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76-502: IOS jailbreaking is the use of a privilege escalation exploit to remove software restrictions imposed by Apple on devices running iOS and iOS-based operating systems. It is typically done through a series of kernel patches . A jailbroken device typically permits root access within the operating system and provides the right to install software unavailable through the App Store . Different devices and versions are exploited with

152-991: A backend . Yum extends the functionality of the backend by adding features such as simple configuration for maintaining a network of systems. As another example, the Synaptic Package Manager provides a graphical user interface by using the Advanced Packaging Tool (apt) library, which, in turn, relies on dpkg for core functionality. Alien is a program that converts between different Linux package formats , supporting conversion between Linux Standard Base (LSB) compliant .rpm packages, .deb , Stampede (.slp), Solaris (.pkg) and Slackware ( .tgz , .txz , .tbz, .tlz) packages. In mobile operating systems, Google Play consumes Android application package (APK) package format while Microsoft Store uses APPX and XAP formats. (Both Google Play and Microsoft Store have eponymous package managers.) By

228-468: A cryptographic hash function ), and a list of dependencies necessary for the software to run properly. Upon installation, metadata is stored in a local package database. Package managers typically maintain a database of software dependencies and version information to prevent software mismatches and missing prerequisites. They work closely with software repositories , binary repository managers , and app stores . Package managers are designed to eliminate

304-595: A "locked bootloader "), installing non-officially approved (not available on the App Store) applications via sideloading , and granting the user elevated administration-level privileges (rooting), the concepts of iOS jailbreaking are therefore technically different from Android device rooting. Expanding the feature set that Apple and its App Store have restricted is one of the motivations for jailbreaking. Apple checks apps for compliance with its iOS Developer Program License Agreement before accepting them for distribution in

380-581: A Jailbreak utility would be Redsn0w. Through this software, iPhone users will be able to create a custom IPSW and unlock their device. Moreover, during the unlocking process, there are options to install Cydia the iPad baseband. Cybercriminals may jailbreak an iPhone to install malware or target jailbroken iPhones on which malware can be installed more easily. The Italian cybersecurity company Hacking Team , which sells hacking software to law enforcement agencies, advised police to jailbreak iPhones to allow tracking software to be installed on them. On iOS devices,

456-425: A binary executable package on the same or remote computer. Later a package manager typically running on some other computer downloads those pre-built binary executable packages over the internet and installs them. However, both kinds of tools have many commonalities: A few tools, such as Maak and A-A-P , are designed to handle both building and deployment, and can be used as either a build automation utility or as

532-558: A challenge colloquially known as " dependency hell ". On Microsoft Windows systems, this is also called " DLL hell " when working with dynamically linked libraries. Modern package managers have mostly solved these problems, by allowing parallel installation of multiple versions of a library (e.g. OPENSTEP 's Framework system), a dependency of any kind (e.g. slots in Gentoo Portage ), and even of packages compiled with different compiler versions (e.g. dynamic libraries built by

608-560: A computer. The kernel is usually patched using an application installed on the device without patches. This type of jailbreak has become increasingly popular, with most recent jailbreaks classified as semi-untethered. A few days after the original iPhone became available in July 2007, developers released the first jailbreaking tool for it, and soon a jailbreak-only game app became available. In October 2007, JailbreakMe 1.0 (also called "AppSnapp") allowed people to jailbreak iPhone OS 1.1.1 on both

684-448: A high-privilege application assumes that it would only be provided with input matching its interface specification, thus doesn't validate this input. Then, an attacker may be able to exploit this assumption, in order to run unauthorized code with the application's privileges: In computer security, jailbreaking is defined as the act of removing limitations that a vendor attempted to hard-code into its software or services. A common example

760-409: A jailbreak that does not require any assistance when it reboots up. The kernel will be patched without the help of a computer or an application. A tethered jailbreak is the opposite of an untethered jailbreak, in the sense that a computer is required to boot the device. Without a computer running the jailbreaking software, the iOS device will not be able to boot at all. While using a tethered jailbreak,

836-422: A jailbreaking tool for the iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS on iPhone OS 3.0 called purplera1n, and blackra1n for iPhone OS version 3.1.2 on the 3rd generation iPod Touch and other devices. In October 2010, George Hotz released limera1n, a low-level boot ROM exploit that permanently works to jailbreak the iPhone 4 and is used as a part of tools including redsn0w. Nicholas Allegra (better known as "comex") released

