The Darne machine gun is a machine gun of French origin.
70-478: The French gun-making company Darne, which became famous for its innovative shotguns, began making military weapons in 1915, when it was contracted by French government to manufacture Lewis machine guns . In 1916 this same company announced the development of its own indigenous design of machine gun. This belt-fed weapon was designed especially for quick manufacture, without unnecessary refinements typical for most contemporary small-arms. External finish and appearance of
140-465: A Foster mount , which allowed firing directly forward outside the propeller arc. The Foster mount usually incorporated an arc-shaped I-beam rail as its rearmost structural member, that a Lewis gun could be slid backwards and downwards along the rail towards the cockpit, to allow the ammunition drum to be changed in flight – but RFC fighter ace Albert Ball VC also understood that the Lewis gun in such
210-608: A Foster mounting on the top wing to elevate a Lewis gun above the propeller arc for unsynchronized firing, including production S.E.5/S.E.5a fighters and field-modified examples of the Avro 504 . For the use of observers or rear gunners, the Lewis was mounted on a Scarff ring , which allowed the gun to be rotated and elevated whilst supporting the gun's weight. Until September 1916 Zeppelin airships were very difficult to attack successfully at high altitude, although this also made accurate bombing impossible. Aeroplanes struggled to reach
280-673: A German advance along the Calonne/Robecq road, noting 'we fired the gun in turns until it was too hot to hold' and recording that 400 German casualties were caused, 'chiefly by my Lewis gun!'. The US Army never officially adopted the weapon for infantry use and even went so far as to take Lewis guns away from US Marines arriving in France and replace them with the Chauchat LMG —a practice believed to be related to General Crozier's dislike of Lewis and his gun. The divisions of
350-629: A Vickers gun to manufacture (the cost of a Lewis gun was £165 in 1915 and £175 in 1918; the Vickers cost about £100), Lewis machine guns were in high demand with the British military during the First World War. The Lewis also had the advantage of being about 80% faster to build than the Vickers, and was a lot more portable. Accordingly, the British government placed orders for 3,052 guns between August 1914 and June 1915. Lewis guns outnumbered
420-399: A field-achieved configuration, however, neither gun-jam clearing, nor drum magazine replacement were possible on their Lewises during a mission. Lewis guns were also carried as defensive guns on British airships. The SS class blimps carried one gun. The larger NS class blimps carried two or three guns in the control car and some were fitted with an additional gun and a gunner's position at
490-516: A mount also retained its original trigger, and could thus be fired upwards . He used the upward firing Lewis to attack solitary German two-seater aircraft from below and behind, where the observer could not see him or fire back. It was his use of the weapon in this way, in a Nieuport, that led to its later introduction on the S.E.5/S.E.5a: Ball had acted in a consultant capacity on the development of this aeroplane. The later Sopwith Dolphin , already armed with twin synchronized Vickers guns just forward of
560-595: A quadruple mount was developed for motor torpedo boats . British submarines generally carried two guns on single mounts. Although it was gradually replaced by the Oerlikon 20 mm cannon , new corvettes were still being fitted with twin Lewises as late as 1942. Lewis guns were also carried by the Royal Air Force 's air-sea rescue launches . American forces used the Lewis gun (in .30-06 calibre) throughout
630-666: A typical altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m), and firing the solid bullets usually used by aircraft Lewis guns was ineffectual: they made small holes causing inconsequential gas leaks. Britain developed new bullets, the Brock containing spontaneously igniting potassium chlorate , and the Buckingham filled with pyrophoric phosphorus , to set fire to the Zeppelin's hydrogen . These had become available by September 1916. When combined with explosive Pomeroy bullets which ripped open
700-458: A typical medium machine gun of the era, such as the Vickers machine gun , and was chosen in part because, being more portable than a heavy machine gun, it could be carried and used by one soldier. BSA even produced at least one model (the "B.S.A. Light Infantry Pattern Lewis Gun", which lacked the aluminium barrel shroud and had a wooden fore grip) designed as a form of automatic rifle . During
770-805: A wire-wound gun, and perfected many appliances connected with heavy and field ordnance. In 1890 Crozier was promoted to the rank of captain . During the Spanish–American War he was inspector-general for the Atlantic and Gulf coast defenses. In 1899 he was one of the American delegates to the Peace Conference at the Hague . He later served in the Philippines on the staffs of Generals John C. Bates and Theodore Schwan , and in 1900
