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46-541: It is the largest oil deposit discovered in China and its ability to support China's industrialization changed the country's developmental path. Daqing oil field contained 16 billion barrels (2.5 × 10 ^  m) or 2.2 billion tons in the beginning and has produced over 10 billion barrels (1.6 × 10 ^  m) of oil since production started in 1960; the remaining recoverable reserves are about 3.6 billion barrels (570 × 10 ^  m) or 500 million tons. Daqing oil field

92-860: A Mongolian official in Yuan Dynasty. His family originally bore the Mongol surname "Kuli" ( 库里 ) or "Ku" ( 库 ). After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, he consealed his identity and settled in Hubei. Li Zhongkui changed his name when he was applying for school at 14 by modifying the characters of his age ( 十四 ), and kept his original name as a courtesy name . He was often known in English as J. S. Lee (J for Zhongkui/Jung-kuei, S for Siguang). Li studied in Osaka Technical College in Japan and

138-533: A distinguished biochemist and academician, while they were both attending the University of Cambridge in England. Li's family is thus the only one in China that has produced three academicians. Li Lin's daughter, Zou Zongping ( 邹宗平 ), followed her grandfather's footsteps and became a geologist. Daqing Daqing ( simplified Chinese : 大庆 ; traditional Chinese : 大慶 ; pinyin : Dàqìng )

184-649: A model held up by the Communist Party as an example during subsequent industrialization campaigns. In April 1960, Yu stated that Mao Zedong's texts On Practice and On Contradiction should be the ideological core of the Daqing oil field campaign. The Ministry of the Petroleum Industry shipped thousands of copies by plane so that every Daqing oil worker would have copies and for work units to each set up their own study groups. Daqing oil field

230-603: A new goal of building an oil city centered in Saertu, Dongfeng, and Longfeng. This plan shifted Daqing's urban planning focus away from decentralization to centralization. In 1990, the city received the top recognition in the Heilongjiang Province Science and Technology Awards. In 1994, its population reached one million. After the mid-1990s, urban expansion in Saertu was halted in order to provide more space for oil production. Urban construction

276-527: A year. The production was 30 million tonnes in 2021. A new shale oil field was discovered in Daqing Oilfield in 2021, with an estimated geological reserve of 1.268 billion tons. The Chinese government promoted the success of the Daqing oilfield and the selflessness of workers who built it as part of the face of new the socialist industrial person that China sought to encourage in the 1960s and 1970s. The Chinese press urged industrial workers to follow

322-474: Is China's largest and the world's fourth most productive. Petroleum accounts for 60.8% of GDP. In 2011, Daqing's gross domestic product (GDP) was RMB 374 billion yuan, representing a rise of 12.1% year on year. Primary industries output (including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and the fisheries) increased by 13.5% to RMB13.29 billion. Secondary and value-added industries and construction output experienced an increase of 10.1%, reaching RMB307 billion, while

368-536: Is a prefecture-level city in the west of Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China . The name literally means "Great Celebration" and refers to the tenth anniversary of the PRC. Daqing is known as the "Oil Capital of China" and has experienced a phenomenal boom since oil was discovered at the Daqing Oil Field in 1959. Its population was 2,781,562 as of the 2020 census , of whom 1,574,389 lived in

414-544: Is featured as a map in first-person shooter video game Battlefield 2 . It was also featured in a dedicated part of the How Yukong Moved the Mountains documentary, "About Petroleum". Li Siguang Li Siguang ( Chinese : 李四光 ; pinyin : Lǐ Sìguāng ; Wade–Giles : Li Ssu-kuang ; 26 October 1889 – 29 April 1971), also known as J. S. Lee , was a Chinese geologist and politician. He

460-617: Is located in the Songliao Basin, a large sedimentary basin that is in the tectonic framework of the North China-Mongolia tract. In 1959, the oil field was discovered by Li Siguang . Iron Man Wang Jinxi (who led No. 1205 drilling team) worked on this oilfield. The first oil well was drilled on September 26, 1959. Because the success occurred four days before the tenth anniversary of the People's Republic of China ,

506-607: The Chinese Eastern Railway (KVZhD) through the area in 1898. The railway has a station at Sartu in today's Sartu District . It was not until 1959 that oil was discovered in the region as part of the large scale oil exploration put into motion across the Northeast China Plain . The Daqing oilfield was discovered in the late 1950s, and drilling began in 1958. A town with the same name was founded in 1959 to house workers extracting oil and gas from

