166-519: Darrington is a town in Snohomish County , Washington , United States. It is located in a North Cascades mountain valley formed by the Sauk and North Fork Stillaguamish rivers. Darrington is connected to nearby areas by State Route 530 , which runs along the two rivers towards the city of Arlington , located 30 miles (48 km) to the west, and Rockport . It had a population of 1,347 at
332-518: A branch line to the town in 1901 and ushered in several years of growth. During the Great Depression , Darrington hosted a Civilian Conservation Corps camp that improved roads, trails, and firefighting infrastructure in the nearby Mount Baker National Forest . Several waves of Appalachian emigrants arrived in the area from North Carolina , forming a culture that is seen in the town's annual bluegrass festival and rodeo . Darrington
498-717: A major homeport in Everett that opened in 1994. Snohomish County is part of the Puget Sound region of Western Washington , bordered to the south by King County , to the west by Puget Sound and other inland waters, to the north by Skagit County , and to the east by the Chelan County at the crest of the Cascade Range . According to the United States Census Bureau , the county has
664-637: A mayor–council form of government. It is one of two towns within Snohomish County, the other being Index , the only incorporated place in the county with a smaller population than Darrington. The five town council members regularly meet twice per month and are elected to four-year terms alongside the mayor. The current mayor, Dan Rankin, a sawmill owner and former councilmember, was elected in 2011; he has twice been re-elected. The town government handles and manages public safety, public works, administration, and parks and recreation. It also operates
830-546: A public library branch operated by the Sno-Isle Libraries system and located in the town hall complex, which was built in 1990 and expanded in 2008. The town lacks home delivery of mail, requiring residents to use the local post office . At the federal level, Darrington is part of the 8th congressional district , which encompasses the eastern portions of the Snohomish, King , and Pierce counties as well as
996-442: A term limit of three terms. The county executive is Dave Somers , a Democrat . Somers is a former Snohomish County Councilmember and took office as county executive on January 4, 2016, having won the seat from incumbent and fellow Democrat John Lovick. The county executive seat was chartered in the 1979. The first county executive was conservative Democrat Willis Tucker of Snohomish from 1980 to 1992. Following Tucker,
1162-592: A Republican since George H. W. Bush in 1988 . The county's primary elections were historically held in June, but were moved to August in 2008. In the years since, turnout has been under 45% except for 2020; during odd-numbered years with municipal and local races, turnout has been under 27%. Snohomish County is one of the most-populous counties in the United States without a four-year, baccalaureate degree -granting institution. Columbia College offers AA all
1328-462: A community events complex and park located 3 miles (4.8 km) west of the town, which is home to several annual events, including a rodeo and a Bluegrass festival . The Darrington Timberbowl Rodeo began in 1964 and typically draws over a thousand spectators during its two-day run in late June. The rodeo was cancelled in 2013 after an inspection found the venue's bleachers to be unsafe, but $ 25,000 in repairs funded by state grants allowed it to resume
1494-1011: A conviction that carries an appropriate potential sentence when a serious crime has been committed. Our role as the primary prosecutor of serious crimes makes our responsibility to citizens in Indian Country unique and mandatory. Accordingly, public safety in tribal communities is a top priority for the Department of Justice. Emphasis was placed on improving prosecution of crimes involving domestic violence and sexual assault. Passed in 1953, Public Law 280 (PL 280) gave jurisdiction over criminal offenses involving Indians in Indian Country to certain States and allowed other States to assume jurisdiction. Subsequent legislation allowed States to retrocede jurisdiction, which has occurred in some areas. Some PL 280 reservations have experienced jurisdictional confusion, tribal discontent, and litigation, compounded by
1660-433: A family was $ 77,479. Males had a median income of $ 56,152 versus $ 41,621 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 30,635. About 5.9% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 census , there were 606,024 people, 224,852 households, and 157,846 families residing in the county. The population density
1826-422: A few cases voluntary moves based on mutual agreement. The removal caused many problems such as tribes losing the means of livelihood by being restricted to a defined area, poor quality of land for agriculture, and hostility between tribes. The first reservation was established by Easton Treaty with the colonial governments of New Jersey and Pennsylvania on August 29, 1758. Located in southern New Jersey , it
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#17328015697771992-756: A five-year approval before 1850. Article two of the treaty claims "the reserves on the river Angrais and at Rifle river, of which said Indians are to have the usufruct and occupancy for five years." Indigenous people had restraints pushed on them by the five-year allowance. Scholarly author Buck Woodard used executive papers from Governor William H. Cabell in his article, "Indian Land sales and allotment in Antebellum Virginia" to discuss Indigenous reservations in America before 1705, specifically in Virginia. He claims "the colonial government again recognized
2158-709: A forced mass migration that came to be known as the Trail of Tears . Some of the lands these tribes were given to inhabit following the removals eventually became Indian reservations. In 1851, the United States Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Act which authorized the creation of Indian reservations in Indian Territory (which became Oklahoma). Relations between white settlers and Natives had grown increasingly worse as
2324-677: A geographical district that is redrawn every 10 years. As of 2023 , its members are: The judicial branch of the county government is divided between two courts: the Superior Court and District Court. The number of judges in each court is set by the state legislature as recommended by a panel of judges and analysis of the courts. The Superior Court has 17 judges elected to four-year terms and primarily handle major cases, including those that involve felonies and juveniles, as well as some civil cases. The District Court has nine judges that handle infractions, small claims, and domestic violence; it
2490-435: A household in the town was $ 32,813, and the median income for a family was $ 44,063. Males had a median income of $ 36,429 versus $ 25,625 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 17,384. About 4.7 percent of families and 8.9 percent of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9 percent of those under age 18 and 6.6 percent of those age 65 or over. Darrington is an incorporated town that operates under
2656-519: A hundred residents; a second hotel and the town's first social club had been built. The U.S. Lumber Company, which began in 1901 as the Allen Mill, was the largest employer in Darrington during the early 1910s, producing 23,000 board feet (54.28 m) of wood per day. U.S. Lumber angered the townspeople by hiring 21 Japanese laborers at similar wages to their white counterparts. In June 1910,
2822-426: A lighthouse. The President of the United States of America was directly involved in the creation of new treaties regarding Indian Reservations before 1850. Van Buren stated that indigenous reservations are "all their reserves of land in the state of Michigan, on the principle of said reserves being sold at the public land offices for their benefit and the actual proceeds being paid to them." The agreement dictated that
2988-682: A local cooperative association in 1935 to create jobs, including 33 at an independent sawmill, and provide services at a shared cost. Camp Darrington was primarily used to fight wildfires and develop infrastructure in the Darrington district of the Mount Baker National Forest , including roads, trails, and a series of fire lookout towers atop nearby mountains. Among its projects was the Mountain Loop Highway , which provided connections between ranger stations in Darrington and Granite Falls and also opened up
3154-550: A mob of white men rioted and drove the Japanese out of town after little resistance, paying for their train fare to Everett after allowing them to retrieve their belongings. A report by Seattle-based vice-consul Kinjiro Hayashi was forwarded to the Japanese ambassador and state government. The company filed for an injunction after rioters had threatened to burn its Darrington mill and other properties should it attempt to return
3320-564: A municipal system serving the city of Everett; Island Transit , which connects Camano Island to Stanwood and Everett; and Skagit Transit , which operates an inter-county route from Everett to Mount Vernon . The regional Link light rail system was extended into Snohomish County with the opening of the Lynnwood Link Extension on August 30, 2024, which includes stations in Mountlake Terrace and Lynnwood on