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#1732787259499840-603: Is not known for certain whether these were the Savage-made weapons being trans-shipped through the UK, or a separate batch of UK-produced units. White armies in Northwest Russia received several hundred Lewis guns in 1918–1919. British Mark IV tanks used the Lewis, replacing the Vickers and Hotchkiss used in earlier tanks. The Lewis was chosen for its relatively compact magazines, but the ventilation system inside
910-626: The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited (BSA) in an effort to overcome some of the production difficulties of the weapon. The Belgians bought a small number of Lewis guns in 1913, using the .303 British round and, in 1914, BSA purchased a licence to manufacture the Lewis machine gun in England, which resulted in Lewis receiving significant royalty payments and becoming very wealthy. Lewis and his factory moved to England before 1914, away from possible seizure in
980-742: The Grand Army of the Republic . His Notes on the Construction of Ordnance , published by the war department, were used as text-books in the schools for officers, and he also authored several other important publications on military subjects. Crozier also presided over the adoption of the M1903 rifle, the M1918 BAR (adopted in 1917), and the M1917 machine gun, all of which would serve well into
1050-595: The United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1876, and was appointed a second lieutenant in the 4th Artillery. Hugh L. Scott , Eben Swift , James Parker and George Andrews were among his classmates. He then served on the Western frontier for three years against the Sioux and Bannock Indians. From 1879 to 1884 Crozier was instructor in mathematics at West Point , and
1120-657: The British during the course of the war. In addition to their reserve weapon role in the UK, they also saw front-line use with the Dutch, British, Australian, and New Zealand forces in the early years of the Pacific campaign against the Japanese. The Lewis gun saw continued service as an anti-aircraft weapon during the war; in this role, it was credited by the British for bringing down more low-flying enemy aircraft than any other AA weapon. Peter White indicates that his battalion of
1190-577: The British government, and ordered another 10,000 weapons from Savage Arms in the US. The US government was unwilling to supply the Tsarist Russian government with the guns and some doubt exists as to whether they were actually delivered, although records indicate that 5,982 Savage weapons were delivered to Russia by 31 March 1917. The Lewis guns supplied by Britain were dispatched to Russia in May 1917, but it
1260-453: The Darne machine gun was crude, but worked well and its price was much lower than of any contemporary weapon with comparable combat characteristics. The French Army tested Darne machine guns from 1917 to 1918, but the war ended before production contracts could have been signed. Despite this, during the 1920s and 1930s the Darne company managed to refine an aircraft variant of the machine gun to
1330-418: The Darne machine gun were normally fitted with a pistol grip and rifle-type trigger below receiver, and a wooden buttstock. Alternate variants featured skeletonized pistol grip made of metal and a top-folding shoulder stock, also made of metal. A folding bipod or a compact lightweight tripod was used to mount the Darne machine guns in ground roles. The aircraft variant equipped French aircraft until 1935 when it
1400-608: The King's Own Scottish Borderers was still using the Lewis on Universal Carriers in 1945. Royal Naval Commandos were also designated use of the weapon for their beach parties. At the start of the Second World War, the Lewis was the Royal Navy 's standard close-range air defence weapon. It was installed on major warships, armed trawlers and defensively equipped merchant ships . It was often used in twin mountings and
1470-573: The Lewis gun during the Second World War by BSA was over 145,000 units, a total of 3,550 guns were produced by the Savage Arms Co. for US service: 2,500 in .30-06 and 1,050 in .303 British calibre. A commercial venture in 1921 by the Birmingham Small Arms Company was a version which fired the 12.7×81mm (0.5-inch Vickers) ammunition, intended for use against aircraft and tanks. At around the same time, BSA developed
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#17327872594991540-554: The Light Infantry Model which had a 22-round magazine and a wooden fore-stock in place of the radiator fins and shroud; it was intended to be used in a similar way to the Browning Automatic Rifle . Another development was a twin Lewis for aircraft use in which the bodies of the two weapons were joined side-by-side and the drum magazines were mounted vertically, one on each side. None of these projects
1610-425: The Second World War. The Lewis gun was gas operated . A portion of the expanding propellant gas was tapped off from the barrel, driving a piston to the rear against a spring. The piston was fitted with a vertical post at its rear which rode in a helical cam track in the bolt, rotating it at the end of its travel nearest the breech. This allowed the three locking lugs at the rear of the bolt to engage in recesses in
1680-526: The US II Corps attached to the British Army were equipped with the gun. The US Army eventually adopted the Browning Automatic Rifle in 1917 (although it was September 1918 before any of the new guns reached the front). The US Navy and Marine Corps continued to use the .30-06 calibre Lewis until the early part of the Second World War. The Russian Empire purchased 10,000 Lewis guns in 1917 from