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552-536: The G45 Daqing–Guangzhou Expressway and G10 Suifenhe-Manzhouli Expressway . Generated by the history of the city, Daqing has a culture centering around the "Daqing Spirit, the Daqing People," which is said to represent deep personal commitment in pursuing national goals, self-sufficient and frugal living, and urban-rural integrated land use. Daqing's urban-rural landscape was said to embody

598-613: The People's Liberation Army was called to Daqing to maintain order so that oil production could proceed. This made Daqing one of the first places brought under military control during the Cultural Revolution. In May 1968, the Daqing Revolutionary Committee was established. Iron Man Wang Jinxi became its vice director. The oil field continued to be a major driver of economic growth during

644-404: The People's Liberation Army was called to Daqing to maintain order so that oil production could proceed. This made Daqing one of the first places brought under military control during the Cultural Revolution. In May 1968, the Daqing Revolutionary Committee was established. Iron Man Wang became its vice director. The Daqing oil field continued to be a major driver of economic growth through during

690-527: The University of Birmingham in UK in his early years. He became a geological professor at Peking University upon his return from abroad in 1920. Li Siguang was Wuhan University building preparatory chairman from July 1928 to April 1938. He was the president of the National Central University ( Nanjing University ) in 1932. After the People's Republic of China was established, Li held

736-678: The Yumen Oil Field, Wang was one of the first oil workers to arrive to work the Daqing field in Saertu. At Daqing, Wang was one of the first model workers selected by Yu Qiuli due to Wang's devotion to the oil production industry and to competitive work. The Daqing Oil Field Management Bureau and PetroChina Daqing Company are located in West Town in Daqing. In 1964, chief director of the Central Experimental Theater Sun Weishi and her husband,

782-507: The Daqing oil field and "use revolutionary spirit to avoid all difficulties." During the Third Front, the model of the Daqing oilfield went from being a slogan to a fundamental principle behind the centrally directed and militarized industrialization campaign. "Iron Man" Wang Jinxi was the most significant model worker in Daqing oil field, and remains one of the most celebrated working class models in China. An experienced oil worker from

828-761: The Everbright Bank, Guangdong Development Bank, the Daqing Urban Commercial Bank, Daqing Rural Credit Cooperative Union and the County Urban Credit Cooperative are the major banks serving Daqing. Daqing is a major railway hub in western Heilongjiang province and is located on the junction of Harbin-Manzhouli Railway and Tongliao-Ranghulu Railway . Daqing has three major railway stations: Daqing station , Daqing West station (formerly Ranghulu railway station) and Daqing East station . Trains from Daqing connect

874-459: The actor Jin Shan , traveled to Daqing to live and work with the oil workers and their families. The next year, the Communist Party journal Red Flag published an article by Sun which praised the Daqing people. After living in Daqing for two years, Sun Weishi returned to Beijing to produce the play The Rising Sun , which was based on the experiences of people in Daqing, particularly Daqing women. It

920-642: The annual rainfall occurs during summer. The diurnal temperature variation can be up to 14 °C (25 °F) during the growing period. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −18.5 °C (−1.3 °F) in January to 23.3 °C (73.9 °F) in July, and the annual mean is +4.2 °C (39.6 °F). A majority of the annual precipitation falls in July and August alone. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 53% in July to 70% in February,

966-519: The built-up (or metro) area in four out of the total of five urban districts: Sartu , Longfeng , Ranghulu and Honggang . The region now known as Daqing Prefecture was a reasonably insignificant place until the Qing dynasty , known only as an unsettled hunting ground of Dörbet Oirat tribes due to its wetland and prairies. The region began to grow slightly after the Russian Empire constructed

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1012-432: The chaotic Cultural Revolution era. During the period 1964 to 1980, the oil field accounted for more than half of China's crude oil production per year. In 1966, crude oil production in Daqing reached 10 million metric tons and the number of workers at Daqing reached 58,000. In the mid 1980s, the oil field generated 3% of China's state revenue through a combination of the profits and tax payments it supplied. As of 2013

1058-604: The chaotic Cultural Revolution period. The Daqing Oil District became a city in 1980. Its first master plan set a goal of growing Daqing into "a new industrial city" through a development strategy of "relative dispersion with several modest concentrations. Academic Hou Li summarizes that as a result "new settlements became much more concerntrated. The three existing towns, thirty-four central villages, and 260 settlement points were restructured into six workers' towns, twenty-four central villages, and twenty-seven resident villages." The city revised its master plan in 1989, setting

