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71-475: A contemporary life-sized replica of the palace exists on Jolo, Sulu . However, its blueprints and construction were finalized a year before it was made. This article about a building or structure in the Philippines is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a palace is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jolo, Sulu Jolo , officially

142-490: A medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network, such as a unit of currency. A planned economy is one where political agents directly control what is produced and how it is sold and distributed. A green economy is low-carbon and resource efficient. In a green economy, growth in income and employment is driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource efficiency , and prevent

213-514: A metric such as silver, bronze, copper, etc. A barley/shekel was originally both a unit of currency and a unit of weight, just as the British Pound was originally a unit denominating a one-pound mass of silver. Most exchange of goods had occurred through social relationships. There were also traders who bartered in the marketplaces. In Ancient Greece , where the present English word 'economy' originated, many people were bond slaves of

284-615: A bomb exploded in front of the Paradise Food Plaza in Barangay Walled City. At least five civilians and four soldiers were killed, while several others were wounded. A second bomb exploded at around 1:00 pm near the Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, which was the same site of two bombings last year. One civilian was killed while two others were injured. Philippine Red Cross Chief Richard Gordon said that

355-484: A certain currency . However, monetary transactions only account for a small part of the economic domain. Economic activity is spurred by production which uses natural resources, labor and capital. It has changed over time due to technology , innovation (new products, services, processes, expanding markets, diversification of markets, niche markets, increases revenue functions) and changes in industrial relations (most notably child labor being replaced in some parts of

426-779: A country or an area", seems not to have developed until the 1650s. As long as someone has been making, supplying and distributing goods or services, there has been some sort of economy; economies grew larger as societies grew and became more complex. Sumer developed a large-scale economy based on commodity money , while the Babylonians and their neighboring city states later developed the earliest system of economics as we think of, in terms of rules/laws on debt , legal contracts and law codes relating to business practices, and private property. The Babylonians and their city state neighbors developed forms of economics comparable to currently used civil society (law) concepts. They developed

497-461: A degree of lawlessness and clan-based politics. These clan lines are based along family ties, which started after Arthur Amaral proposed marriage to a woman from a rival clan. The rejected proposal caused a family feud which forced families to take sides. There are 100,000 rifles circling the Sulu archipelago. Almost every household owns a gun, and the clans often settle disputes with violence. Most of

568-513: A global information society as understanding of a new type of "all-connected" society is created. In the late 2000s, the new type of economies and economic expansions of countries like China , Brazil , and India bring attention and interest to economies different from the usually dominating Western-type economies and economic models. A market economy is one where goods and services are produced and exchanged according to demand and supply between participants (economic agents) by barter or

639-611: A large degree of lawlessness and poverty. Jolo is a main stronghold for the Al-Qaeda -linked Abu Sayyaf group, and these conditions are ideal for militant recruitment. However, the situation has improved since the US has invested in developing the region. In 2007, United States Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Karen Hughes and US Ambassador Kristie Kenney visited Jolo to learn about US government-sponsored projects for ‘development, peace and prosperity’ in

710-519: A motorcycle loaded with an improvised explosive device exploded near a military truck. The Moros are geographically concentrated in the Southwest of the Philippines. Moros identify mostly with the majority Muslim nations of Indonesia and Malaysia because of their geographic proximity, and linguistic and cultural similarities. Moros have faced encroachments from the Spanish, Americans and now face

781-626: A profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom , then subsequently spreading throughout Europe , North America , and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. In Europe wild capitalism started to replace the system of mercantilism (today: protectionism ) and led to economic growth . The period

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852-582: A series of kidnappings. On April 23, 2000, the Abu Sayyaf raided the Malaysian resort island of Sipadan and kidnapped 21 tourists from Germany, France, Finland and South Africa and brought them back to Jolo, asking for $ 25 million in ransom money. The Abu Sayyaf has also kidnapped several journalists and photographers in Jolo. The US has already spent millions of dollars for information leading to

923-513: A state. The first economist in the true modern meaning of the word was the Scotsman Adam Smith (1723–1790) who was inspired partly by the ideas of physiocracy , a reaction to mercantilism and also later Economics student, Adam Mari. He defined the elements of a national economy: products are offered at a natural price generated by the use of competition - supply and demand - and the division of labor . He maintained that