1750-655: The US. The Lewis was produced by BSA and Savage Arms during the war, and although the two versions were largely similar, enough differences existed to stop them being completely interchangeable, although this had been rectified by the time of the Second World War . The major difference between the two designs was that the BSA weapons were chambered for .303 British ammunition, whereas the Savage guns were chambered for .30-06 cartridges, which necessitated some difference in
1820-726: The United States though not adopted there, the design was finalised and mass-produced in the United Kingdom, and widely used by troops of the British Empire during the war. It had a distinctive barrel cooling shroud (containing a finned breech-to-muzzle aluminium heat sink to cool the gun barrel), and top-mounted pan magazine . The Lewis served until the end of the Korean War , and was widely used as an aircraft machine gun during both World Wars, almost always with
1890-523: The Vickers by a ratio of about 3:1. The Lewis gun was the first machine gun fired from an aeroplane; on 7 June 1912, Captain Charles Chandler of the US Army fired a prototype Lewis gun from the foot-bar of a Wright Model B Flyer. Lewis guns were used extensively on British and French aircraft during the First World War, as either an observer's or gunner's weapon or an additional weapon to
1960-464: The belt to the rear, and then pushed forward into the barrel). The weapon usually has provisions to attach a belt box directly below the receiver to improve handling characteristics of the gun. Earlier versions of the Darne were chambered for the 8mm Lebel and .303 British cartridge, but the weapon was quickly updated to the new 7.5mm French military cartridge. Some export guns were also made in 8mm Mauser, and various other cartridges. Infantry versions of
2030-653: The chief of the Ordnance Department. Lewis became frustrated with trying to persuade the U.S. Army to adopt his design, claiming that he was "slapped by rejections from ignorant hacks", and retired from the army. Lewis left the United States in 1913 and went to Belgium, where he established the Armes Automatique Lewis company in Liège to facilitate commercial production of the gun. Lewis had been working closely with British arms manufacturer
2100-503: The cooling shroud removed, as air flow during flight offered sufficient cooling. A predecessor to the Lewis gun incorporating the principles upon which it was based was designed by Ferdinand Mannlicher . The Lewis gun was invented by U.S. Army colonel Isaac Newton Lewis in 1911, based on initial work by Samuel Maclean. Despite its origins, the Lewis gun was not initially adopted by the U.S. military, most likely because of political differences between Lewis and General William Crozier ,
2170-483: The envelopes, they proved very successful, and Lewis guns loaded with a mixture of Pomeroy, Brock and Buckingham ammunition were often employed for balloon-busting against German Zeppelins, other airships and Drache barrage balloons. On the French Nieuport 11 and later Nieuport 17 sesquiplanes , a Lewis gun was mounted above the top wing (in a similar way as fitted to the British S.E.5a ) – sometimes on
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2240-608: The event of a German invasion. The onset of the First World War increased demand for the Lewis gun, and BSA began production, under the designation "Model 1914". The design was officially approved for service on 15 October 1915 under the designation "Gun, Lewis, .303-cal." No Lewis guns were produced in Belgium during the war; all manufacture was carried out by BSA in England and the Savage Arms Company in
2310-420: The fact that it is useless for setting up a barrage, and also that the system of air cooling employed does not allow of more than 12 magazines being fired continuously'. He records its weight as 26 lbs unloaded and 30 + 1 ⁄ 2 lbs loaded (though later he mentions that it weighed 35 lbs loaded), and that it had 47 cartridges in a fully loaded magazine; also that it was supported by a bipod in front and by
2380-713: The first days of the war, the Belgian Army had put in service 20 prototypes (5 in 7.65×53mm and 15 in .303) for the defense of Namur . The United Kingdom officially adopted the Lewis gun in .303 British calibre for land and aircraft use in October 1915. The weapon began to be issued to the British Army 's infantry battalions on the Western Front in early 1916 as a replacement for the heavier and less mobile Vickers machine gun, which had been withdrawn from
2450-411: The gun fired, the bolt recoiled and the cog was turned, tightening the spring until the resistance of the spring had reached the recoil force of the bolt assembly. At that moment, as the gas pressure in the breech fell, the spring unwound, turning the cog, which, in turn, wound the operating rod forward for the next round. As with a clock spring, the Lewis gun recoil spring had an adjustment device to alter