1104-517: The city receives 2,726 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperature ranges from −39.2 °C (−38.6 °F) to 39.8 °C (103.6 °F) Daqing has a population of 2.9 million, of them mainly Han Chinese , with a few population of other 31 minority ethnic groups including Manchu , Mongolian , Korean , and Hui nationalities. The population density is 112.69/km , urban population density 205.07/km . Daqing's economy highly depends on petroleum and related industries. Daqing's oilfield

1150-430: The city with Beijing , Harbin , Dalian and several other cities in China. The newly built Harbin–Qiqihar Intercity Railway has stops at both Daqing West station and Daqing East station. Daqing Sartu Airport was opened on 1 September 2009. There are flights to several large cities including Beijing, Chengdu , Guangzhou , Hangzhou , Qingdao and Shanghai . Daqing is linked to the national highway network through

1196-585: The directive In agriculture, learn from Dazhai , also in the 1960s. Daqing is divided into 9 county-level divisions: 5 districts, 3 counties and 1 autonomous county . Located in the north temperate zone, Daqing has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ) and is affected by the Siberian high and the East Asian monsoon . Generally, winter is bitterly cold with occasional snowfalls, and spring and autumn are prevailed by monsoons. The vast majority of

1242-529: The field was named Daqing, meaning "great celebration." During its 1960 construction during the Great Leap Forward , Oil Minister Yu Qiuli mobilized workers building the Daqing oil field through ideological motivation instead of material incentives, focusing enthusiasm, energy, and resources to complete a rapid industrialization project. The successful construction of the Daqing oil field despite harsh weather conditions and supply limitations became

1288-476: The field's production rate was about 800,000 barrels per day (130,000 m/d). It is reputed that during the first two decades of the life of the field, as much as 90% of the oil was wasted. Daqing Oilfield Company Limited, based in Daqing , is the operator of exploration and development of Daqing Oilfield. From 2004, the company plans to cut its crude oil output by an annual 7% for the next seven years to extend

1334-542: The ideal communist society described by Karl Marx because it eliminated (1) the gap between town and country, (2) the gap between workers and peasants, and (3) the gap between manual and mental labor. "Daqing Spirit, Daqing People" was the title of an April 20, 1964 article in People's Daily which extolled the success of Daqing oil field workers. The most influential of many articles praising Daqing that appeared in state media around that time, "Daqing Spirit, Daqing People"

1380-626: The life of Daqing. Output of barrels of oil equivalent of the Daqing Field remained stable at over 40 million tons in 2012, while output at Changqing oil field was over 42 million tons, making it the most productive oil and gas field in China. Crude output from the ageing Daqing oilfield is in decline even though the CNPC deployed some non-traditional drilling techniques. In 2019, output fell to 30.9 million tonnes from 32 million tonnes in 2018. At its peak in 2008, output stood at 40 million tonnes

1426-582: The model of ascetic living practiced by workers on the Daqing oilfield in order to advance China's development of socialist modernity. Recruitment events for the Third Front construction, a massive campaign to develop basic industry and national defense industry in China's interior in case of invasion by the United States or the Soviet Union, urged prospective Third Front workers to learn from

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1472-445: The oil workers and their families. The next year, the Communist Party journal Red Flag published an article by Sun which praised the Daqing people. After living in Daqing for two years, Sun Weishi returned to Beijing to produce the play The Rising Sun , which was based on the experiences of people in Daqing, particularly Daqing women. The most popular sport in Daqing is association football . The largest sports venue by capacity

1518-489: The oilfield and to host industries which could take advantage of the energy and petrochemicals, shortly before the 10th anniversary of the founding of the PRC. The successful construction of the Daqing oil field despite harsh weather conditions and supply limitations became a model held up by the Party as an example during subsequent industrialization campaigns. The project also delivered critical economic benefits because without

1564-417: The petroleum industry of China. Daqing was established by the central government as a model for the secondary industry during the 1960s. In order to illuminate the entrepreneurial history of Daqing and its people, several films were made by companies in China. In 1964, chief director of the Central Experimental Theater Sun Weishi and her husband, the actor Jin Shan , traveled to Daqing to live and work with

1610-601: The positions of vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and minister of geology . After the end of the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), Xu Chi published Li's biography entitled The Light of Geology ( 地质之光 ), which was widely read and made Li a household name in China. Li Siguang's daughter Li Lin was a physicist and academician of the CAS. She married Chen-Lu Tsou (Zou Chenglu),

