In geomorphology , geography and geology , a bench or benchland is a long, relatively narrow strip of relatively level or gently inclined land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below it. Benches can be of different origins and created by very different geomorphic processes.
41-525: Darril Wayne Fosty (December 21, 1968) is a Canadian-born Pulitzer-nominated journalist, author, and documentarian. Born in Terrace, British Columbia on December 21, 1968, Fosty's family moved to Kamloops, British Columbia , where he started grade one. After high school, Fosty moved to Bellingham, Washington , where he attended Western Washington University majoring in history and journalism and graduating in 1992. In 1994, Fosty wrote press releases for
82-535: A 240 m (780 ft) bridge over the west channel, a 340 m (1,100 ft) embankment across Ferry Island, and a 380 m (1,240 ft) bridge over the main channel. In 2001, a grated steel deck replaced the wooden one on the Old Skeena Bridge. Up to that time, the structure had been the longest one-lane, wood-decked, curved bridge in North America. In 2005, the bridge was designated
123-593: A Lyttleton post office existed in New Brunswick , the postal authorities demanded a new name. George chose Terrace to highlight the surrounding stepped landforms. In late October 1910, the eastward advance of the GTP rail head from Prince Rupert reached the Kitsumkalum River. In early November 1910, tracklaying passed over this completed bridge at Mile 91 and through mile 100 ( Vanarsdol ). In 1911,
164-507: A constable was stationed during the GTP construction. Designated a national historic site in 2006, some accounts indicate the former British Columbia Provincial Police (BCPP) building on the Lakelse Ave/Kalum St corner was erected in 1912. However, 1913 appears more precise. That year, Knox Presbyterian Church and St. Matthews Anglican Church were also built and a co-op store established. Bench (geology) First,
205-555: A damning finger at American and British news organizations, including Time and Life , accusing the publications of leaking the Battle of Dieppe pre-raid information to the Germans resulting in the deaths, woundings, and capture of over 4,300 American, British and Canadian soldiers. In July 2021, it was announced that LeBron James , Drake and Maverick Carter are producing Hubert Davis 's documentary film Black Ice , based on
246-407: A national historic site. During 2022–2023, the bridge underwent a $ 22.6 million rehabilitation. Early settlers placed limited value on timber, believing agriculture was the future. Orchards of apples, pears, plums, cherries, and berries flourished. Various vegetables thrived, while much of the timber was burned as waste. Terrace possesses the most favourable climatic conditions for agriculture in
287-792: Is credited with the revival of the history of the Colored Hockey League of the Maritimes . A documentary short written, produced, and directed by Fosty in conjunction with the National Hockey League Diversity Program called Black Ice was the winner of Best Documentary Short at the 2008 Roxbury Film Festival in Boston. Darril and his brother George were honored by the Shaka Franklin Foundation of Denver, Colorado, for
328-678: Is currently living in New York City and is the co-founder of the Society of North American Sports Historians and Researchers and founder and editor-in-chief of CardBiz.ca . Terrace, British Columbia Terrace is a city in the Skeena region of west central British Columbia , Canada. This regional hub lies east of the confluence of the Kitsumkalum River into the Skeena River . On BC Highway 16 , junctions branch northward for
369-620: The Collins Overland Telegraph line. The Mumford , which was the replacement the next year, may have reached 3.2 km (2 mi) upstream on the Skeena from the Kitsumkalum mouth (Terrace), but travel beyond the mouth may have been by canoe only. Over the following decades, river traffic increased. Settlements and woodpile fuel stops developed along the riverbanks. In 1912, the only two sternwheelers remaining on
410-769: The Nisga'a Highway (BC Highway 113) to the west and southward for the Stewart–Cassiar Highway (BC Highway 37) to the east. The locality is by road about 204 km (127 mi) southwest of Smithers and 144 km (89 mi) east of Prince Rupert . Transportation links are the Northwest Regional Airport , a passenger train, and bus services. In the vicinity, the Skeena River includes rock outcroppings, gravel and sandbars, wetlands, sloughs, and islands. Significant regular floods have eroded