2520-430: The gun's body to lock it into place. The post also carried a fixed firing pin , which protruded through an aperture in the front of the bolt, firing the next round at the foremost part of the piston's travel. The gun's aluminium barrel-shroud caused the muzzle blast to draw air over the barrel and cool it, due to the muzzle-to-breech, radially finned aluminium heat sink within the shroud's barrel, and protruding behind
2590-519: The infantry for use by the specialist Machine Gun Corps . The US Navy and Marine Corps followed in early 1917, adopting the M1917 Lewis gun (produced by the Savage Arms Co.), in .30-06 calibre. Notes made during his training in 1918 by Arthur Bullock, a private soldier in the 2/4th Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry , record that the chief advantage of the gun was 'its invulnerability' and its chief disadvantages were 'its delicacy,
2660-514: The inter-war period. It was eventually replaced by the MAC 1934 for Air Force use, although the French Navy continued to use them into World War II. Small numbers were also exported to Brazil, Spain, Yugoslavia, Italy and Lithuania, and captured French Darnes were used by German occupation forces for coastal defense. The initial guns were made by Darne in France but it appears that later production
2730-646: The latter half of the 20th century. He also played a role in the rejection of the Lewis Gun by the Army, although it was quickly adopted by the British and used effectively through both World Wars. A few were used by the United States Marine Corps , and eventually, by the Army to a limited degree. In 1907, he was interested in Orville and Wilbur Wright 's novel ordnance delivery method. Crozier
2800-476: The magazine, feed mechanism, bolt, barrel, extractors, and gas operation system. Savage did make Lewis guns in .303 British calibre, though. The Model 1916 and Model 1917 were exported to Canada and the United Kingdom, and a few were supplied to the US military, particularly the Navy. The Savage Model 1917 was generally produced in .30-06 calibre. A number of these guns were supplied to the UK under lend-lease during
2870-436: The making of definite plans and to be highly effective in getting those plans executed. The rate at which the work goes forward is continuously compared with the advance of time, which induces action to accelerate or retard that rate. These charts are not static records of the past: they deal with the present and future and their only connection with the past is with respect to its effect upon the future. Crozier quickly grasped
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2940-514: The more common Vickers. The Lewis's popularity as an aircraft machine gun was partly due to its low weight, the fact that it was air-cooled and that it used self-contained 97-round drum magazines. Because of this, the Lewis was first mounted on the Vickers F.B.5 "Gunbus", which was probably the world's first purpose-built combat aircraft when it entered service in August 1914, replacing the Vickers machine gun used on earlier experimental versions. It
3010-574: The only daughter of Mrs. Elizabeth Hoyt Williams and the late Charles Augustus Williams (1829–1899) of New London and Washington, and the sister of the Hon. William C. Williams (1862–1947), commissioner of immigration at Ellis Island (1902–1905/1910–1914). General Crozier is buried in Arlington National Cemetery Section East Site S-28 with his wife Mary Hoyt Crozier (née Williams). Crozier graduated from
3080-453: The operator's shoulder at the rear. About six months into his service, Bullock was sent on Lewis gun refresher course at La Lacque, and he recalled that the rigour of the training meant that 'everyone passed out 100 percent efficient, the meaning of which will be appreciated when I say that part of the final test was to strip down the gun completely and then, blindfolded, put those 104 parts together again correctly in just one minute.' The gun
3150-496: The pilot and just above its V-8 engine , could also use one or two Lewis guns mounted on the forward crossbar of its cabane structure, between the top wing panels, as an anti-Zeppelin measure. A few of the Dolphins in use with No. 87 Squadron RAF in the summer of 1918, alternatively mounted their twin Lewises atop the lower wings just inboard of the inner wing struts for an additional pair of forward-firing machine guns; in such
3220-449: The point where it was adopted by French and some other air forces for the role of an observer's gun. There were many variants of the Darne machine gun, although most were certainly less successful. In the 1920s and 1930s Darne offered a number of lightweight belt-fed machine guns for infantry or vehicle use. All these machine guns were made according to the same principle of reducing cost, but unlike its aircraft variants found no buyers during
3290-556: The possibilities of this chart in helping to fix responsibility for action or lack of action, and had it introduced in various branches of the Ordnance Department. During 1918 these charts were used in the United States arsenals, in the production of naval aircraft, and in other government work, such as that of the Emergency Fleet , the Shipping Board , etc. Crozier died at age 87 in 1942. On his death, he bequeathed to