3486-538: A name was held by several pioneer residents in July 1891 in advance of the establishment of a post office . The vote was tied between two options, Portage (in some accounts, Norma) and Darrington, the maiden name of settler W. W. Cristopher's mother. According to some reports, the name was originally to be "Barrington" but was changed due to a mistake from the Postal Department or by the townspeople to resemble
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#17328015697773652-616: A permanent replacement was opened in September. The increased costs to local businesses resulting from the long detour via State Route 20 were mitigated with low-interest loans from the Small Business Administration and recovery funds, including $ 9.5 million in private donations. The tourism industry in Darrington also received a state-funded advertising campaign, keeping revenue and visitation for local events at pre-slide levels. The state government, together with
3818-528: A public cemetery , the municipal airport , and contracts for utility services . The mayor and town council appoint a clerk treasurer and the heads of various government departments. As of 2016, the town government employs seven people and has an annual budget of $ 3 million. The town has an independent fire department with two stations, but contracts with the Snohomish County Sheriff for policing and emergency services. The town also has
3984-422: A small budget of $ 1.6 million, accepted several grants from the state to upgrade its water system and repair streets during the recession. On March 22, 2014, a major mudslide on a hillside near Oso , 12 miles (19 km) west of Darrington, destroyed dozens of homes and a section of State Route 530, cutting off direct road access between Arlington and Darrington for two months. It killed 43 people, becoming
4150-506: A total square area of approximately 2,196 square miles (5,690 km ), of which 2,087 square miles (5,410 km ) is land and 109 square miles (280 km ), or 5.0%, is water. It is the 13th largest county in Washington by land area and is larger than the states of Delaware and Rhode Island . The county's surface is covered by plains and rolling hills in the west, where the majority of settlements are, and mountainous terrain in
4316-535: A two-year degree online or on campus from Edmonds College, students can continue their studies for a bachelor's degree from Central Washington University-Lynnwood in Snoqualmie Hall, a shared building on the Edmonds CC campus. Residents receive much of their information from Seattle-based media, the most prominent of which include The Seattle Times and regional TV news stations. The Everett Herald
4482-550: A valley between foothills of the Cascade Mountains , including the 6,852-foot (2,088 m) Whitehorse Mountain . The plain was formed by lahar deposits from several eruptions of Glacier Peak , 25 miles (40 km) to the southeast. The area remains in the volcano's lahar hazard zone and also lies on a fault line that last produced a major earthquake less than 500 years ago. Soil in The Darrington area
4648-583: A whole favors the Democratic Party in elections, Darrington has generally supported Republican candidates. During the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Darrington had the highest percentage of votes in Snohomish County for Republican Donald Trump , at 61 percent compared to 33 percent for Democrat Hillary Clinton , who carried the county. Similarly, in the same year's gubernatorial election , 59 percent of Darrington voters preferred Republican Bill Bryant over incumbent Democrat Jay Inslee , who
4814-614: A workforce population of 1,138 and an unemployment rate of 9.3 percent. The most common employers for Darrington residents are in manufacturing (23.8 percent), followed by educational and health services (17.6 percent), retail (13.7 percent), and public administration (10.5 percent). Approximately 9.9 percent of Darrington residents also work within the town, while 13 percent commute to Everett , 6.4 percent work in Seattle , and 5.7 percent work in Arlington. The average one-way commute for
4980-487: Is 56,200,000 acres (22,700,000 ha; 87,800 sq mi; 227,000 km ), approximately 2.3% of the total area of the United States and about the size of the state of Idaho . While most reservations are small compared to the average U.S. state, twelve Indian reservations are larger than the state of Rhode Island . The largest reservation, the Navajo Nation Reservation , is similar in size to
5146-665: Is a gas station and general store at Fort Hall Indian Reservation, Idaho , and a museum at Foxwoods, on the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Reservation in Connecticut ). Tribal citizens may utilize several resources held in tribal tenures such as grazing range and some cultivable lands. They may also construct homes on tribally held lands. As such, members are tenants-in-common , which may be likened to communal tenure. Even if some of this pattern emanates from pre-reservation tribal customs, generally
Darrington, Washington - Misplaced Pages Continue
5312-565: Is a legal designation. It comes from the conception of the Native American nations as independent sovereigns at the time the U.S. Constitution was ratified. Thus, early peace treaties (often signed under conditions of duress or fraud), in which Native American nations surrendered large portions of their land to the United States, designated parcels which the nations, as sovereigns, " reserved " to themselves, and those parcels came to be called "reservations". The term remained in use after
5478-488: Is an area of land held and governed by a U.S. federal government-recognized Native American tribal nation , whose government is autonomous , subject to regulations passed by the United States Congress and administered by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs , and not to the U.S. state government in which it is located. Some of the country's 574 federally recognized tribes govern more than one of
5644-567: Is classified as forestland, which is predominantly located in the eastern portions. These forests are dominated by conifer species such as Douglas firs , hemlocks , and cedars , with pockets of deciduous species in logged areas. As of the 2020 census , there were 827,957 people, 306,828 households, and 211,519 families residing in the county. The population density was 396.8 people per square mile (153.2 people/km ). There were 321,523 housing units at an average density of 146.4 units per square mile (56.5 units/km ). The racial makeup of
5810-452: Is divided into four geographical divisions. Snohomish County has been a reliably Democratic county in recent presidential elections (albeit to a lesser degree than neighboring King County and Seattle ). It has voted Democratic all but four times since 1932, with those four occasions being national Republican landslides in which the GOP candidate won over 400 electoral votes. It has not voted for
5976-556: Is heavily influenced by maritime systems, pushed by prevailing westerly winds but dampened by the Olympic Mountains . The mean monthly temperatures for the county range from 20 to 40 °F (−7 to 4 °C) during the winter and 55 to 65 °F (13 to 18 °C) in the summer. The record highest temperatures were set during a June 2021 heat wave , with highs of up to 109 °F (43 °C) recorded in several areas. Annual precipitation ranges from 35 inches (89 cm) in
6142-707: Is primarily composed of glacial sands and gravels that have deposits of various mineral ores, including gold , silver , copper , lead , zinc , antimony , arsenic , mercury , and iron . Darrington has a general climate similar to most of the Puget Sound lowlands and the Cascades foothills, with dry summers and mild, rainy winters moderated by a marine influence from the Pacific Ocean . Temperatures in Darrington typically differ by approximately 10 °F (5.6 °C) from Everett and other coastal cities in
6308-1211: Is provided by Amtrak , which has two lines operating within Snohomish County: Amtrak Cascades between Seattle and Vancouver , British Columbia , stopping in Edmonds, Everett, and Stanwood station ; and the Empire Builder between Seattle and Chicago , Illinois , stopping in Edmonds and Everett. Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Lines and Northwestern Trailways from Everett Station. Snohomish County has one major airport: Paine Field , otherwise known as Snohomish County Airport, which has had passenger service since March 2019. There are three smaller public airports that are open to general aviation : Arlington Municipal Airport in Arlington , Darrington Municipal Airport in Darrington , and Harvey Field in Snohomish . The county also has several private airports, including
6474-703: Is served by several public transit systems that connect to each other at regional hubs, including Everett Station and Lynnwood Transit Center . The primary provider is Community Transit , which operates local service within the county (apart from the city of Everett ) and commuter service to the Boeing Everett Factory and Downtown Seattle . Sound Transit , a regional transit agency, provides light rail , commuter rail , and express bus services that connect to regional destinations in Seattle and Bellevue . Other providers include Everett Transit ,
6640-480: Is the county's most popular daily newspaper, while weekly newspapers such as the Snohomish County Tribune , Stanwood Camano News and Edmonds Beacon serve their respective communities. The county is part of the Seattle broadcast television market and is served by several regional television news stations, including KOMO , KING , KIRO , KCTS , and KCPQ . Local radio stations based in