451-801: The Seattle Sounders FC sports information department. After leaving the Sounders, he worked for the Internet security start-up Zendit, now Authora. In 2003, Fosty released his first book with his brother George, Splendid is the Sun: The 5,000 Year History of Hockey . In 2004, he released the book Black Ice: The Lost History of the Colored Hockey League, 1895-1925 which was featured in a short documentary on ESPN and featured on Oprah.com "Books That Made A Difference". The book
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#1732793957573492-469: The Braun's Island bridge was built. Prior to completion of the Kitsumkalum River rail bridge in late 1910, a ferry operator used a rope to pull a rowboat ferry at the crossing. In 1911, a road bridge was constructed. In 1912, a bridge was built to connect Ferry Rd (now called Haugland Ave) and Ferry Island, and a ferry was installed across the main channel of the Skeena. In June 1913, high water swept away
533-536: The Fosty brothers' historical research discussing Black hockey history, racial justice, and diversity. In 2022, Fosty released the book Nais-Myth: Basketball's Stolen Legacy which credits the invention of basketball to a 16-year-old volunteer director at the Herkimer, New York , Y.M.C.A. named Lambert Will who invented the game of basketball in 1891 only to have his idea taken and credited to James Naismith . Fosty
574-522: The George Little mill, which by 1940 was the largest employer in Terrace. In 1943, fire completely gutted the mill. In 1948, Columbia Cellulose was granted logging rights covering 135,000 ha (334,000 acres) near Terrace, where its woodlands division was established, creating a post-war development boom. The Sandes mill, which employed 100 workers at its peak, operated 1946–1968. In 1952,
615-520: The Pohle Lumber mill relocated to Terrace. In 1956, Joslyn Manufacturing and Supply Co bought LH&K but closed the Terrace mill soon after purchase. In 1959, fire consumed the Pohle sawmill, planer mill, several boxcars , and stacks of finished lumber. The 1960 rebuild was an electrically powered modern mill. By the mid-1960s, concerns were expressed about Terrace being totally dependant upon
656-470: The Prince Rupert hinterland. The location is sufficiently close to the ocean to have the summer advantages of a marine climate offering a long frost-free period and higher night-time temperatures, yet sufficiently inland to experience relatively high day-time temperatures. By 1920, this climate advantage had created a reputation for fine strawberries, fruit, and potatoes. The forest industry drove
697-535: The Skeena were the HBC Port Simpson and the chartered FW&S Inlander , which the Skeena segment of the railway made redundant that year. Inaugurated in 1970, the Riverboat Days festival held each summer acknowledges this steamboat heritage. In 1892, Tom Thornhill was the first European settler in the area, establishing a homestead on what became Thornhill Creek and is remembered in
738-630: The Stewart–Cassiar Highway was completed, which connected the Nass Valley and Terrace. That year, Western Coach Lines inaugurated a Prince Rupert–Prince George bus service, which included a scheduled stop at Terrace. The next year, the company withdrew the service. In 1960, when Prince Coach Lines assumed the Prince Rupert–Prince George route, only 121 km (75 mi) was paved. In 1966, when Canadian Coachways bought
779-667: The Via Rail waiting room, replacing the stationette. The Terrace station serves Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train . ^a . At least during 1912, Kitsumkalum was an unofficial flag stop. ^b . From April 1961, the next stop westward was Amsbury. ^c . From April 1968, the next stop westward was Kwinitsa. In 1920, a Terrace–Lakelse bus service began. By the early 1920s, wagon roads extended north to Kitsumkalum Lake, south to Lakelse Lake, west to Remo , and east to Copper River. Trails existed beyond these points. The highway grew east and west of Terrace over
820-437: The base of a sea cliff created by waves or other physical or chemical erosion near the shoreline. These benches are typically referred to as either "coastal benches," "wave-cut benches," or " wave-cut platforms ." In mining, a bench is a narrow, strip of land cut into the side of an open-pit mine . These step-like zones are created along the walls of an open-pit mine for access and mining. This geomorphology article