3360-443: The production of arms and munitions, but it was difficult to get a comprehensive idea of what progress was being made in the filling of these orders. Quantities had suddenly jumped from hundreds to millions, and it was impossible to convey by means of typewritten tables the significance of such unusual quantities or the time necessary to produce them. Charts of the usual type were unsatisfactory because they did not sufficiently emphasize
3430-439: The propeller arc of such aircraft; only the unusual French SPAD S.A "pulpit plane" which possessed a unique hinged gunner's nacelle immediately ahead of the propeller (and the pilot), and the British pusher fighters Vickers F.B.5 , Airco D.H.2 , Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 and F.E.8 could readily use the Lewis as direct forward-firing armament early in the war. Some British single-engined tractor configuration fighters used
3500-506: The recoil resistance for variations in temperature and wear. The Lewis design proved reliable and was even copied by the Japanese and used extensively by them during the Second World War. The gun's cyclic rate of fire was about 500–600 rounds per minute. A recoil enhancer was added to the 1918 aircraft gun variant (and refitted to many 1917 models) which increased the rate of fire to about 800 rounds per minute. The ground use versions weighed 28 lb (12.7 kg), only about half as much as
3570-419: The shroud's aft end, running lengthwise in contact with the gun barrel (somewhat like the later American M1917/18 Marlin-Rockwell machine gun 's similar gun barrel cooling design) from the "bottleneck" near the shroud's muzzle end and protruding externally behind the shroud's rear end. Some discussion occurred over whether the shroud was necessary: in the Second World War, many old aircraft guns that did not have
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#17327872594993640-763: The tank caused the airflow to be reversed through the Lewis cooling jacket, resulting in hot air and fumes being blown into the gunner's face. As soon as an improved belt feed for the Hotchkiss was developed, the Lewis was replaced by them in later tank models. As their enemies used the mobility of the gun to ambush German raiding parties, the Germans nicknamed the Lewis "the Belgian Rattlesnake". They used captured Lewis guns in both World Wars, and included instruction in its operation and care as part of their machine-gun crew training. Despite costing more than
3710-630: The time (such as an ambidexterous magazine release), the U.S. Army still chose to adopt the BAR. A short-barrelled light machine gun variant was developed at the start of the Second World War . It came with a hand guard and was fed from a 30-round Bren magazines; however, it was decided by the British authorities to concentrate production on the Bren, which had the advantage of a changeable barrel. William Crozier (artillerist) William Crozier (February 19, 1855 – November 11, 1942)
3780-414: The time and because of their bulk, since only one item could be put on a sheet. Gantt concentrated on developing charts which would show a comparison between performance and promise. Several years previous to this time, he had used a chart on which the work for machines was "laid out" according to the time required to do it. The Gantt Progress Chart , as developed from this early form, was found to help in
3850-749: The top of the gasbag. By the Second World War, the British Army had replaced the Lewis gun with the Bren gun for most infantry use. As an airborne weapon, the Lewis was largely supplanted by the Vickers K , a weapon that could achieve over twice the rate of fire of the Lewis. In the crisis following the Fall of France, where a large part of the British Army's equipment had been lost up to and at Dunkirk, stocks of Lewis guns in both .303 and .30-06 were hurriedly pressed back into service, primarily for Home Guard , airfield defence and anti-aircraft use. 58,983 Lewis guns were taken from stores, repaired, refitted and issued by
3920-405: The tube/heatsink cooling system on their deck-mounted AA-configuration Lewis guns. The Lewis gun used a pan magazine holding 47 or 97 rounds. Pan magazines hold the ammunition nose-inwards toward the center, in a radial fan. Unlike the more common drum magazines , which hold the rounds parallel to the axis and are fed by spring tension, pan magazines are mechanically indexed. The Lewis magazine
3990-534: The tubing were issued to antiaircraft units of the British Home Guard and to British airfields, and others were used on vehicle mounts in the Western Desert; all were found to function properly without it, which led to the suggestion that Lewis had insisted on the cooling arrangement largely to show that his design was different from Maclean's earlier prototypes. Only the Royal Navy retained
4060-440: The war. The US Navy used the weapon on armed merchant cruisers, small auxiliary ships, landing craft and submarines. The US Coast Guard also used the Lewis on their vessels. It was never officially adopted by the US Army for anything other than aircraft use. The Germans used captured British Lewis guns during the war under the designation MG 137(e) , whilst the Japanese copied the Lewis design and employed it extensively during
4130-625: The war; it was designated the Type 92 and chambered for a 7.7 mm rimmed cartridge that was interchangeable with the .303 British round. The Lewis was officially withdrawn from British service in 1946, but continued to be used by forces operating against the United Nations in the Korean War . It was also used against French and US forces in the First Indochina War and the subsequent Vietnam War . Total production of