6806-643: Is the legislatively appointed leader of the University Center of North Puget Sound , which offers 25 bachelor's and master's degrees through Western Washington University, Washington State University, Central Washington University, Eastern Washington University, The Evergreen State College, Hope International University, and the University of Washington Bothell. Edmonds College and Central Washington University have worked together since 1975 to provide higher education in Snohomish County. After earning
Darrington, Washington - Misplaced Pages Continue
6972-649: The Herald , a daily publication from Everett, and the weekly Arlington Times . The town's first newspaper, named The Wrangler , was published from 1907 to 1915 by the Darrington Literary Society. A second newspaper, The Darrington News , was published for two years from 1947 to 1949 and was followed by the Timber Bowl Tribune , which was printed in Darrington and Concrete using a plant owned by The Concrete Herald . The Tribune
7138-519: The 1 Line . The project was approved in a 2008 ballot measure and began construction in 2019. An extension to Everett with six or seven stations was approved in the regional Sound Transit 3 ballot measure in 2016 and is expected to open between 2037 and 2041. Community Transit operates a bus rapid transit network called Swift with three lines as of 2024 : the Blue Line , which opened in 2009 from Everett to Shoreline along State Route 99;
7304-493: The 2000 census , there were 1,136 people, 473 households, and 292 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,171.9 people per square mile (452.2/km). There were 505 housing units at an average density of 520.9 per square mile (201/km). The racial makeup of the town was 94.98 percent White, 1.67 percent Native American, 0.35 percent Asian, 0.26 percent from other races, and 2.73 percent from two or more races. Hispanic of Latino residents of any race were 1.23 percent of
7470-508: The 2010 census . Non-indigenous settlement in the area began in 1891 at the site of a Skagit campsite between the two rivers, near the traditional home of the Sauk-Suiattle tribe. Prospectors had arrived in the area during the 1880s while looking for gold and other minerals, but were quickly displaced by the logging industry that would come to dominate Darrington for much of the 20th century. The Northern Pacific Railway built
7636-483: The 72nd-most populous in the United States. The county seat and largest city is Everett . The county forms part of the Seattle metropolitan area , which also includes King and Pierce counties to the south. The county's western portion, facing Puget Sound and other inland waters of the Salish Sea , is home to the majority of its population and major cities. The eastern portion is rugged and includes portions of
7802-475: The COVID-19 pandemic . The town also has several other annual events, including Darrington Day in late May, a Fourth of July parade, and a street fair in July. Darrington formerly hosted an annual wildflower festival and an annual Christian music festival in the 1990s during the transition to a tourism-based economy. With no local newspaper, events in Darrington are covered by Everett's daily newspaper,
7968-404: The Cascade Range , with few settlements along major rivers and most of it designated as part of Mount Baker–Snoqualmie National Forest . Snohomish County is bound to the north by Skagit County , to the east by Chelan County , to the south by King County , and to the west by Kitsap and Island counties. Snohomish County was created out of Island County on January 14, 1861, and is named for
8134-825: The Civilian Conservation Corps developed wilderness and recreational areas around several work camps. During World War II , the county had several shipyards and airplane factories established to supply the United States Armed Forces. Several existing and new airfields were converted into military use, which would continue beyond the war. A post-war population boom brought new suburban development to Snohomish County, where bedroom communities were built alongside new highways to Seattle. In 1967, Boeing began construction of an aircraft assembly plant —the world's largest building—in Everett for its Boeing 747 program. The U.S. Navy located
8300-644: The Economic Alliance Snohomish County and Washington State University , drafted a $ 65 million economic recovery plan that was put into effect in 2016. Darrington is located in the northeastern reach of Snohomish County in Western Washington , just south of the Skagit County border. It is 28 miles (45 km) east of Arlington , the nearest city, and 74 miles (119 km) northeast of Seattle . According to
8466-600: The Everett and Monte Cristo Railway to the south; until that time, the Sauk Prairie at the modern site of Darrington was an overnight camping spot for prospectors. Nearby areas were explored by prospectors who made over a hundred claims to tracts of land in the highlands around the valley, including Gold Hill. The Sauk Prairie campsite evolved into a settlement that was known as "The Portage" and developed around several homesteads established between 1888 and 1891. A vote on
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#17328015697778632-950: The Frontier Airpark and Green Valley Airfield in Granite Falls. The Martha Lake Airport in Martha Lake was a former private airport that was closed in 2000 and was converted into a county park that opened in 2010. Snohomish County is also connected to adjacent counties by two ferry routes operated by Washington State Ferries . The Edmonds–Kingston ferry carries SR 104 between Edmonds and Kingston in Kitsap County . The Mukilteo–Clinton ferry carries SR 525 from Mukilteo to Clinton on Whidbey Island . 48°02′N 121°43′W / 48.04°N 121.71°W / 48.04; -121.71 Indian reservation An American Indian reservation
8798-617: The Gibson Brothers , and Rural Delivery, have performed at Darrington's Whitehorse Mountain Amphitheater. From 2006 to 2019, the amphitheater also hosted the Summer Meltdown jam festival in early August, which attracted a wide variety of musical acts. The four-day event typically drew 4,000 visitors and 40 acts, as well as art pieces that were installed around the campgrounds. Both festivals were cancelled in 2020 due to
8964-565: The Great Depression led several small sawmills in the Darrington area to suspend operations for a full year and laying off most of the town's workforce in late 1930. The town suffered outbreaks of scarlet fever and smallpox in 1931, followed by winter storms that damaged bridges and roads in the Sauk valley. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) work program established Camp Darrington on May 20, 1933, to provide employment for up to 200 men from northern Snohomish County. The townspeople established
9130-795: The Green Line from the Boeing Everett Factory to Bothell via Airport Road and State Route 527 ; and the Orange Line in Lynnwood and Mill Creek, which opened in 2024. A fourth line, the Gold Line , is planned to open by 2029 and connect Everett to Marysville and Smokey Point . Sound Transit also runs four daily Sounder commuter trains at peak hours between Everett Station and King Street Station in Seattle, stopping at Mukilteo and Edmonds . Intercity rail service
9296-694: The Indian Removal Act in 1830". A third act pushed through was "the federal government relocated "portions of [the] 'Five Civilized Tribes' from the southeastern states in the Non-Intercourse Act of 1834 ." All three of these laws set into motion the Indigenous Reservation system in the United States of America, resulting in the forceful removal of Indigenous peoples into specific land Reservations. Scholarly author James Oberly discusses "The Treaty of 1831 between
9462-631: The Köppen climate classification system, Darrington has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb). Darrington's largest industry remains logging , centered around several small companies and the Hampton sawmill , the town's largest employer at 160 jobs. Hampton acquired the disused sawmill from Summit Timber in 2002 and reopened it the following year after $ 15 million in renovations. The sawmill primarily processes western hemlock and Douglas fir from nearby state and local lands. Other major industries in
9628-724: The Monte Cristo area in 1889 lured prospectors into the North Cascades and stimulated the development of the surrounding valleys. A 45-mile (72 km) wagon road along the Sauk River connecting Monte Cristo to Sauk Prairie and the settlement of Sauk City on the Skagit River was built in 1891, later forming part of the modern Mountain Loop Highway . It was only used for three years before being replaced by
9794-409: The Northern Pacific Railway arrived in modern-day Darrington in 1870 while plotting the potential route for a railroad crossing the Cascades to Lake Chelan , but ultimately chose Stampede Pass to the south. The North Stillaguamish Valley was nicknamed "Starve Out" by early settlers, who arrived alone and underprepared for the area's conditions, leading to several difficult winters. Soldiers sent to
9960-413: The Office of Indian Affairs (now the Bureau of Indian Affairs) as a division of the United States Department of War (now the United States Department of Defense ), to solve the land problem with 38 treaties with American Indian tribes. Indian Treaties, and Laws and Regulations Relating to Indian Affairs (1825) was a document signed by President Andrew Jackson in which he states that "we have placed
10126-408: The Puget Sound lowlands . The upper Stillaguamish and Sauk valleys on the Sauk , Suiattle , and White Chuck rivers were historically inhabited by various Native American Coast Salish groups, including the Stillaguamish , the Sauk-Suiattle , and the Upper Skagit . The Sauk-Suiattle maintained a village site and burial ground near modern-day Darrington, while the Skagit used the plain between