1656-514: The production of the Daqing oil field, crude oil would have been severely limited after the Soviet Union cut off supplies as a result of the Sino-Soviet split. Original plans for Daqing included the development of a "new socialist mining district" (rather than a city) with families in which the husband would work in industry and the wife would work in agriculture. The name Daqing literally means "Great Celebration". On 26 May 1960, Anda City

1702-531: The self-discipline of Daqing workers, their study of Mao Zedong thought , and the technical achievements resulting from the democratic participation of workers. Most significant among these articles was the April 20, 1964 piece "Daqing People, Daqing Spirit" which People's Daily published. The article compared Daqing to Yan'an , the base area where the Communist Party regrouped after the Long March . The field

1748-497: The tertiary industry output increased 22.9% to RMB53.74 billion. In 2015 Daqing had a GDP of RMB 298.35 billion. Daqing exports over 10 million tons of crude oil each year. Over 160 varieties of paraffin wax, ethylene, tar oil and benzene are exported to more than 10 nations and regions including the US, the UK, Thailand and Hong Kong. In 2011, total import and export volume in Daqing reached US$ 2.16 billion, up by 40.1%. Export volume

1794-742: Was US$ 550 million and import volume was US$ 1.61 billion. Daqing's main exports include six categories of petrochemical products, construction materials, processed foodstuffs, office furniture and mechanical and electronic equipment. There were 32 banking institutions in Daqing by the end of 2006; none were foreign-invested banks. In 2011, savings deposits in Renminbi and foreign exchange totaled 170.5 billion RMB. The local finance sector plays an important role in building up Daqing's Century Oilfield and in developing new industries. The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Agricultural Bank, China Construction Bank, Bank of China, China Communications Bank,

1840-455: Was a slogan during the Cultural Revolution telling the people to use the city as an example for industrial production. The film Entrepreneurial Pioneers ( 创业 ), made in the early 1970s, is a literary rendition of the history of Daqing. During the Mao era, Daqing's agricultural counterpart was Dazhai , a village in the hilly Xiyang county, Shanxi Province, for which Chairman Mao issued

1886-499: Was a secret until 1964. On February 5, 1964, the central Party promoted Daqing oil field to other industrial enterprises, instructing them to follow the "all-out battle" tactics of Daqing oil field. Shortly afterwards, Mao Zedong praised the Daqing oil field at an education work conference, stating that with a "little investment" in a "short period of time" a "great achievement" had been finished. People's Daily and other state media published numerous articles on Daqing in 1964, extolling

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1932-601: Was established at former Anda town (today's Anda City in Suihua prefecture), administering Daqing oilfield area. Five months later, the administrative organs of the oilfield relocated in Sartu. On 23 June 1964, the city was established Anda special administrative region, with Anda county administering its surrounding area. The first two years of the Cultural Revolution resulted in major disruptions to China's petroleum industry and an oil shortage by 1967. In March of that year,

1978-568: Was financed through commodity-backed loans that China obtained from Japan . China repaid these loans with oil. The project delivered critical economic benefits because without the production of the Daqing oil field, crude oil would have been severely limited after the Soviet Union cut off supplies as a result of the Sino-Soviet split . The first two years of the Cultural Revolution resulted in major disruptions to China's petroleum industry and an oil shortage by 1967. In March of that year,

2024-602: Was instead transferred to East Town and West Town areas. Since its foundation, Daqing has been advocated as a model of good practice in industry and healthcare by the Chinese government. The fact that Mao Zedong promulgated his Supreme Directive , Learn from Daqing in Industry , in the 1960s reflects how important a role Daqing has historically played in industry in China. Learn from Daqing in industry ( Chinese : 工 业 学 大 庆 ; pinyin : gōngyè xué dàqìng )

2070-486: Was the first text to compare Daqing to Yan'an , the revolutionary base area where the Communist Party re-grouped following the Long March before going on to win the Chinese Civil War . Wang Jinxi ( Chinese : 王进喜 ; pinyin : Wáng Jìnxǐ , known as "Iron Man" Wang), a petroleum worker on the Daqing Oilfield who led No. 1205 drilling team, was honored as a national hero due to his contributions to

2116-456: Was the founder of China's geomechanics . He was an ethnic Mongol . He made outstanding contributions, which changed the situation of "oil deficiency" in the country, enabling the large-scale development of oil fields to raise the country to the ranks of the world's major oil producers. Li was born as Li Zhongkui ( 李仲揆 ) in Huanggang, Hubei Province. His paternal line had descended from

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