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912-614: A large extent translatable, as most package managers offer similar functions. The Arch Linux Pacman/Rosetta wiki offers an extensive overview. Package managers like dpkg have existed as early as 1994. Linux distributions oriented to binary packages rely heavily on package management systems as their primary means of managing and maintaining software. Mobile operating systems such as Android (Linux-based), iOS ( Unix-based ), and Windows Phone rely almost exclusively on their respective vendors' app stores and thus use their own dedicated package management systems. A package manager

988-449: A large number of computers. This kind of pre-configured installation is also supported by dpkg. To give users more control over the kinds of software that they are allowing to be installed on their system (and sometimes due to legal or convenience reasons on the distributors' side), software is often downloaded from a number of software repositories . When a user interacts with the package management software to bring about an upgrade, it

1064-447: A manufacturers method almost always factory resets the device, making rooting useless to people who want to view the data, and also voids the warranty permanently, even if the device is derooted and reflashed. Software exploits commonly either target a root-level process that is accessible to the user, by using an exploit specific to the phone's kernel, or using a known Android exploit that has been patched in newer versions; by not upgrading

1140-613: A new iOS version that closed the exploit used in JailbreakMe 3.0. The German Federal Office for Information Security had reported that JailbreakMe uncovered the "critical weakness" that information could be stolen or malware unwillingly downloaded by iOS users clicking on maliciously crafted PDF files. On August 13, 2015, Apple updated iOS to 8.4.1, patching the TaiG exploit. Pangu and Taig teams both said they were working on exploiting iOS 8.4.1, and Pangu demonstrated these chances at

1216-468: A package manager or both. App stores can also be considered application-level package managers (without the ability to install all levels of programs ). Unlike traditional package managers, app stores are designed to enable payment for the software itself (instead of for software development), and may only offer monolithic packages with no dependencies or dependency resolution. They are usually extremely limited in their management functionality, due to

1292-504: A patch released in iOS 6.1.3 to software exploits used by the original evasi0n iOS 6–6.1.2 jailbreak, in iOS 7.1 patching the Evasi0n 7 jailbreak for iOS 7–7.0.6-7.1 beta 3. Boot ROM exploits (exploits found in the hardware of the device) cannot be patched by Apple system updates but can be fixed in hardware revisions such as new chips or new hardware in its entirety, as occurred with the iPhone 3GS in 2009. On July 15, 2011, Apple released

1368-454: A program called Spirit in May 2010. Spirit jailbreaks devices including iPhones running iPhone OS 3.1.2, 3.1.3, and iPad running iPhone OS 3.2. In August 2010, comex released JailbreakMe 2.0, the first web-based tool to jailbreak the iPhone 4 (on iOS 4.0.1). In July 2011, he released JailbreakMe 3.0, a web-based tool for jailbreaking all devices on certain versions of iOS 4.3, including the iPad 2 for

1444-418: A sandbox typical to that of an App Store application, as well as modifications to system files, it ultimately allows for the threat of malware . Users of a jailbroken device are also often forced to stay on an older iOS version that is no longer supported by Apple, commonly due to the unavailability of jailbreak on the newer versions. While using older versions of iOS is considered safe in most circumstances,

1520-485: A strong focus on simplification over power or emergence , and common in commercial operating systems and locked-down “smart” devices. Package managers also often have only human-reviewed code. Many app stores, such and Google Play and Apple's App Store, screen apps mostly using automated tools only; malware with defeat devices can pass these tests, by detecting when the software is being automatically tested and delaying malicious activity. There are, however, exceptions;

1596-407: A system has a bug that allows security to be bypassed or, alternatively, has flawed design assumptions about how it will be used. Privilege escalation occurs in two forms: This type of privilege escalation occurs when the user or process is able to obtain a higher level of access than an administrator or system developer intended, possibly by performing kernel-level operations. In some cases,

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1672-409: A variety of tools. Apple views jailbreaking as a violation of the end-user license agreement and strongly cautions device owners not to try to achieve root access through the exploitation of vulnerabilities. While sometimes compared to rooting an Android device , jailbreaking bypasses several types of Apple prohibitions for the end-user. Since it includes modifying the operating system (enforced by