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#173280156977710292-463: The Salish Sea , including the Stillaguamish and Snohomish (fed by the Skykomish and Snoqualmie rivers). These rivers form several valleys used for agriculture that occasionally flood during major weather events, such as atmospheric rivers . The lowland areas of western Snohomish County generally has a temperate Mediterranean climate similar to the rest of the central Puget Sound region with dry summers and wet winters. The county's weather
10458-447: The U.S. Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 1.67 square miles (4.33 km), of which, 1.65 square miles (4.27 km) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km) is water. Darrington is situated on a plain between the North Fork Stillaguamish River to the west and the Sauk River to the east. The plain is 5 miles (8.0 km) long and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide, at approximately 554 feet (169 m) above sea level in
10624-423: The Umatilla Indian Reservation , after the individual parcels were granted out of reservation land, the reservation area was reduced by giving the "excess land" to white settlers. The individual allotment policy continued until 1934 when it was terminated by the Indian Reorganization Act . The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, also known as the Howard-Wheeler Act , was sometimes called the Indian New Deal and
10790-430: The deadliest landslide in U.S. history and the deadliest natural disaster in state history since the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . Darrington was one of the main staging areas for disaster response workers and supplies; the community center was used as an emergency shelter for victims and the rodeo grounds became an animal shelter and housing for workers. State Route 530 was partially reopened by early June and
10956-415: The "New York Indians". This Treaty from 1831 is the cause of conflicts and is disputed because the land was good hunting grounds. The Trade and Intercourse Act of 1834 says "In the 1834 Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, the United States defined the boundaries of Indian County." Also, "For Unrau, Indigenous Country is less on Indigenous homeland and more a place where the U.S. removed Indians from east of
11122-456: The 1960s, and the passenger depot was demolished in 1967. The railroad was eventually abandoned in 1990 and its right-of-way was acquired by the county for conversion into a rail trail . The gyppo operations gave way to a small local timber company, Summit Timber, which acquired the largest sawmill in Darrington, now the Hampton mill. Several smaller mills in Darrington and surrounding communities, including four for cedar shakes , closed during
11288-446: The 1960s, declining by 230 residents by 1990 and rebounding since then. Darrington predominantly has single-family residences, with only 36 multi-family units reported in 2010. According to 2012 estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau, Darrington has a median family income of $ 60,750, and a per capita income of $ 18,047, ranking 227th of 281 areas within the state of Washington. Approximately 16.7 percent of families and 20.9 percent of
11454-463: The 1960s, leading to further population decline. The area's timber industry was also adversely affected by tighter logging restrictions on federal lands during the 1980s and 1990s meant to protect the mountain habitats of threatened and endangered species, including the northern spotted owl . In response, Summit transitioned to processing private forests and lands managed by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources , maintaining its position as
11620-459: The 1970s, which prevented new development until 2002. Darrington subsequently developed into a bedroom community for commuters working in Everett and Marysville . Opposition from residents forced the town government to drop plans for a 400-bed minimum-security prison work camp in 1990. The town government unsuccessfully campaigned for a NASCAR racetrack and regional swimming center in the early 2000s, aiming to become an all-year destination for
11786-529: The 326 Indian reservations in the United States , while some share reservations, and others have no reservation at all. Historical piecemeal land allocations under the Dawes Act facilitated sales to non–Native Americans, resulting in some reservations becoming severely fragmented, with pieces of tribal and privately held land being treated as separate enclaves. This intersection of private and public real estate creates significant administrative, political, and legal difficulties. The total area of all reservations
11952-718: The Bureau (Office) of Indian Affairs. Under federal law, the government patented reservations to tribes, which became legal entities that at later times have operated in a corporate manner. Tribal tenure identifies jurisdiction over land-use planning and zoning, negotiating (with the close participation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs) leases for timber harvesting and mining. Tribes generally have authority over other forms of economic development such as ranching, agriculture, tourism, and casinos. Tribes hire both members, other Indians and non-Indians in varying capacities; they may run tribal stores, gas stations, and develop museums (e.g., there
12118-444: The Cascades backcountry to logging and recreation. The camp employed the first wave of Appalachian emigrants from North Carolina , who would eventually form a majority of the town's population. Camp Darrington workers also assisted in the creation of two winter sports areas that were equipped with ski runs , toboggan trails, and a ski jump . The Works Progress Administration , another federal jobs program, provided funds to replace
12284-765: The Dawes Act. However, the vast fragmentation of reservations occurred from the enactment of this act up to 1934, when the Indian Reorganization Act was passed. However, Congress authorized some allotment programs in the ensuing years, such as on the Palm Springs/Agua Caliente Indian Reservation in California. Allotment set in motion a number of circumstances: The demographic factor, coupled with landownership data, led, for example, to litigation between
12450-684: The Devils Lake Sioux and the State of North Dakota, where non-Indians owned more acreage than tribal members even though more Native Americans resided on the reservation than non-Indians. The court decision turned, in part, on the perception of Indian character , contending that the tribe did not have jurisdiction over the alienated allotments. In a number of instances—e.g., the Yakama Indian Reservation—tribes have identified open and closed areas within reservations. One finds
12616-693: The Europeans encountered the New World, the American colonial government determined a precedent of establishing the land sovereignty of North America through treaties between countries. This precedent was upheld by the United States government. As a result, most Native American land was purchased by the United States government, a portion of which was designated to remain under Native sovereignty. The United States government and Native Peoples do not always agree on how land should be governed, which has resulted in
12782-587: The Indian Country Law Enforcement Initiative which recognizes problems with law enforcement on Indian reservations and assigns top priority to solving existing problems. The Department of Justice recognizes the unique legal relationship that the United States has with federally recognized tribes. As one aspect of this relationship, in much of Indian Country, the Justice Department alone has the authority to seek
12948-503: The Indian agencies on reservations in order to teach Christianity to the Native American tribes. The Quakers were especially active in this policy on reservations. The policy was controversial from the start. Reservations were generally established by executive order . In many cases, white settlers objected to the size of land parcels, which were subsequently reduced. A report submitted to Congress in 1868 found widespread corruption among
13114-647: The Indians would be properly consulted when ascertaining and defining the boundaries of colonial settlement. The private contracts that once characterized the sale of Indian land to various individuals and groups—from farmers to towns—were replaced by treaties between sovereigns. This protocol was adopted by the United States Government after the American Revolution. On March 11, 1824, U.S. Vice President John C. Calhoun founded
13280-451: The Japanese laborers. The injunction was denied, but the townspeople relented and allowed 20 Japanese laborers to return to the mill a week later following Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu 's visit to Seattle. Darrington's residents resisted the county government's dry plan to prohibit the sale of alcohol and close the town's saloons. They circulated a petition to incorporate Darrington as a fourth-class city in order to continue alcohol sales, but
13446-688: The Menominee Nation and the United States" in his article, "Decision on Duck Creek: Two Green Bay Reservations and Their Boundaries, 1816–1996", showing yet another treaty regarding Indigenous Reservations before 1850. There is a conflict between the Menomee Nation and the State of Wisconsin and "the 1831 Menomee Treaty … ran the boundary between the lands of the Oneida, known in the Treaty as