994-521: Is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in the town center and is the biggest church in town. "Jolo Alliance Evangelical Church" (formerly known as Jolo Evangelical Church) of the Christian and Missionary Alliance Churches of the Philippines (CAMACOP) also co-exist along with the Catholic Church since the 1900s, making it the first Protestant church in the archipelago. Bangsamoro or Moroland is

1065-460: Is also applied in philosophy to designate the fading of postmodernism in the late 90s and especially in the beginning of the 21st century. With the spread of Internet as a mass media and communication medium especially after 2000–2001, the idea for the Internet and information economy is given place because of the growing importance of e-commerce and electronic businesses, also the term for

1136-596: Is also used, especially in schools and different offices. Hokkien and Malay are also spoken by some traders. Other languages include Sama and Yakan , while Chavacano is also spoken by Christian and Muslim locals who maintain contacts and trade with the mainland Zamboanga Peninsula and Basilan. According to the 2000 Philippine census by the Philippine Statistics Authority , the Tausug language ranks number 14 with 1,022,000 speakers all over

1207-561: Is an area of the production , distribution and trade , as well as consumption of goods and services . In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of resources. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its culture , values , education, technological evolution, history, social organization , political structure , legal systems , and natural resources as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set

1278-464: Is attempting to spread this zone of peace into the countryside. The island was considered dangerous for foreigners, especially Americans, as militants threatened to shoot or abduct them on the spot. Much of the anger comes from when American colonizers killed 1000 men, women and children, who had retreated up Mount Dajo in 1906 after refusing to pay taxes, in the First Battle of Bud Dajo during

1349-466: Is called Keynesianism in his honor. In the late 1950s, the economic growth in America and Europe—often called Wirtschaftswunder (German for economic miracle ) —brought up a new form of economy: mass consumption economy . In 1958, John Kenneth Galbraith (1908–2006) was the first to speak of an affluent society in his book The Affluent Society . In most of the countries the economic system

1420-704: Is called a social market economy . With the fall of the Iron Curtain and the transition of the countries of the Eastern Bloc towards democratic government and market economies, the idea of the post-industrial society is brought into importance as its role is to mark together the significance that the service sector receives instead of industrialization. Some attribute the first use of this term to Daniel Bell's 1973 book, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society , while others attribute it to social philosopher Ivan Illich's book, Tools for Conviviality . The term

1491-568: Is called the Industrial Revolution because the system of production and division of labor enabled the mass production of goods . The contemporary concept of "the economy" wasn't popularly known until the American Great Depression in the 1930s. After the chaos of two World Wars and the devastating Great Depression, policymakers searched for new ways of controlling the course of the economy. This

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1562-722: Is exchanged. Due to the growing importance of the financial sector in modern times, the term real economy is used by analysts as well as politicians to denote the part of the economy that is concerned with the actual production of goods and services, as ostensibly contrasted with the paper economy , or the financial side of the economy, which is concerned with buying and selling on the financial markets. Alternate and long-standing terminology distinguishes measures of an economy expressed in real values (adjusted for inflation ), such as real GDP , or in nominal values (unadjusted for inflation). The study of economics are roughly divided into macroeconomics and microeconomics . Today,

1633-591: Is still of Chinese descent today, particularly from Amoy (Xiamen) and Singapore . In the 14th century, Arab traders landed on the island to introduce and convert its inhabitants to Islam. The native inhabitants on the island are the Tausūg people . The Tausugs are part of the larger Moro group which dominates the Sulu Archipelago. The Moro had an independent state known as the Sultanate of Sulu , which

1704-530: Is the only municipality in Sulu that does not farm seaweed . Fishing is the most important industry; otherwise people engage in the industries of boat building, mat weaving, coffee processing, and fruit preservation . There were different banks operating in Jolo and serving the people of Jolo for their needs. These included the Philippine National Bank , Metrobank , Allied Bank , Al-Amanah Islamic Bank , Land Bank and Development Bank of