1748-630: Is CheckInstall , and for recipe-based systems such as Gentoo Linux and hybrid systems such as Arch Linux , it is possible to write a recipe first, which then ensures that the package fits into the local package database. Particularly troublesome with software upgrades are upgrades of configuration files. Since package managers, at least on Unix systems, originated as extensions of file archiving utilities , they can usually only either overwrite or retain configuration files, rather than applying rules to them. There are exceptions to this that usually apply to kernel configuration (which, if broken, will render

1824-405: Is a collection of software tools that automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing computer programs for a computer in a consistent manner. A package manager deals with packages , distributions of software and data in archive files . Packages contain metadata , such as the software's name, description of its purpose, version number, vendor, checksum (preferably

1900-406: Is a software tool designed to optimize the download and storage of binary files, artifacts and packages used and produced in the software development process . These package managers aim to standardize the way enterprises treat all package types. They give users the ability to apply security and compliance metrics across all artifact types. Universal package managers have been referred to as being at

1976-432: Is customary to present the user with the list of actions to be executed (usually the list of packages to be upgraded, and possibly giving the old and new version numbers), and allow the user to either accept the upgrade in bulk, or select individual packages for upgrades. Many package managers can be configured to never upgrade certain packages, or to upgrade them only when critical vulnerabilities or instabilities are found in

2052-662: Is effectively a limited form of privilege escalation (specifically, the unauthorized assumption of the capability of impersonating other users). Compared to the vertical privilege escalation, horizontal requires no upgrading the privilege of accounts. It often relies on the bugs in the system. This problem often occurs in web applications . Consider the following example: This malicious activity may be possible due to common web application weaknesses or vulnerabilities. Potential web application vulnerabilities or situations that may lead to this condition include: Package manager A package manager or package-management system

2128-424: Is essential for the installation of third-party content. There are a few package managers specifically for jailbroken iOS devices, of which the most popular are Cydia , Sileo, Zebra and Installer 5 . Depending on the type of the jailbreak (i.e. ' rootless ' or ' rootful '), different security structures may be compromised to various degrees. As jailbreaking grants freedom over running software that isn't confined to

2204-421: Is in fact effective against privilege escalation attacks. Horizontal privilege escalation occurs when an application allows the attacker to gain access to resources which normally would have been protected from an application or user . The result is that the application performs actions with the same user but different security context than intended by the application developer or system administrator ; this

2280-418: Is often called an "install manager", which can lead to a confusion between package managers and installers . The differences include: Most software configuration management systems treat building software and deploying software as separate, independent steps. A build automation utility typically takes human-readable source code files already on a computer, and automates the process of converting them into

2356-476: Is that both are used to grant the owner of the device superuser system-level privileges, which may be transferred to one or more apps. However, unlike iOS phones and tablets, nearly all Android devices already offer an option to allow the user to sideload 3rd-party apps onto the device without having to install from an official source such as the Google Play store . Many Android devices also provide owners

iOS jailbreaking - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-463: Is that free and open source software systems permit third-party packages to also be installed and upgraded through the same mechanism, whereas the package managers of Mac OS X and Windows will only upgrade software provided by Apple and Microsoft, respectively (with the exception of some third party drivers in Windows). The ability to continuously upgrade third-party software is typically added by adding

2508-537: Is the use of toolsets to break out of a chroot or jail in UNIX-like operating systems or bypassing digital rights management (DRM). In the former case, it allows the user to see files outside of the filesystem that the administrator intends to make available to the application or user in question. In the context of DRM, this allows the user to run arbitrarily defined code on devices with DRM as well as break out of chroot-like restrictions. The term originated with

2584-426: Is to allow users to manage the software dependency on data, such as machine learning models for data-driven applications. They are useful to publish, locate, and install data packages. A typical example of a data dependency management frameworks are Hugging Face, KBox, among others. Ian Murdock had commented that package management is "the single biggest advancement Linux has brought to the industry", that it blurs

2660-631: The App Store was prohibited for most individual users without a purchased developer membership. After 2015, the ability to install 3rd-party apps became free for all users; however, doing so requires a basic understanding of Xcode and compiling iOS apps. Jailbreaking an iOS device to defeat all these security restrictions presents a significant technical challenge. Similar to Android, alternative iOS app stores utilizing enterprise certificates are available, offering modified or pirated releases of popular applications and video games, some of which were either previously released through Cydia or are unavailable on

2736-477: The Glasgow Haskell Compiler , where a stable ABI does not exist), in order to enable other packages to specify which version they were linked or even installed against. System administrators may install and maintain software using tools other than package management software. For example, a local administrator may download unpackaged source code, compile it, and install it. This may cause