13612-1287: The Mississippi River and applied unique laws." The United States of America applied laws on Indigenous Reservations depending on where they were located like the Mississippi River . This act came too, because "the federal government began to compress Indigenous lands because it needed to send troops to Texas during the Mexican-American War and protect American immigration traveling to Oregon and California." The Federal Government of America had their own needs and desires for Indigenous Land Reservations. He says, "the reconnaissance of explorers and other American officials understood that Indigenous Country possessed good land, bountiful game, and potential mineral resources." The American Government claimed Indigenous land for their own benefits with these creations of Indigenous Land Reservations . States such as Texas had their own policy when it came to Indian Reservations in America before 1850. Scholarly author George D. Harmon discusses Texas' own reservation system which "Prior to 1845, Texas had inaugurated and pursued her own Indian Policy of
13778-621: The Nottoway's land rights by treaty in 1713, at the conclusion of the Tuscaro War ." The indigenous peoples of America had land treaty agreements as early as 1713. The American Indigenous Reservation system started with "the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , where Great Britain set aside an enormous resource for Indians in the territory of the present United States." The United States put forward another act when "Congress passed
13944-557: The Sauk and Suiattle rivers. The Mountain Loop Highway connects Darrington to various scenic areas, including birdwatching hotspots and the Pacific Crest Trail system. Snohomish County, Washington Snohomish County ( / s n oʊ ˈ h oʊ m ɪ ʃ / ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington . With a population of 827,957 as of the 2020 census , it is the third-most populous county in Washington, after nearby King and Pierce counties, and
14110-503: The Snohomish River later proposed to be moved into Skagit County due to difficult travel to the county seat at Snohomish. After the incorporation of the city of Everett in 1893, the city's leaders attempted to move the county seat from Snohomish. A countywide general election on November 6, 1894, chose to relocate the county seat to Everett, amid controversy and allegations of illegal votes. After two years of litigation between
14276-484: The Stillaguamish and Sauk rivers as a portage for overland transport of canoes. The portage, Anglicized as Kudsl Kudsl or Kuds-al-kaid, was also used as a transiting point for travelers from Eastern Washington on their way to and from the Puget Sound coast. The area was known as Burn or Sauk Portage to early surveyors and visitors from towns along the Puget Sound coastline. A group of railroad surveyors for
14442-673: The U.S." Texas was one of the States before 1850 that chose to create their own reservation system as seen in Harmon's article, "The United States Indian Policy in Texas, 1845–1860." The State of "Texas had given only a few hundred acres of land in 1840, for the purpose of colonization". However, "In March 1847, … [a] special agent [was sent] to Texas to manage the Indian affairs in the State until Congress should take some definite and final action." The United States of America allowed its states to make up their own treaties such as this one in Texas for
14608-564: The United States. By 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes began phasing out the policy, and by 1882 all religious organizations had relinquished their authority to the federal Indian agency. In 1887, Congress undertook a significant change in reservation policy by the passage of the Dawes Act , or General Allotment (Severalty) Act. The act ended the general policy of granting land parcels to tribes as-a-whole by granting small parcels of land to individual tribe members. In some cases, for example,
14774-407: The age of 18 living with them, 44.8 percent were married couples living together, 9.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present, 7.2 percent had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.4 percent were non-families. Individuals made up 32.6 percent of all households; and 13.1 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and
14940-407: The age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.1% were non-families, and 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.12. The median age was 37.1 years. The median income for a household in the county was $ 66,300 and the median income for
15106-407: The age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.13. In the county, 27.4% of the population was under
15272-461: The age of 18, 8.5% was from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 53,060, and the median income for a family was $ 60,726. Males had a median income of $ 43,293 versus $ 31,386 for females. The per capita income for
15438-401: The area began to leave in the 1960s, leading to the rise of independent " gyppo " loggers who salvaged discarded timber while under contract to regional paper mills. A large open-pit mine on Miners Ridge planned by Kennecott in the late 1960s was halted after intervention from environmental activists and local politicians. Northern Pacific ended passenger rail service to the Darrington area in
15604-537: The area by the valley settlers threatened to evict the Sauk-Suiattles; this did not occur as the settlers' claim that the Sauk-Suiattle were hostile and had attacked them was determined to be unfounded. The tribe later hired surveyors to record their claims to the eastern side of the Sauk River, lands that currently comprise their Indian reservation . The discovery of gold and other valuable minerals in
15770-517: The area's extracted ores . The railroad agreed to the offer and began construction in 1900. It later merged with the Northern Pacific Railway, outpacing Great Northern and their plans to build a railroad to their timber holdings in the Sauk River valley. Railway crews arrived in the Darrington area by the following year and the first train arrived at the town's depot in 1901. Several sawmills and other timber industries began in
15936-519: The attempt was thwarted after protests by U.S. Lumber and several civic leaders. On July 5, 1910, the town voted 46–35 in favor of remaining a "wet" settlement, but the countywide plebiscite the same day passed in favor of prohibition. The town grew substantially in the early 1920s, with new sawmills attracting more residents and businesses. The wagon road along the North Fork Stillaguamish River (now part of State Route 530 )
16102-400: The average family size was 2.96. The median age in the town was 41.4 years. Residents under the age of 18 accounted for 22.7 percent of the population, 7.7 percent were between the ages of 18 and 24, 24.9 percent were from 25 to 44, 28.1 percent were from 45 to 64 and 16.6 percent were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.9 percent male and 49.1 percent female. As of
16268-464: The basis for hotel and conference facilities, to draw visitors and revenue to reservations. Successful gaming operations on some reservations have greatly increased the economic wealth of some tribes, enabling their investment to improve infrastructure, education, and health for their people. Serious crime on Indian reservations has historically been required (by the 1885 Major Crimes Act , 18 U.S.C. §§1153, 3242, and court decisions) to be investigated by
16434-519: The cities of Snohomish and Everett, the county seat was officially relocated to Everett in December 1896. One of the first county censuses was taken in 1862 by Sheriff Salem A. Woods. Early important pioneers in the Snohomish County region included E. F. Cady of Snohomish, Emory C. Ferguson of Snohomish and Isaac Cathcart . The early economy of Snohomish County relied on natural resources, namely timber and mining, alongside agriculture. The region
16600-457: The county include KKXA , KRKO , KSER , and KWYZ . There are also smaller local publications, with significant online presences: My Edmonds News , My Everett News , The Mountlake Terrace News , News of Mill Creek , Mill Creek View, Lynnwood Today and Lynnwood Times. The county has been used as a filming location for several movies and television series since the mid-20th century. Snohomish County has five major routes that connect
16766-473: The county seat at the time. The new county was the first in Washington to have its boundaries defined by a land survey rather than natural boundaries. The territorial legislature designated Mukilteo , the area's largest settlement, as the temporary county seat in January 1861. The county government was permanently moved to Cadyville, later Snohomish , following an election on July 8. Residents north of
16932-529: The county to the other counties and other areas. There are three major north–south routes: Interstate 5 , State Route 9 , and State Route 99 . The only complete east–west route is U.S. Route 2 . The countywide numbered street grid originates in Everett and was implemented beginning in the 1970s during the rollout of the 911 emergency phone number system. By the late 1990s, some roads had reverted to their historical names—either officially or by using commemorative signs—due to local backlash. Snohomish County
