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26-626: The Dartmouth Skiway has a lift-served summit elevation of 1,943 feet (592 m) above sea level and a base elevation of 975 feet (297 m), yielding a vertical drop of 968 feet (295 m). Its longest trail is 1.25 miles (2.0 km). There are three lifts which serve the trails at the skiway, including the Winslow Mountain Quad, the Holt's Ledge Double, and the Magic Carpet Beginner Lift. These lifts give

52-461: A stereoplotter . Modern mapping also employs lidar and other Remote sensing techniques. Older topographic maps were prepared using traditional surveying instruments. The cartographic style (content and appearance) of topographic maps is highly variable between national mapping organizations. Aesthetic traditions and conventions persist in topographic map symbology, particularly amongst European countries at medium map scales. Although virtually

78-410: A topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large- scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but historically using a variety of methods . Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and artificial features. A topographic survey is typically based upon

104-659: A national grid referencing system. Natural Resources Canada provides this description of topographic maps: These maps depict in detail ground relief (landforms and terrain), drainage (lakes and rivers), forest cover , administrative areas, populated areas, transportation routes and facilities (including roads and railways), and other man-made features. Other authors define topographic maps by contrasting them with another type of map; they are distinguished from smaller-scale " chorographic maps" that cover large regions, " planimetric maps" that do not show elevations, and " thematic maps " that focus on specific topics. However, in

130-406: A systematic observation and published as a map series , made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A topographic map series uses a common specification that includes the range of cartographic symbols employed, as well as a standard geodetic framework that defines the map projection , coordinate system , ellipsoid and geodetic datum . Official topographic maps also adopt

156-446: A topographic map. This includes not only how to identify map features, but also how to interpret contour lines to infer landforms like cliffs, ridges, draws, etc. Training in map reading is often given in orienteering, scouting, and the military. The various features shown on the map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. These signs are usually explained in

182-439: Is developing a 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) to keep up with growing needs for high quality topographic data. 3DEP is a collection of enhanced elevation data in the form of high quality LiDAR data over the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and the U.S. territories. There are three bare earth DEM layers in 3DEP which are nationally seamless at the resolution of 1/3, 1, and 2 arcseconds. Topographic map In modern mapping,

208-490: Is mainly used when referring to points on the Earth's surface, while altitude or geopotential height is used for points above the surface, such as an aircraft in flight or a spacecraft in orbit, and depth is used for points below the surface. Elevation is not to be confused with the distance from the center of the Earth. Due to the equatorial bulge , the summits of Mount Everest and Chimborazo have, respectively,

234-657: The Carte géométrique de la France , was completed in 1789. The Great Trigonometric Survey of India, started by the East India Company in 1802, then taken over by the British Raj after 1857 was notable as a successful effort on a larger scale and for accurately determining heights of Himalayan peaks from viewpoints over one hundred miles distant. Topographic surveys were prepared by the military to assist in planning for battle and for defensive emplacements (thus

260-619: The NCAA Skiing Championships in 1958 and 2003 . 43°47′13″N 72°06′03″W  /  43.78694°N 72.10083°W  / 43.78694; -72.10083 Elevation The elevation of a geographic location is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid , a mathematical model of the Earth 's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic datum § Vertical datum ). The term elevation

286-619: The alpine skiing events of the Dartmouth Winter Carnival there annually. Descended from an earlier, smaller operation on nearby Oak Hill in Hanover , the Dartmouth Skiway opened 67 years ago in 1957 with a Pomalift on one peak. For the 1960–61 season, a T-bar was also erected for a novice slope. In 1968, a new trail pod was opened with a double chairlift , located across the street on Winslow Ledge. In

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312-751: The federal government of the United States ' TIGER initiative compiled interlinked databases of federal, state and local political borders and census enumeration areas , and of roadways, railroads, and water features with support for locating street addresses within street segments. TIGER was developed in the 1980s and used in the 1990 and subsequent decennial censuses . Digital elevation models ( DEM ) were also compiled, initially from topographic maps and stereographic interpretation of aerial photographs and then from satellite photography and radar data . Since all these were government projects funded with taxes and not classified for national security reasons,

338-463: The 1970s and 1980s, many improvements were made to the area, including replacing the Pomalift with a Hall double chairlift and snowmaking installation. In the next ten years a CTEC quad chairlift was installed and the new McLane Family Lodge was constructed, replacing the previous one. Like many other New England ski resorts, it hosts events and functions in the off-season. Dartmouth Skiway hosted