2812-453: The URL of the corresponding repository to the package management's configuration file. Beside the system-level application managers, there are some add-on package managers for operating systems with limited capabilities and for programming languages in which developers need the latest libraries . Unlike system-level package managers, application-level package managers focus on a small part of

2888-492: The iPhone / iOS jailbreaking community and has also been used as a term for PlayStation Portable hacking; these devices have repeatedly been subject to jailbreaks, allowing the execution of arbitrary code, and sometimes have had those jailbreaks disabled by vendor updates. iOS systems including the iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch have been subject to iOS jailbreaking efforts since they were released, and continuing with each firmware update. iOS jailbreaking tools include

2964-465: The npm package database, for instance, relies entirely on post-publication review of its code, while the Debian package database has an extensive human review process before any package goes into the main stable database. The XZ Utils backdoor used years of trust-building to insert a backdoor, which was nonetheless caught while in the testing database. Also known as binary repository manager , it

3040-541: The third-generation iPad for the first time. An iOS 6.X untethered jailbreak tool called "evasi0n" was released for Linux, OS X, and Windows on February 4, 2013. Due to the high volume of interest in downloading the jailbreak utility, the site initially gave anticipating users download errors. When Apple upgraded its software to iOS 6.1.3 it permanently patched out the evasi0n jailbreak. On November 29, 2014, TaiG team released their untethered jailbreak tool called "TaiG" for devices running iOS 8.0–8.1.1. On December 10, 2014,

3116-611: The "Rocky Racoon" untether by pod2g for iOS 5.1.1 on all iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch models that support iOS 5.1.1. The iPhone Dev Team, Chronic Dev Team, and pod2g collaborated to release Absinthe in January 2012, a desktop-based tool to jailbreak the iPhone 4S for the first time and the iPad 2 for the second time, on iOS 5.0.1 for both devices and also iOS 5.0 for iPhone 4S. In May 2012 it released Absinthe 2.0, which can jailbreak iOS 5.1.1 untethered on all iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch models that support iOS 5.1.1, including jailbreaking

iOS jailbreaking - Misplaced Pages Continue

3192-457: The App Store due to these apps not complying with Apple developer guidelines. Many different types of jailbreaks have been developed over the years, differing in how and when the exploit is applied. When a jailbroken device is booting, it loads Apple's own boot software initially. The device is then exploited and the kernel is patched every time it is turned on. An untethered jailbreak is

3268-487: The App Store. However, the reasons for Apple to ban apps are not limited to safety and security and may be regarded as arbitrary and capricious. In one case, Apple mistakenly banned an app by a Pulitzer-Winning cartoonist because it violated its developer license agreement, which specifically bans apps that "contain content that ridicules public figures." To access banned apps, users rely on jailbreaking to circumvent Apple's censorship of content and features. Jailbreaking permits

3344-459: The Dev Team published redsn0w as a simple jailbreaking tool for Mac and Windows, and also updated PwnageTool primarily intended for expert users making custom firmware, and only for Mac. It continues to maintain redsn0w for jailbreaking most versions of iOS 4 and iOS 5 on most devices. George Hotz developed the first iPhone unlock, which was a hardware-based solution. Later, in 2009, he released

3420-535: The M33 hacked firmware used for the PlayStation Portable ) to circumvent restrictions on unsigned code . Nokia has since issued updates to curb unauthorized jailbreaking, in a manner similar to Apple. In the case of gaming consoles, jailbreaking is often used to execute homebrew games . In 2011, Sony , with assistance from law firm Kilpatrick Stockton , sued 21-year-old George Hotz and associates of

3496-562: The WWDC 2015. On September 16, 2015, iOS 9 was announced and made available; it was released with a new "Rootless" security system, dubbed a "heavy blow" to the jailbreaking community. On October 21, 2015, seven days after the Pangu iOS 9.0–9.0.2 Jailbreak release, Apple pushed the iOS 9.1 update, which contained a patch that rendered it nonfunctional. On January 23, 2017, Apple released iOS 10.2.1 to patch jailbreak exploits released by Google for