17098-631: The county was $ 23,417. About 4.9% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over. Snohomish County is a home rule charter county with three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial. The county government's powers and structure is defined by a charter that is updated every 10 years with amendments that are presented to voters for approval. The county executive and council seats are partisan positions with four-year terms; other positions elected by voters are generally non-partisan . Most county offices have
17264-571: The county was 66.1% white, 12.3% Asian, 3.54% black or African American, 1.3% Native American, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 5.4% other races, and 10.8% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 11.6% of the population. As of the 2010 census , there were 713,335 people, 268,325 households, and 182,282 families residing in the county. The population density was 341.8 people per square mile (132.0 people/km ). There were 286,659 housing units at an average density of 137.3 units per square mile (53.0 units/km ). The racial makeup of
17430-427: The county was 78.4% white, 8.9% Asian, 2.5% black or African American, 1.4% Indigenous, 0.4% Pacific islander, 3.8% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 9.0% of the population. In terms of ethnicity, 20.3% reported German ancestry, 12.6% Irish , 12.2% English , 8.2% Norwegian , and 3.6% American heritage. Of the 268,325 households, 35.2% had children under
17596-415: The county, with colder winters and warmer summers. The majority of the region's precipitation arrives during the winter and early spring, and Darrington averages 152 days of precipitation annually that totals 79.35 inches (201.5 cm) on average—significantly higher than areas in lowland Snohomish County. Darrington also receives significantly more snowfall than other cities in the county due to being in
17762-605: The county. Several major floods in the late 1990s and early 2000s damaged properties along the rivers; in 2003, a flood washed out part of the Mountain Loop Highway. The highway was not restored until 2008, costing Darrington approximately $ 750,000 in tourist revenue and forcing several businesses to close. Darrington's main lumber mill laid off 67 workers in 2011, citing the effects of the Great Recession and declining demand. The town government, running on
17928-415: The early 20th century during the heyday of logging in the area, which also attracted Scandinavian and Western European immigrants. The town saw an influx of Appalachian transplants from North Carolina (particularly the area around Sylva ) in the 1940s and 1950s, whose families remain in the Darrington area, influencing traditions and local culture. The town's population has remained relatively stable since
18094-573: The east. The Cascade Range passes through the eastern part of the county and is largely protected from development as part of the Mount Baker–Snoqualmie National Forest . The mountain range includes the highest point in Snohomish County: Glacier Peak , at 10,541 feet (3,212.90 m) above sea level . Several major rivers originate in the Cascades and flow west towards Puget Sound and other parts of
18260-487: The entirety of Chelan and Kittitas counties. The town was part of the 1st congressional district until 2022. At the state level, Darrington shares the 39th legislative district with Lake Stevens, Granite Falls , and eastern Skagit County . The city lies in the Snohomish County Council 's 1st district, which includes most of the county north of Everett and Lake Stevens. While Snohomish County as
18426-543: The federal Native American agencies and generally poor conditions among the relocated tribes. Many tribes ignored the relocation orders at first and were forced onto their limited land parcels. Enforcement of the policy required the United States Army to restrict the movements of various tribes. The pursuit of tribes in order to force them back onto reservations led to a number of wars with Native Americans which included some massacres. The most well-known conflict
18592-454: The federal government began to forcibly relocate nations to parcels of land to which they often had no historical or cultural connection. Compared to other population centers in the U.S., reservations are disproportionately located on or near toxic sites hazardous to the health of those living or working in close proximity, including nuclear testing grounds and contaminated mines. The majority of American Indians and Alaska Natives live outside
18758-756: The federal government, usually the Federal Bureau of Investigation , and prosecuted by United States Attorneys of the United States federal judicial district in which the reservation lies. Tribal courts were limited to sentences of one year or less, until on July 29, 2010, the Tribal Law and Order Act was enacted which in some measure reforms the system permitting tribal courts to impose sentences of up to three years provided proceedings are recorded and additional rights are extended to defendants. The Justice Department on January 11, 2010, initiated
18924-548: The following year. The Timberbowl Rodeo is named for a former festival that was held annually in late June from 1946 to 1967, and featured various logging events and competitions in addition to a town parade. The Darrington Bluegrass Festival is held for three days every July and was started in 1977 by descendants of Appalachian transplants to the area. The festival draws around 10,000 people, including visitors who use an adjacent campground and participate in communal jam sessions . Prominent Bluegrass groups, including Bill Monroe ,
19090-411: The forms of government found outside the reservation. With the establishment of reservations, tribal territories diminished to a fraction of their original areas; customary Native American practices of land tenure were sustained only for a time, and not in every instance. Instead, the federal government established regulations that subordinated tribes to the authority, first, of the military, and then of
19256-494: The idea before it was fully implemented, five tribes were terminated—the Coushatta , Ute , Paiute , Menominee and Klamath —and 114 groups in California lost their federal recognition as tribes. Many individuals were also relocated to cities, but one-third returned to their tribal reservations in the decades that followed. Federally recognized Native American tribes possess limited tribal sovereignty and are able to exercise
19422-523: The indigenous Snohomish people . It includes the Tulalip Indian Reservation , which was established by the 1855 Point Elliott Treaty , which relocated several indigenous Coast Salish groups to the reservation. The county seat was originally at the city of Snohomish until an 1897 election moved it to Everett. Since the mid-20th century, areas of Snohomish County have developed into an aerospace manufacturing center, largely due to
19588-587: The indigenous tribe sell their land to build a lighthouse. A treaty signed by John Forsyth, the Secretary of State on behalf of Van Buren, also dictates where indigenous peoples must live in terms of the reservation system in America between the Oneida People in 1838. This treaty allows the indigenous peoples five years on a specific reserve "the west shores of Saganaw bay". The creation of reservations for indigenous people of America could be as little as
19754-562: The lack of data on crime rates and law enforcement response. As of 2012, a high incidence of rape continued to impact Native American women. A survey of death certificates over a four-year period showed that deaths among Indians due to alcohol are about four times as common as in the general U.S. population and are often due to traffic collisions and liver disease with homicide , suicide , and falls also contributing. Deaths due to alcohol among American Indians are more common in men and among Northern Plains Indians. Alaska Natives showed
19920-592: The land reserves in a better state for the benefit of society" with approval of Indigenous reservations before 1850. The letter is signed by Isaac Shelby and Jackson. It discusses several regulations regarding the Native Americans and the approval of Indigenous segregation and the reservation system. President Martin Van Buren negotiated a treaty with the Saginaw Chippewas in 1837 to build
20086-538: The last hereditary tribal chief of the Snohomish tribe, claimed that it meant "lowland people", a name associated with the tribe's location on the waters of the Puget Sound ; other scholars have claimed "a style of union among them", "the braves", or "Sleeping Waters". The name is also used for the Snohomish River , which runs through part of the county, and the City of Snohomish , the former county seat that
20252-469: The late 18th century, beginning with Captain George Vancouver and his British expedition. Vancouver arrived in Puget Sound and Port Gardner Bay on June 4, 1792, landing near present-day Everett . The Treaty of Point Elliott was signed at present-day Mukilteo on January 22, 1855, marking the cession of Coast Salish territories in the Puget Sound lowlands. The Tulalip Indian Reservation
20418-710: The least incidence of death. Under federal law, alcohol sales are prohibited on Indian reservations unless the tribal councils allow it. Gang violence has become a major social problem. A December 13, 2009, article in The New York Times about growing gang violence on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation estimated that there were 39 gangs with 5,000 members on that reservation alone. As opposed to traditional "Most Wanted" lists, Native Americans are often placed on regional Crime Stoppers lists offering rewards for their whereabouts. When