364-585: The Interior migrated to the newly created United States Geological Survey in 1879, where it has remained since. 1913 saw the beginning of the International Map of the World initiative, which set out to map all of Earth's significant land areas at a scale of 1:1 million, on about one thousand sheets, each covering four degrees latitude by six or more degrees longitude. Excluding borders, each sheet

390-528: The datasets were in the public domain and freely usable without fees or licensing. TIGER and DEM datasets greatly facilitated geographic information systems and made the Global Positioning System much more useful by providing context around locations given by the technology as coordinates. Initial applications were mostly professionalized forms such as innovative surveying instruments and agency-level GIS systems tended by experts. By

416-528: The entire terrestrial surface of Earth has been mapped at scale 1:1,000,000, medium and large-scale mapping has been accomplished intensively in some countries and much less in others. Several commercial vendors supply international topographic map series. According to 2007/2/EC European directive , national mapping agencies of European Union countries must have publicly available services for searching, viewing and downloading their official map series. Topographic maps produced by some of them are available under

442-440: The first artifacts to record observations about topography. Topographic maps are based on topographical surveys. Performed at large scales, these surveys are called topographical in the old sense of topography , showing a variety of elevations and landforms. This is in contrast to older cadastral surveys , which primarily show property and governmental boundaries. The first multi-sheet topographic map series of an entire country,

468-582: The landscape at different scales. Tools inside the GIS allow for manipulation of data for spatial analysis or cartography. A topographical map is the main type of map used to depict elevation, often through contour lines . In a Geographic Information System (GIS), digital elevation models (DEM) are commonly used to represent the surface (topography) of a place, through a raster (grid) dataset of elevations. Digital terrain models are another way to represent terrain in GIS. USGS (United States Geologic Survey)

494-621: The largest elevation and the largest geocentric distance. In aviation, the term elevation or aerodrome elevation is defined by the ICAO as the highest point of the landing area. It is often measured in feet and can be found in approach charts of the aerodrome. It is not to be confused with terms such as the altitude or height. GIS or geographic information system is a computer system that allows for visualizing, manipulating, capturing, and storage of data with associated attributes. GIS offers better understanding of patterns and relationships of

520-459: The margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet. Topographic maps are also commonly called contour maps or topo maps . In the United States, where the primary national series is organized by a strict 7.5-minute grid, they are often called or quads or quadrangles. Topographic maps conventionally show topography , or land contours, by means of contour lines . Contour lines are curves that connect contiguous points of

546-659: The mid-1990s, increasingly user-friendly resources such as online mapping in two and three dimensions, integration of GPS with mobile phones and automotive navigation systems appeared. As of 2011, the future of standardized, centrally printed topographical maps is left somewhat in doubt. Topographic maps have many multiple uses in the present day: any type of geographic planning or large-scale architecture ; Earth sciences and many other geographic disciplines; mining and other Earth-based endeavours; civil engineering and recreational uses such as hiking and orienteering . It takes practice and skill to read and interpret

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572-581: The name and history of the United Kingdom 's Ordnance Survey ). As such, elevation information was of vital importance. As they evolved, topographic map series became a national resource in modern nations in planning infrastructure and resource exploitation. In the United States, the national map-making function which had been shared by both the Army Corps of Engineers and the Department of

598-530: The same altitude ( isohypse ). In other words, every point on the marked line of 100 m elevation is 100 m above mean sea level. These maps usually show not only the contours, but also any significant streams or other bodies of water , forest cover, built-up areas or individual buildings (depending on scale), and other features and points of interest such as what direction those streams are flowing. Most topographic maps were prepared using photogrammetric interpretation of aerial photography using

624-553: The ski area an uphill capacity of 3,300 skiers per hour. Snowmaking covers about seventy percent of the area with over fifteen snowguns. There is a terrain park located on the Winslow side. The Dartmouth Skiway Ski and Snowboard School has a staff of over 35 instructors. The slopes are patrolled by the Dartmouth Ski Patrol, a joint community and student first aid volunteer organization. The Dartmouth Ski Team hosts

650-407: The vernacular and day to day world, the representation of relief (contours) is popularly held to define the genre, such that even small-scale maps showing relief are commonly (and erroneously, in the technical sense) called "topographic". The study or discipline of topography is a much broader field of study, which takes into account all natural and human-made features of terrain. Maps were among

676-428: Was 44 cm high and (depending on latitude) up to 66 cm wide. Although the project eventually foundered, it left an indexing system that remains in use. By the 1980s, centralized printing of standardized topographic maps began to be superseded by databases of coordinates that could be used on computers by moderately skilled end users to view or print maps with arbitrary contents, coverage and scale. For example,

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