , and the astrolabe or torquetum . More modern descendants of the wheel include

2900-746: The oldest find in Northern Germany dating back to around 3400   BCE. In Mesopotamia , depictions of wheeled wagons found on clay tablet pictographs at the Eanna district of Uruk , in the Sumerian civilization are dated to c.   3500–3350   BCE. In the second half of the 4th   millennium BCE, evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared near-simultaneously in the Northern ( Maykop culture ) and South Caucasus and Eastern Europe ( Cucuteni-Trypillian culture ). Depictions of

2958-430: The rim and protruding out from it, such that they can be seen by the driver in the side-view mirrors . These devices were invented and patented in 1998 by a Canadian truck shop owner. While wheels are very widely used for ground transport, there are alternatives, some of which are suitable for terrain where wheels are ineffective. Alternative methods for ground transport without wheels include: The wheel has also become

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3016-438: The same as tensioned flexible wires, keeping the rim true while supporting applied loads. Wire wheels are used on most bicycles and still used on many motorcycles . They were invented by aeronautical engineer George Cayley and first used in bicycles by James Starley . A process of assembling wire wheels is described as wheelbuilding . A tire ( American English and Canadian English ) or tyre ( Commonwealth English )

3074-415: The tire and tube. In the 1st millennium BCE an iron rim was introduced around the wooden wheels of chariots . The hub is the center of the wheel, and typically houses a bearing , and is where the spokes meet. A hubless wheel (also known as a rim-rider or centerless wheel) is a type of wheel with no center hub . More specifically, the hub is actually almost as big as the wheel itself. The axle

3132-404: The town danjiri rhythm are loaded onto the cart, and the musicians selected to ride the danjiri practice for months in advance. The ages of the selected musicians can vary from old veterans of the festival to children as young as four years of age. The days of the festival vary from year to year and from town to town, although it is usually held in autumn, in late September or October. On

3190-570: The wheel cannot be attributed to a single nor several inventors. Evidence of early wheeled carts has been found across the Middle East , in Europe , Eastern Europe , India and China . It is not known whether Chinese, Indians, Europeans and Mesopotamians invented the wheel independently. The invention of the solid wooden disk wheel falls into the late Neolithic , and may be seen in conjunction with other technological advances that gave rise to

3248-507: Was a diffusion of the wheeled vehicle from the Near East to Europe around the mid-4th millennium BCE. Early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for the axle. Some of the earliest wheels were made from horizontal slices of tree trunks. Because of the uneven structure of wood , a wheel made from a horizontal slice of a tree trunk will tend to be inferior to one made from rounded pieces of longitudinal boards. The spoked wheel

3306-514: Was invented more recently and allowed the construction of lighter and swifter vehicles. The earliest known examples of wooden spoked wheels are in the context of the Sintashta culture , dating to c.   2000 BCE ( Krivoye Lake ). Soon after this, horse cultures of the Caucasus region used horse-drawn spoked-wheel war chariots for the greater part of three centuries. They moved deep into

3364-663: Was uncovered at the Must Farm site in East Anglia in 2016. The specimen, dating from 1,100 to 800 BCE, represents the most complete and earliest of its type found in Britain. The wheel's hub is also present. A horse's spine found nearby suggests the wheel may have been part of a horse-drawn cart. The wheel was found in a settlement built on stilts over wetland, indicating that the settlement had some sort of link to dry land. Although large-scale use of wheels did not occur in

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