20584-487: The majority of non-Indian landownership and residence in the open areas and, contrariwise, closed areas represent exclusive tribal residence and related conditions. Indian country today consists of tripartite government—i. e., federal, state and/or local, and tribal. Where state and local governments may exert some, but limited, law-and-order authority, tribal sovereignty is diminished. This situation prevails in connection with Indian gaming, because federal legislation makes
20750-457: The mountains, with 10 to 15 days on average and approximately 39 inches (99 cm) of snowfall annually since 1911. July is Darrington's warmest month, with average high temperatures of 77.5 °F (25.3 °C ), and January is the coolest, at an average high of 40.8 °F (4.9 °C). The highest recorded temperature, 107 °F (42 °C), occurred in July 2007, and the lowest, −14 °F (−26 °C), in January 1950. According to
20916-540: The name of the largest Native American tribe in the area when settlers arrived in the 19th century. The name is spelled Sduhubš (Sdoh-doh-hohbsh) in the Lushootseed language and has a disputed meaning with unclear origins. Indian agent Dr. Charles M. Buchanan, who spent 21 years with the Tulalips , once said that he had "never met an Indian who could give a meaning to the word Snohomish". Chief William Shelton ,
21082-417: The next county executive was Democrat Bob Drewel from 1992 to 2004, followed by Democrat Aaron Reardon from 2004 to 2013. Reardon resigned on May 31, 2013, amid a series of political scandals , and was replaced by former Snohomish County Sheriff and state legislator John Lovick for the remainder of his term. The county council has five members who are elected to four-year terms, each representing
21248-407: The overall population were below the poverty line , including 24 percent of those under the age of 18 and 8.9 percent aged 65 or older. Darrington is described as economically depressed and has median household incomes that are far below the Snohomish County average. As of the 2010 U.S. census , there were 1,347 people, 567 households, and 349 families residing in the town. The population density
21414-431: The population. There were 473 households, out of which 30.9 percent had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49 percent were married couples living together, 8.7 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1 percent were non-families. 31.7 percent of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
21580-488: The presence of Boeing in Everett, as well as bedroom communities for workers in Seattle . Snohomish County now has 18 incorporated cities and 2 towns with their own local governments, in addition to developed unincorporated areas . It is connected to nearby areas by roads (including Interstate 5 ), railways, and transit systems. The county government is led by a five-member county council and chief executive elected by voters to four-year terms. "Snohomish" comes from
21746-557: The purpose of colonization. The passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 marked the systematization of a U.S. federal government policy of moving Native populations away from European-populated areas, whether forcibly or voluntarily. One example was the Five Civilized Tribes , who were removed from their historical homelands in the Southeastern United States and moved to Indian Territory , in
21912-601: The reservation (e.g., Enabling Act of 1910 at Section 20 ). As a general practice, such land may sit idle or be used for cattle grazing by tribal ranchers. In 1979, the Seminole tribe in Florida opened a high-stakes bingo operation on its reservation in Florida. The state attempted to close the operation down but was stopped in the courts. In the 1980s, the case of California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians established
22078-545: The reservations, mainly in the larger western cities such as Phoenix and Los Angeles . In 2012, there were more than 2.5 million Native Americans , with 1 million living on reservations. From the beginning of the European colonization of the Americas , Europeans often removed Indigenous peoples from their homelands. The means varied, including treaties made under considerable duress, forceful ejection, violence, and in
22244-586: The reservations. Likewise, over two million acres (8,000 km ) of land were returned to various tribes. Within a decade of Collier's retirement the government's position began to swing in the opposite direction. The new Indian Commissioners Myers and Emmons introduced the idea of the "withdrawal program" or " termination ", which sought to end the government's responsibility and involvement with Indians and to force their assimilation. The Indians would lose their lands but were to be compensated, although many were not. Even though discontent and social rejection killed
22410-506: The right of reservations to operate other forms of gambling operations. In 1988, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , which recognized the right of Native American tribes to establish gambling and gaming facilities on their reservations as long as the states in which they are located have some form of legalized gambling. Today, many Native American casinos are used as tourist attractions, including as
22576-524: The right of self-governance, including but not limited to the ability to pass laws, regulate power and energy, create treaties, and hold tribal court hearings. Laws on tribal lands may vary from those of the surrounding area. The laws passed can, for example, permit legal casinos on reservations. The tribal council, not the local government or the United States federal government , often has jurisdiction over reservations. Different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate
22742-599: The settlers encroached on territory and natural resources in the West. In 1868, President Ulysses S. Grant pursued a "Peace Policy" as an attempt to avoid violence. The policy included a reorganization of the Indian Service, with the goal of relocating various tribes from their ancestral homes to parcels of lands established specifically for their inhabitation. The policy called for the replacement of government officials by religious men, nominated by churches, to oversee
22908-548: The state a party to any contractual or statutory agreement. Finally, occupancy on reservations can be by virtue of tribal or individual tenure. There are many churches on reservations; most would occupy tribal land by consent of the federal government or the tribe. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) agency offices, hospitals, schools, and other facilities usually occupy residual federal parcels within reservations. Many reservations include one or more sections (about 640 acres) of land for schools, but such land typically remains part of
23074-405: The state of West Virginia . Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country, the majority being situated west of the Mississippi River and occupying lands that were first reserved by treaty ( Indian Land Grants ) from the public domain. Because recognized Native American nations possess tribal sovereignty , albeit of a limited degree, laws within tribal lands may vary from those of
23240-415: The surrounding and adjacent states. For example, these laws can permit casinos on reservations located within states which do not allow gambling, thus attracting tourism. The tribal council generally has jurisdiction over the reservation, not the U.S. state it is located in, but is subject to federal law. Court jurisdiction in Indian country is shared between tribes and the federal government, depending on
23406-496: The town include tourism and outdoor recreation, educational services for the Darrington School District , and forestry management. The town has a grocery store , a bakery , several restaurants , a bookstore , and a microbrewery . The Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe had a small casino and bingo hall that employs 50 people until it closed in 2020. A 2015 Census Bureau survey estimated that Darrington had
23572-533: The town's largest employer. The loss of timber-industry jobs led to local protests, part of the " timber wars " that erupted across logging communities in the Pacific Northwest during the 1990s. The town government sought to diversify Darrington's economy and focus on tourism as an alternate industry, creating new festivals and promoting its existing bluegrass festival and rodeo . It adopted strong land use controls to preserve its rural character in
23738-479: The town's overcrowded high school in 1936. Darrington reached a population of 600 residents in 1945 and was officially incorporated as a fourth-class town on October 15, 1945, following a 96–60 vote in favor. The townspeople celebrated by establishing an annual summer festival, the Timberbowl, which ran until 1967 and was initially used to raise funds for a fire engine and other equipment. A two-story town hall
23904-441: The town's workers is approximately 36.5 minutes; 85.3 percent of commuters drove alone to their workplace, while 6.8 percent carpooled and 6.2 percent walked or used other modes of transport. Darrington is the third-smallest incorporated place in Snohomish County, ahead of Woodway and Index , with a population of 1,462 as of the 2020 census . Historically, the Darrington area's population peaked at an estimated 3,500 to 4,000 in
24070-440: The traditions and customs in the Darrington area. The term "going down below" is sometimes used among Darrington residents to refer to trips outside of the town. Memorial dinners and fundraisers during funerals are hosted by its residents, typically attended by up to a fourth of the town's population. Darrington also has a strong tradition of volunteerism , which it sometimes relies on in lieu of municipal services. Darrington has