4200-463: Was a career United States Army officer in the Ordnance Corps and the 11th Chief of Ordnance . Born at Carrollton, Ohio on February 19, 1855, Crozier was the son of Robert Crozier (1827–1895), Chief Justice of Kansas in 1863–1866, and a United States Senator from December 1873 to February 1874. William Crozier married Miss Mary Hoyt Williams (1864–1955) in England on October 31, 1913;
4270-471: Was accepted by any armed forces. Lewis had also experimented with lighter, 30-06 calibre, box magazine-fed infantry rifle variants intended for shoulder or hip fire as a competition to the BAR. They were dubbed "Assault Phase Rifle" – what could be understood as the first use of the term "Assault Rifle", despite the weapon being, by today's designation, a battle rifle. Despite being three pounds lighter than it and loaded with very forward-thinking features for
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#17327872594994340-514: Was also fitted on two early production examples of the Bristol Scout C aircraft by Lanoe Hawker in mid-1915, mounted on the port side and firing forwards and outwards at a 30° angle to avoid the propeller arc. The problem in mounting a Lewis to fire forward in most single-engined tractor configuration fighters was due to the open bolt firing cycle of the Lewis, which prevented it from being synchronized to fire directly forward through
4410-697: Was chief of ordnance on the staff of General Adna Chaffee during the China Relief Expedition . In November 1901 he was promoted to brigadier general, passing over several more senior officers, and succeeded General Buffington as Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army . He served until 1918, not counting the time he was commandant of the Army War College in 1912 and 1913. The provision of munitions in World War I
4480-402: Was driven by a cam on top of the bolt which operated a pawl mechanism via a lever. An interesting point of the design was that it did not use a traditional helical coiled recoil spring, but used a spiral spring, much like a large clock spring, in a semicircular housing just in front of the trigger. The operating rod had a toothed underside, which engaged with a cog which wound the spring. When
4550-481: Was operated by a team of seven. Bullock was the First Lewis Gunner who carried the gun and a revolver, while 'The Second Gunner carried a bag containing spare parts, and the remaining five members of the team carried loaded pans of ammunition'. Bullock noted, 'all could fire the gun if required, and all could effect repairs in seconds'. Bullock provides several vivid descriptions of the gun's use in combat. For example, on 13 April 1918 he and his fellow soldiers intercepted
4620-455: Was outsourced to Spain, where it could be done more cheaply. The Darne machine gun is gas operated, firing from open bolt in full automatic only. The breech is locked by tilting the rear part of the bolt up into the mortise cut in the roof of receiver (similar to the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle ). The Darne machine gun has an unusual belt feed between the gas piston and barrel, using the two-stage cartridge feed system (cartridge withdrawn from
4690-474: Was promoted to major general in July 1918 and retired from the Army on 1 January 1919. In 1917, after inspection of factories in which Henry Gantt had installed his methods, Crozier, then Chief of Ordnance, retained Gantt as a consultant on production, first at the Frankford Arsenal , and then, immediately after the April declaration of war, in the Ordnance Department at Washington. Large orders had been placed with arsenals and other manufacturing plants for
4760-423: Was replaced by the MAC 1934 , except in naval aircraft. Often criticized for its lack of reliability in the aircraft role, as other similar rifle calibers, the 7.5 mm bullets proved to be too light for air combat in World War II . Lewis machine gun The Lewis gun (or Lewis automatic machine gun or Lewis automatic rifle ) is a First World War–era light machine gun . Designed privately in
4830-437: Was superintendent of Watertown Arsenal from 1884 to 1887. In 1888 he was sent by the War Department to study recent developments in artillery in Europe, and on return he was placed in full charge of the construction of gun carriages for the army. With General Adelbert R. Buffington , a future Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army , he invented the Buffington–Crozier disappearing gun carriage (1893). He also invented
4900-576: Was under his charge until December 1917, eight months after the American entry into World War I . He was then made a member of the Supreme War Council , and in the discharge of this office was in France and Italy for the first half of 1918. Crozier presided over adoption of the M1911 and the obscure M1909 Benét-Mercié light machine gun, as well as the replacement of .30 Army Gatling Guns . He also oversaw and authorized donation and sale of various condemned cannon for use in town centers, soldier's monuments, and posts for fraternal organizations such as
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