1775-674: The Buayan Datu Uto . They were used to battle the Spanish invasion of Buayan. The Datu paid for the weapons in slaves. The population of Chinese in Mindanao in the 1880s was 1,000. The Chinese ran guns across a Spanish blockade to sell to Mindanao Moros. The purchases of these weapons were paid for by the Moros in slaves in addition to other goods. The main group of people selling guns were the Chinese in Sulu. The Chinese took control of

1846-560: The Fujian province, most of the Chinese in Jolo worked as craftsmen, skilled and unskilled laborers and domestic servants for wealthy Tausugs and Chinese. Singapore served as a training ground from which they learned the Malay language and became experienced in dealing with Southeast Asians . It was these Chinese who eventually dominated trade in Jolo and benefited greatly from Jolo's status as an entrepot, and exercised profound influence over

1917-577: The Municipality of Jolo ( [hoˈlo] ; Tausug : Kawman sin Tiyanggi ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Jolo ), is a 1st class municipality and capital of the province of Sulu , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 137,266 people. According to Dr. Najeeb M. Saleeby (1908) and in old maps such as the Velarde map , "Joló" was the historical Spanish spelling of

1988-682: The Philippine–American War . However, the American image has improved since American development plans for the region were carried out. The most radical separatist Islamic group Abu Sayyaf claims to be fighting for an Islamic state independent of the Roman Catholic Philippine government. The group has strongholds in Jolo and Basilan . Driven by poverty and high rewards, a significant number of local residents are suspected to work for them. The Abu Sayyaf has committed

2059-506: The freeholders . The economic discussion was driven by scarcity . In Chinese economic law, the huge cycle of institutional innovation contains an idea. Serving a non-market economy promotes a firm's tenure that is legally guaranteed and protected from bureaucratic opportunities. In the Middle Ages, what is now known as an economy was not far from the subsistence level. Most exchange occurred within social groups . On top of this,

2130-490: The loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services . A gig economy is one in which short-term jobs are assigned or chosen on-demand. The global economy refers to humanity's economic system or systems overall. An informal economy is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. The economy may be considered as having developed through the following phases or degrees of precedence: In modern economies, these phase precedences are somewhat differently expressed by

2201-524: The three-sector model : Other sectors of the developed community include: The gross domestic product (GDP) of a country is a measure of the size of its economy, or more specifically, monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced. The most conventional economic analysis of a country relies heavily on economic indicators like the GDP and GDP per capita . While often useful, GDP only includes economic activity for which money

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2272-487: The 15th century, the Sulu Sultanate traded local produce with neighbors and with countries as far as China by sea. Most of the import and export trade was done with Singapore which was estimated to be worth half a million dollars annually. In 1870, the Tausug lost much of their redistributive trade to the Chinese because of the Spanish cruising system and Chinese immigration from Singapore . Mostly originating from

2343-630: The Archipelago as Jolo lost its role as the regional entrepot. The Tausug had already abandoned trading when the Chinese arrived. Thus, Jolo never fully gained its previous trading status. However, the Chinese continued to dominate trade throughout the Archipelago and Mindanao. In 1899 following the Treaty of Paris of 1898 , sovereignty over the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States who attempted to forcibly incorporate

2414-516: The Moros selling slaves and other goods in exchange for guns developed. The Chinese had entered the economy of the sultanate, taking control of nearly the entire Sultanate's economy in Mindanao and dominating the markets. Though the Sultans did not like their economic monopoly, they did business with them. The Chinese set up a trading network between Singapore, Zamboanga , Jolo and Sulu. The Chinese sold small arms like Enfield and Spencer rifles to

2485-497: The Muslim Arabian scholar Sayid Abu Bakr, who became the first Sultan of Sulu. The family and community relations are based on their understanding of Islamic law. The Tausug are also heavily influenced by their pre-Islamic traditions. Tulay Central Mosque is the largest mosque in town and in the province. There are also numerous mosques located in different areas and barangays around Jolo. Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral

2556-627: The Muslim areas into the Philippine state. The American colonizers eventually took over the southern regions with force (see Moro Rebellion ). The Sultanate of Sulu was abolished in 1936. The town of Jolo is located on the north-west side of the Jolo Island, which is located south-west of the tip of Zamboanga Peninsula on Mindanao island. The island is situated between the provinces of Basilan and Tawi-Tawi , bounded by Sulu Sea to