24236-468: The tribal affiliation of the parties involved and the specific crime or civil matter. Different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation. Most Native American reservations were established by the federal government but a small number, mainly in the East, owe their origin to state recognition . The term "reservation"
24402-483: The tribe has the authority to modify tenant-in-common practices. With the General Allotment Act (Dawes) , 1887, the government sought to individualize tribal lands by authorizing allotments held in individual tenure. Generally, the allocation process led to grouping family holdings and, in some cases, this sustained pre-reservation clan or other patterns. There had been a few allotment programs ahead of
24568-510: The way up to a Master's in Business along with other Associate and bachelor's degrees. Everett Community College and Edmonds College provide academic transfer degrees, career training and basic education in Snohomish County. Together, the two serve more than 40,000 people annually. About 40 percent of all high school graduates in Snohomish County begin their college education at Edmonds or Everett community college . Everett Community College
24734-473: The west to 180 inches (460 cm) in the upper elevations of the Cascades; the majority of the region's precipitation falls between October and March. The county's lowlands also has an average annual snowfall ranging from 10 to 20 inches (25 to 51 cm). The Puget Sound Convergence Zone , a known meteorological phenomenon, runs through southwestern Snohomish County and causes narrow bands of precipitation. Approximately 68 percent of land in Snohomish County
24900-408: The word "dare". By the end of the decade, the town had gained a schoolhouse , a general store , a hotel , and a postmaster , Fred Olds, whose horse inspired the naming of Whitehorse Mountain . Darrington's residents lobbied the Seattle and International Railway for the construction of a branch line from Arlington to the town as early as 1895, offering a 15-year contract to ship 75 percent of
25066-555: The years following the railroad's completion, as mining fortunes in the surrounding area dwindled. Most of the original prospectors had left the Darrington area during the Klondike gold rush of the late 1890s, while those who remained established a single smelter in the mountains. A Bornite mine was later developed at Long Mountain in hopes of reviving mining in the area, but was abandoned after its mineral deposits were found to be smaller than expected. By 1906, Darrington had more than
25232-420: Was incorporated as a town in 1945, under a mayor–council government . Its economy has transitioned away from logging and towards tourism, particularly outdoor activities such as hiking, mountain climbing, and fishing, due to its proximity to the Mount Baker–Snoqualmie National Forest . The Darrington area is 554 feet (169 m) above sea level and receives significantly more precipitation and snowfall than
25398-436: Was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.08. In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 27.1 percent under the age of 18, 6.9 percent from 18 to 24, 27.5 percent from 25 to 44, 21.9 percent from 45 to 64, and 16.6 percent who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males. The median income for
25564-621: Was 290 people per square mile (110 people/km ). There were 236,205 housing units at an average density of 113 units per square mile (44 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 85.6% White , 1.7% Black or African American , 1.4% Native American , 5.8% Asian , 0.3% Pacific Islander , 1.9% from other races , and 3.4% from two or more races. 4.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 16.2% were of German , 10.0% English , 8.8% Irish , 8.4% Norwegian and 6.6% United States or American ancestry. There were 224,852 households, out of which 37.3% had children under
25730-458: Was 816.4 inhabitants per square mile (315.2/km). There were 644 housing units at an average density of 390.3 per square mile (150.7/km). The racial makeup of the town was 92.4 percent White, 2.4 percent Native American, 0.4 percent Asian, 0.5 percent from other races, and 4.2 percent from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 3.2 percent of the population. There were 567 households, of which 30.9 percent had children under
25896-518: Was accepted by the U.S. government for several years. Snohomish County was originally inhabited by several Coast Salish groups, predominantly settled along the western coastline and near the region's rivers. The Snohomish were the largest group and occupied an area from present-day Warm Beach to Shoreline , while Stillaguamish lived in the Stillaguamish River basin. The region was first charted and named by European explorers in
26062-761: Was active from 1955 to 1958, when it was folded into the Arlington Times . Darrington is surrounded by the Mount Baker–Snoqualmie National Forest and serves as the headquarters of the Darrington Ranger District, a unit of the U.S. Forest Service . The area includes three designated wilderness areas , Glacier Peak , Henry M. Jackson , and Boulder River , and over 300 miles (480 km) of hiking and backcountry trails that are also open to mountain biking and horseback riding . Darrington has several campgrounds , roadside recreational areas, fishing areas, and whitewater rafting courses along
26228-448: Was built in 1947, housing the town council chambers, offices for town officials, the police department , the fire department, and a public library . In 1952, the town built a dedicated community center to serve as a venue for various social functions and a general gymnasium with seating for 1,200 people. A new high school and municipal airport opened in 1958 at opposite ends of the town. Railroad companies with large timber holdings in
26394-754: Was called Brotherton Indian Reservation and also Edgepillock or Edgepelick . The area was 3,284 acres (13.29 km ). Today it is called Indian Mills in Shamong Township . In 1764 the British government's Board of Trade proposed the "Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs". Although never adopted formally, the plan established the British government's expectation that land would only be bought by colonial governments, not individuals, and that land would only be purchased at public meetings. Additionally, this plan dictated that
26560-493: Was connected by railroads at the end of the 19th century, which also created new towns that experienced major population booms as emigrants arrived from other parts of the United States. The county was among the largest New Deal aid beneficiaries in Washington due to its troubled economy during the Great Depression ; the Works Progress Administration built major projects around Snohomish County, while
26726-415: Was established to house the remaining tribes, including the Snohomish, Snoqualmie, and Skykomish. Snohomish County was created out of Island County 's mainland areas and the northernmost portion of King County on January 14, 1861. The separation from Island County was the result of a petition by settlers to the territorial legislature that cited the difficulty of travel to Coupeville on Whidbey Island ,
26892-421: Was improved. A local improvement club established a fire department , a municipal water supply , and electrical service. Standard Oil built an auxiliary gas station in 1922 to serve the area, and a stagecoach service started at the same time. Darrington gained its first movie theater in 1923, a high school in 1925, and a purpose-built jail that replaced a disused boxcar . Falling lumber prices during
27058-451: Was initiated by John Collier . It laid out new rights for Native Americans, reversed some of the earlier privatization of their common holdings, and encouraged tribal sovereignty and land management by tribes. The act slowed the assignment of tribal lands to individual members and reduced the assignment of "extra" holdings to nonmembers. For the following 20 years, the U.S. government invested in infrastructure, health care, and education on
27224-452: Was re-elected. Some Democrats have succeeded in Darrington, however. In the 2012 presidential election , Barack Obama won the town with 52 percent of the vote. Darrington describes itself as a self-sufficient and tight-knit community, owing to its isolation and small population. Descendants of emigrants from North Carolina , particularly the Sylva area, after World War II , shaped many of
27390-707: Was renamed after the formation of the county. The current spelling of the name was adopted by the Surveyor General of Washington Territory in 1857, with earlier documents and accounts using alternative spellings. John Work of the Hudson's Bay Company recorded the name "Sinnahmis" in 1824, while the Wilkes Expedition of 1841 used "Tuxpam" to describe the Snohomish River . The same river was named "Sinahomis" by Captain Henry Kellett in 1847, and
27556-671: Was the Sioux War on the northern Great Plains , between 1876 and 1881, which included the Battle of Little Bighorn . Other famous wars in this regard included the Nez Perce War and the Modoc War , which marked the last conflict officially declared a war. By the late 1870s, the policy established by President Grant was regarded as a failure, primarily because it had resulted in some of the bloodiest wars between Native Americans and
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