861-426: The bridge. The Thornhill–Terrace cable ferry crossed the Skeena from near the mouth of Thornhill Creek to the island. The scow was a reaction ferry , but being much slower than later reaction pontoons, it required assistance by pulling on a rope when the current was weak. That October, when a worker was attempting to clear a snag on the lower cable of the ferry, he fell and drowned. The replacement bridge built
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#1732793957573902-456: The company, only 121 km (75 mi) was still gravel. In 1970, Greyhound Canada purchased Canadian Coachways. Prior to ceasing all intraprovincial services in October 2018, Greyhound had eliminated the Prince Rupert–Prince George run that June. BC Bus North immediately assumed the route. The current passenger transit providers are BC Bus North and BC Transit . Around 1907,
943-600: The creation of "The Black Ice Project" and their ongoing efforts to preserve Black history (2008), teaching awards from George Washington University for the book Black Ice (2011) and John G. Dennison Award in 2020 by the Black History Ottawa board for the promotion of Canadian Black history and culture. In 2013, the Fosty brothers' book Where Brave Men Fall: The Battle of Dieppe and the Espionage War Against Hitler, 1939-1942 pointed
984-464: The development of Terrace. The small Lillesberg sawmill opened in 1908, burned down in 1909, and was not rebuilt. That year, George Little established a small mill in the area, which became a substantial operation in 1911, and was described as a large lumber mill in 1915. During and following World War I , numerous small sawmills came and went. When fire destroyed the Little's mill in 1921, most of
1025-409: The differential erosion of rocks or sediments of varying hardness and resistance to erosion can create benches. Earth scientists called such benches "structural benches." Second, other benches are narrow fluvial terraces created by the abandonment of a floodplain by a river or stream and entrenchment of the river valley into it. Finally, a bench is also the name of a narrow flat area often seen at
1066-474: The district that year, had been visiting the area since 1894. Over the following decades, the Frank Bros Dairy, immediately west of the village, became the preeminent farm. Arriving in 1907, Edward (Ed) Eby established a settlement in the vicinity of present lower Frank St. The place was briefly called Forester before becoming Kitsumkalum. He built a small hotel and general store. The next year,
1107-620: The east, and the Kitimat Ranges of the Coast Mountains are to the west. The north–south active fault line through the Kitsumkalum-Kitimat Valley has created many hot springs in the area. The Kitsumkalum and Kitselas , who have inhabited the area for about 6,000 years, traded with other villages along the Skeena. From the 1780s, European and Russian fur traders passed through. From the mid-1800s,
1148-412: The following decades, the key event being the completion of the Prince Rupert–Prince George route in 1944. By 1955, a Prince Rupert–Terrace–Smithers bus service existed. In November 1957, when Highway 25 to Kitimat officially opened, the final 8.0 or 9.7 km (5 or 6 mi) were unfinished. A Caterpillar D9 dragged the first vehicle over this section. In 1958, a 110 km (70 mi) stretch of
1189-462: The following winter was a howe truss . In 1918–19, a 14 t; 13 long tons (15 short tons) pontoon reaction ferry was installed. In 1921, the cable snapped sending the ferry downstream where the four people on board had a narrow escape. The badly damaged vessel appears to have been repaired. In July 1925, the single-lane Old Skeena Bridge officially opened, and the ferry was discontinued. In 1936, high water washed out four timber spans of
1230-458: The forestry, mining and salmon resources drew new settlers. The Kitsumkaylum 1 reserve is immediately west of Kitsumkalum River. The Tsimshian word for Terrace is ganeexs (meaning "ladder" or "steps"), likely a reference to the stepped terraces of the surrounding landscape. The first sternwheeler to attempt the Skeena was the Union in 1865, which transported supplies for the construction of
1271-427: The lumber and logs were saved. The mill was immediately rebuilt. During the 1920s, Terrace was known as the "pole capital of the world". Over 50,000 poles were manufactured annually to supply many parts of North America with telephone and electric power poles. The world's tallest pole, 49 m (162 ft) long, was cut in Terrace and stands in New York City . In 1936, Little, Haugland and Kerr (LH&K) bought