2627-644: The Muslims by burning Jolo and were successful. In March 1877, The Sulu Protocol was signed between Spain, England and Germany which recognized Spain's rights over Sulu and eased European tensions in the area. The Spanish built the smallest walled city in the world in Jolo. The Spanish and the Sultan of Sulu signed the Treaty of Peace on July 22, 1878, in which the sultan accepted Spanish sovereignty over Sulu and Tawi-Tawi but Sulu and Tawi-tawi remained partially ruled by

2698-463: The Philippines . Automated teller machines (ATMs) are also available in selected bank branches. Economic development in Jolo has been hampered by instability, violence and unrest caused by the presence of several Islamist separatist groups in the Bangsamoro. The long-running separatist insurgency has made these Muslim-dominated islands some of the poorest regions in the nation. Jolo has faced

2769-815: The Provincial Government of Sulu in cooperation with the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Mindanao Economic Development Council (MEDCO) and the Jolo Mainland Water District (JMWD) started the construction of a 54 million pesos project to upgrade the water supply system in Jolo. In present-day Sulu , there is

2840-519: The Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements. Trade suffered heavily in 1892 when three steamers used for trade were lost in a series of storms on the trade route between Singapore and Jolo. The traders in Singapore lost so heavily as a result that they refused to accept trade unless it was paid for in cash. Along with the fear of increased taxation, many Chinese left to other parts of

2911-591: The Sultan both owned shares in the ship (named the Far East) which helped smuggled the weapons. The Spanish launched a surprise offensive under Colonel Juan Arolas in April 1887 by attacking the Sultanate's capital at Maimbung in an effort to crush resistance. Weapons were captured and the property of the Chinese was destroyed and the Chinese were deported to Jolo. In 1876, the Spanish attempted to gain control of

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2982-547: The Sulu Sultanate. However, the Sultanate was not keen on the Chinese monopoly. By 1875, Sultan Jamal ul-Azam wanted an English merchant to establish himself in order to break the monopoly at Jolo. Chinese who lived in Sulu ran guns across a Spanish blockade to supply the Moro Datus and Sultanates with weapons to fight the Spanish, who were engaging in a campaign to subjugate the Moro sultanates on Mindanao. A trade involving

3053-539: The Tausugs adopted Islam , the Tausugs were organized into kauman and were governed by a patriarchal form of government with the individual datus as heads of their own communities. The source of law was the Adat which the Tausugs followed strictly. The Tausug arts and handicrafts have a mix of Islamic and Indonesian influences. Pangalay is a popular celebratory dance at Tausug weddings, which can last weeks depending on

3124-547: The arrest of militants; and offered up to $ 5 million in bounty with Manila as much as P10 million reward for information leading to the capture of Abu Sayyaf leaders. Sulu governor Benjamin Loong supported the US Special Forces projects “Operation Smiles” of providing medical care, and building roads and schools. The US Special Forces and Governor Loong hopes that winning respect and alleviating poverty from

3195-415: The basic motive for free trade is human self-interest. The so-called self-interest hypothesis became the anthropological basis for economics. Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) transferred the idea of supply and demand to the problem of overpopulation . The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture , manufacturing , mining , and transport had

3266-418: The conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words, the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone. Economic agents can be individuals, businesses , organizations , or governments . Economic transactions occur when two groups or parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service, commonly expressed in

3337-476: The country, the speakers mainly in the Western Mindanao area to which Sulu belongs. About 99% of the people living in Jolo practice Islam , but there is also a significant Christian minority consisting of Roman Catholics and Protestants . Tausugs were the first Filipinos to adopt Islam when the Muslim missionary Karim ul-Makhdum came to Sulu in 1380. Other missionaries included Rajah Baguinda and

3408-619: The disputes between clans revolve around land. The clan-based society makes it extremely difficult for police to impose law. There are several gun shootings and the Filipino Army is often called in to settle disputes. In April 2008, the Jolo Zone of Peace, which was supported by the Geneva -based Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (CHD), was established where firearms were restricted in mediating conflicts between clans. The Sulu government