3572-830: The Yalu iOS 10 jailbreak created by Luca Todesco. On December 10, 2019, Apple used DMCA takedown requests to remove posts from Twitter. The tweet contained an encryption key that could potentially be used to reverse engineer the iPhone's Secure Enclave. Apple later retracted the claim, and the tweet was reinstated. Privilege escalation Most computer systems are designed for use with multiple user accounts, each of which has abilities known as privileges . Common privileges include viewing and editing files or modifying system files. Privilege escalation means users receive privileges they are not entitled to. These privileges can be used to delete files, view private information , or install unwanted programs such as viruses. It usually occurs when

3648-606: The app was updated to include support for iOS 8.1.2. On July 3, 2015, TaiG 2.3.0 was released, which includes support for iOS 8.0–8.4. On October 14, 2015, Pangu Team released Pangu9, their untethered jailbreak tool for iOS 9.0 through 9.0.2. On March 11, 2016, Pangu Team updated their tool to support iOS 9.1 for 64-bit devices. 4th & 5th generation (4K) Apple TV M1 based iPads 16.5.1 ( A12 - A14 , M1 ) 16.5 ( A15 - A16 , M2 ) M1 - M2 based iPads M1 - M2 based iPads Apple has released various updates to iOS that patch exploits used by jailbreak utilities; this includes

3724-547: The capability to modify or even replace the full operating system after unlocking the bootloader , although doing this requires a factory reset . In contrast, iOS devices are engineered with restrictions including a "locked bootloader" which can not be unlocked by the owner to modify the operating system without violating Apple's end-user license agreement. And on iOS, until 2015, while corporations could install private applications onto corporate phones, sideloading unsanctioned, 3rd-party apps onto iOS devices from sources other than

3800-482: The center of a DevOps toolchain . Each package manager relies on the format and metadata of the packages it can manage. That is, package managers need groups of files to be bundled for the specific package manager along with appropriate metadata, such as dependencies. Often, a core set of utilities manages the basic installation from these packages and multiple package managers use these utilities to provide additional functionality. For example, yum relies on rpm as

3876-480: The computer unusable after a restart). Problems can be caused if the format of configuration files changes; for instance, if the old configuration file does not explicitly disable new options that should be disabled. Some package managers, such as Debian 's dpkg , allow configuration during installation. In other situations, it is desirable to install packages with the default configuration and then overwrite this configuration, for instance, in headless installations to

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3952-450: The device may be vulnerable to publicly known security flaws. In March 2021, jailbreak developer GeoSn0w released a tweak called iSecureOS which can alert the users of security issues found on their devices. The application works akin to antivirus software, in that it scans the files on the user's device and checks them against a database of known malware or unsafe repos. In June 2021, ESET Research confirmed that malware did exist on one of

4028-469: The downloading of programs not approved by Apple, such as user interface customization and tweaks. Software programs that are available through APT or Installer.app (legacy) are not required to adhere to App Store guidelines. Most of them are not typical self-contained apps, but instead are extensions and customizations for iOS or other apps (commonly called tweaks). Users can install these programs for purposes including personalization and customization of

4104-696: The first time (on iOS 4.3.3). It used a flaw in PDF file rendering in mobile Safari . Chronic Dev Team initially released Greenpois0n in October 2010, a desktop-based tool for untethered jailbreaking iOS 4.1 and later iOS 4.2.1 on most devices including the Apple TV, as well as iOS 4.2.6 on CDMA (Verizon) iPhones. As of December 2011, redsn0w included the "Corona" untether by pod2g for iOS 5.0.1 for iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPad (1st generation), and iPod Touch (3rd and 4th generation). As of June 2012, redsn0w also includes

4180-464: The group fail0verflow for jailbreaking the PlayStation 3 (see Sony Computer Entertainment America v. George Hotz and PlayStation Jailbreak ). Jailbreaking can also occur in systems and software that use generative artificial intelligence models, such as ChatGPT . In jailbreaking attacks on artificial intelligence systems, users are able to manipulate the model to behave differently than it

4256-452: The iBoot environment is changed to execute a boot ROM exploit and allow submission of a patched low level bootloader or hack the kernel to submit the jailbroken kernel after the SHSH check. A similar method of jailbreaking exists for S60 Platform smartphones , where utilities such as HelloOX allow the execution of unsigned code and full access to system files. or edited firmware (similar to

4332-449: The iPhone and iPod Touch, and it included Installer.app as a way to get software for the jailbroken device. In February 2008, Zibri released ZiPhone, a tool for jailbreaking iPhone OS 1.1.3 and iPhone OS 1.1.4. The iPhone Dev Team, which is not affiliated with Apple, has released a series of free desktop-based jailbreaking tools. In July 2008 it released a version of PwnageTool to jailbreak the then new iPhone 3G on iPhone OS 2.0 as well as