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1312-510: The lumber industry. In 1969 Columbia Cellulose purchased the Pohle Lumber mill operations. In 1981, Canadian Cellulose was renamed BC Timber. In 1984, BC Timber was renamed Westar Timber. In 1986, Skeena Cellulose, a subsidiary of Repap Industries, bought the Westar assets. In 1988, Repap opened a new $ 45 million sawmill on the Pohle site in Terrace, which closed in 2001. Terrace Lumber Co ran this mill intermittently during 2005–2006. In 1913,
1353-483: The main line divisional point transferred from Pacific . To accommodate the additional personnel, a Plan 100‐391 station building opened the next year. In 1988, Via Rail erected a stationette. Built around 1914 and designated a national historic site in 1982, the George Little House was moved to its present location in 2004. The next year, the renovated main floor became tourism facilities and
1394-543: The naming of Thornhill and the creek. Formerly, the general area was known as Little Canyon. In 1898, George Little journeyed west from Ontario for the Klondike Gold Rush . He left the Yukon in 1905 and landed at Kitimat , from where he came north to the Skeena. That year, he pre-empted 65 ha (160 acres) centred around the foot of present Kalum St. Harry Frank, who had taken up the first pre-emption in
1435-407: The post office opened in the store. In 1912, the hotel and store at the landing closed and were demolished. Designated a national historic site in 1996, the cemetery was established in 1909. That year, George Little began sawmilling in the area. The next year, he opened a general store and laid out the townsite on his property. The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTP) surveyors originally intended
1476-451: The riverbanks, destroyed landings, and exposed archaeological sites. Over 25,000 years ago, the river cut through glaciers to create the benches (stepped terraces) and deposited well-drained sandy loamy soils suited for agriculture. The surrounding ecosystem is a hybrid coastal-interior rainforest, which consists primarily of western red cedar , western hemlock , amabilis fir or "balsam" and Sitka spruce . The Hazelton Mountains are to
1517-419: The standard-design Plan 100‐152 (Bohi's Type E) station building was erected. The next year, when a roadmaster riding eastward on a railway motorcycle collided with an oncoming locomotive, he was fatally flung into the Skeena. In 1927, a falling rock about one mile east of Terrace crashed through the roof of a westbound Canadian National Railway (CN) baggage car killing an employee. In 1929, an addition to
1558-535: The station enlarged the waiting room and the agent accommodation. In 1953, an earthquake created a 46 m (150 ft)-wide fissure on the Terrace-Kitimat line construction, which consumed about 300 m (1,000 ft) of the roadbed. In late December 1954, the southward advance of the CN rail head from Terrace reached Kitimat. The next month, the first passenger train completed the journey. George Little
1599-492: The townsite be near Kitsumkalum, but when George offered to donate 20 ha (50 acres) of his land for the railway right-of-way, station, and railyard, the GTP gladly accepted. In appreciation, the GTP allowed him to name the station. The earliest newspaper mention of the Littleton station name was August 1911 and of the Terrace location name was September 1911. George Little was the inaugural postmaster 1912–1931. Since
1640-574: The trestle approach on the south side of the bridge, which required the installation of a temporary catwalk. The building of the adjacent railway bridge for the Kitimat branch in 1953 prompted a major reconstruction and renovation of the highway bridge. On realignment, many new spans and concrete piers were added, a new hardwood deck was installed, and the approaches changed. The new (Dudley Little) Skeena River Bridge, costing $ 6.4 million, officially opened in October 1975. The two-lane roadway comprised
1681-418: Was on board. In June 1955, a Prince Rupert–Kitimat passenger shuttle began on a trial basis, which replaced the Kitimat mixed train . The line officially opened the next month, and the Kitimat station was completed later in the year. In April 1957, the shuttle discontinued west of Terrace. In April 1958, when passenger rail was discontinued to Kitimat, a private bus operator took over the route. In 1959,