3479-465: The economy and used steamers to ship goods for exporting and importing. Opium , ivory , textiles, and crockery were among the other goods which the Chinese sold. The Chinese on Maimbung sent the weapons to the Sulu Sultanate , who used them to battle the Spanish and resist their attacks. A Chinese-Mestizo was one of the Sultan's brothers-in-law, the Sultan was married to his sister. He and

3550-713: The financial status and agreement of the families. They dance to the music of kulintangan , gabbang , and agong . Another traditional dance of courtship is the Pangalay ha Agong. In this dance, two Tausug warriors compete for the attention of a woman using an agong (large, deep, brass gong) to demonstrate their competence and skill. A large portion of the population in Jolo is of Chinese descent. Between 1770 and 1800, 18,000 Chinese came from South China to trade and many of them stayed. In 1803, Portuguese Captain Juan Carvalho reported that there were 1,200 Chinese living in

3621-748: The first stock exchange was founded in Antwerp . Economy at the time meant primarily trade . The European captures became branches of the European states, the so-called colonies . The rising nation-states Spain , Portugal , France , Great Britain and the Netherlands tried to control the trade through custom duties and mercantilism (from mercator , lat.: merchant ) was a first approach to intermediate between private wealth and public interest . The secularization in Europe allowed states to use

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3692-477: The first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The ancient economy was based primarily on subsistence farming . The Shekel are the first to refer to a unit of weight and currency, used by the Semitic peoples . The first usage of the term came from Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC. and referred to a specific mass of barley which related other values in

3763-470: The great conquerors raised what we now call venture capital (from ventura , ital.; risk ) to finance their captures. The capital should be refunded by the goods they would bring up in the New World . The discoveries of Marco Polo (1254–1324), Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) and Vasco da Gama (1469–1524) led to a first global economy. The first enterprises were trading establishments. In 1513,

3834-503: The homeland of the Moro , which is a Spanish term used for Muslims. The majority of Jolo's people are Tausugs – the ethnic group that dominates the Sulu Archipelago. Tausug derives from the words tau meaning “man” and sug meaning “current”, which translates to “ people of the current”, because they were known to be seafarers with military and merchant skills. The Tausugs are known as the warrior tribe with excellent fighting skills. Before

3905-400: The immense property of the church for the development of towns. The influence of the nobles decreased. The first Secretaries of State for economy started their work. Bankers like Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773–1855) started to finance national projects such as wars and infrastructure . Economy from then on meant national economy as a topic for the economic activities of the citizens of

3976-482: The initial sound is glottal , yielding [hoˈlo] . The Spanish version Joló is still used to pertain Sulu (both province, archipelago, and ancient sultanate) in Spanish writings. Meanwhile, the word " Sulu " itself comes from Tausug : Sulug , an older form of Tausug : Sūg , lit.   'sea current'. It is also said that the Hokkien Chinese traders who frequented and later migrated to

4047-424: The islands in the north, they failed to take over the well-organized sultanates in the south. The Sulu economy relied on the network of nearby trading partners. The Sultanate benefited from importing rice from northern Philippines, as the Sulu region had a chronic rice shortage. The Sultanate was unable to bring agriculture to its full potential because the area was prone to erratic rainfall and drought. Since

4118-526: The last known activity (an earthquake assumed resulting from a submarine eruption from an undetermined location) taking place on September 21, 1897, causing devastating tsunamis in the archipelago and western Mindanao. Jolo is politically subdivided into 8 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . Jolo has a consistently very warm to hot, oppressively humid, and wet tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen Af ). The majority of people who live in Jolo speak Tausug . English

4189-663: The national Philippine government. Thus, the struggle for the Moro independent state has existed for over 400 years. Jolo has been the center of this conflict. Between 1972 and 1976, Jolo was the center of the Muslim Separatist Rebellion between the Muslim militants and the Marcos regime which killed 120,000 people. In 1974, fighting broke out when the government troops stopped the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) from taking over

4260-616: The north and Celebes Sea to the south. Jolo is a volcanic island , which lies at the center of the Sulu Archipelago covering 890 square kilometres (340 sq mi). The Sulu Archipelago is an island chain in the Southwest Philippines between Mindanao and Borneo , which is made up of 900 islands of volcanic and coral origin covering an area of 2,688 square kilometres (1,038 sq mi). There are numerous volcanoes and craters around Jolo with

4331-606: The people will stop terrorist recruitment. Governor Loong claimed that many residents have turned away Abu Sayyaf and Jemaah Islamiah members. Three months after the September 11 attacks , George W. Bush announced the US was opening a second front in the War on Terror in the Philippines . The Archipelago became the testing grounds for the Philippine anti-terror plan “Clear, Hold and Develop”. In August 2006, Operation Ultimatum

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4402-510: The place, named Jolo from Hokkien Min Nan Chinese : 好 路 , romanized:  hó lō͘ , lit.   'Good Place/Route' after Hokkien Min Nan Chinese : 好 儂 , romanized:  hó lâng , lit.   'Good People' , reflecting the Chinese perception of the natives, because whenever Chinese traders would leave goods on Jolo's shore, they found them undisturbed on their return. Part of its population

4473-431: The range of fields of study examining the economy revolves around the social science of economics, but may also include sociology , history , anthropology , and geography . Practical fields directly related to the human activities involving production , distribution , exchange , and consumption of goods and services as a whole are business , engineering , government , and health care . Macroeconomics

4544-671: The region. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has funded a ‘farm-to-market’ road between Maimbung and Jolo to help farmers transport agricultural produce to the market. On her visit, Kenney announced the $ 3 million plan to improve the Jolo Airport . Since 1997, USAID has spent $ 4 million a year in the region. Other institutions involved are the World Bank , JICA and AusAID . The Filipino government has spent over P39 million for development and infrastructure in Sulu. In October 2008,

4615-419: The town. Currently, the Moro National Liberation Front is the ruling party of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). In 1996, the MNLF was granted leadership of the ARMM in response to the calls for Muslim autonomy. Abdusakur Tan is the governor of Sulu and Kerkhar Tan is the mayor of Jolo. Politicians in these regions rose to power with the help of clan connections. Economy An economy

4686-404: The town. The reorientation of the Sulu trade patterns caused an influx of Chinese immigrants from Singapore. Poverty Incidence of Jolo Source: Philippine Statistics Authority In Jolo, most of the residents are in the agriculture industry. Agricultural products include coconut , cassava , abaca , coffee , lanzones , jackfruit , durian , mangosteen and marang . Jolo

4757-440: The word " Sulu " that now refers to the province and the whole Sulu Archipelago , which the early Spaniards historically spelt as "Xoló" , with the initial letter most likely formerly pronounced with the Early Modern Spanish [ ʃ ] sound, with [ʃoˈlo] the Spanish pronunciation of Sulu, but later evolved into the Modern Spanish [ x ] , leading to its modern pronunciation [xoˈlo] . In many dialects,

4828-464: The world with universal access to education ). The word economy in English is derived from the Middle French 's yconomie , which itself derived from the Medieval Latin 's oeconomia . The Latin word has its origin at the Ancient Greek 's oikonomia or oikonomos . The word's first part oikos means "house", and the second part nemein means "to manage". The most frequently used current sense, denoting "the economic system of

4899-494: Was explored and discussed by Friedrich August von Hayek (1899–1992) and Milton Friedman (1912–2006) who pleaded for a global free trade and are supposed to be the fathers of the so-called neoliberalism . However, the prevailing view was that held by John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), who argued for a stronger control of the markets by the state. The theory that the state can alleviate economic problems and instigate economic growth through state manipulation of aggregate demand

4970-569: Was launched and 5,000 Philippine marines and soldiers, supported by the US Special Forces began clearing the island of Jolo, fighting against a force of 400 guerillas. By February 2007, the town of Jolo was deemed cleared of terrorists. On 27 January 2019, two bombings took place at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel . The bombings led by an unknown bandit but not exactly group Abu Sayyaf were widely condemned by local people in Jolo. The bombing caused at least few people killed or wounded during that day. On 24 August 2020, at around 12:00 pm,

5041-400: Was politically and economically centered on Jolo, the residence for Sulu Sultanates. The Seat of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu was in Astana Putih, which is Tausug for ‘White Palace’ in Umbul Duwa in the municipality of Indanan on Jolo Island, later on, the capital was moved in Maimbung during the 1800s. The Spanish failed to conquer and convert the Muslim areas in Mindanao. After colonising

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