4408-481: The iPod Touch, newly including Cydia as the primary third-party installer for jailbroken software. PwnageTool continues to be updated for untethered jailbreaks of newer iOS versions. In November 2008 the iPhone Dev Team released QuickPwn to jailbreak iPhone OS 2.2 on iPhone and iPod Touch, with options to enable past functionality that Apple had disabled on certain devices. After Apple released iPhone OS 3.0 in June 2009,

4484-413: The installation of consumer software is generally restricted to installation through the App Store . Jailbreaking, therefore, allows the installation of pirated applications. It has been suggested that a major motivation for Apple to prevent jailbreaking is to protect the income of its App Store, including third-party developers and allow the buildup of a sustainable market for third-party software. However,

4560-415: The installation of pirated applications is also possible without jailbreaking, taking advantage of enterprise certificates to facilitate the distribution of modified or pirated releases of popular applications. A package manager or package-management system is a collection of software tools that automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing computer programs. For jailbreaks, this

4636-591: The interface using tweaks developed by developers and designers, adding desired features such as access to the root file system and fixing annoyances, and making development work on the device easier by providing access to the file system and command-line tools. Many Chinese iOS device owners also jailbreak their phones to install third-party Chinese character input systems because they are easier to use than Apple's. In some cases, jailbreak features are adopted by Apple and used as inspiration for features that are incorporated into iOS and iPadOS . Jailbreaking also opens

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4712-418: The jailbreak will still run as normal, such as making a phone call, texting, or using App Store applications. To be able to have a patched kernel and run modified code again, the device must be booted using a computer. This type of jailbreak is like a semi-tethered jailbreak in which when the device reboots, it no longer has a patched kernel, but the key difference is that the kernel can be patched without using

4788-644: The nature of free and open source software , packages under similar and compatible licenses are available for use on a number of operating systems. These packages can be combined and distributed using configurable and internally complex packaging systems to handle many permutations of software and manage version-specific dependencies and conflicts. Some packaging systems of free and open source software are also themselves released as free and open source software. One typical difference between package management in proprietary operating systems, such as Mac OS X and Windows, and those in free and open source software, such as Linux,

4864-454: The need for manual installs and updates. This can be particularly useful for large enterprises whose operating systems typically consist of hundreds or even tens of thousands of distinct software packages. An early package manager was SMIT (and its backend installp) from IBM AIX . SMIT was introduced with AIX 3.0 in 1989. Early package managers, from around 1994, had no automatic dependency resolution but could already drastically simplify

4940-421: The option to install package frontends such as Cydia and Installer.app , third-party alternatives to the App Store , as a way to find and install system tweaks and binaries. To prevent iOS jailbreaking, Apple has made the device boot ROM execute checks for SHSH blobs in order to disallow uploads of custom kernels and prevent software downgrades to earlier, jailbreakable firmware. In an "untethered" jailbreak,

5016-424: The phone, or intentionally downgrading the version. Operating systems and users can use the following strategies to reduce the risk of privilege escalation: Recent research has shown what can effectively provide protection against privilege escalation attacks. These include the proposal of the additional kernel observer (AKO), which specifically prevents attacks focused on OS vulnerabilities. Research shows that AKO

5092-437: The piracy repositories in the jailbreak community. The malware actively targeted iSecureOS to try to bypass the detection, but updates to the security app were quickly released and have mitigated the malware. Jailbreaking of iOS devices has sometimes been compared to " rooting " of Android devices. Although both concepts involve privilege escalation, they do differ in scope. Where Android rooting and jailbreaking are similar

5168-420: The possibility for using software to unofficially unlock carrier-locked iPhones so they can be used with other carriers. Software-based unlocks have been available since September 2007, with each tool applying to a specific iPhone model and baseband version (or multiple models and versions). This includes the iPhone 4S , iPhone 4 , iPhone 3GS , and iPhone 3G models. An example of unlocking an iPhone through

5244-444: The previous version, as defined by the packager of the software. This process is sometimes called version pinning . For instance: Some of the more advanced package management features offer "cascading package removal", in which all packages that depend on the target package and all packages that only the target package depends on, are also removed. Although the commands are specific for every particular package manager, they are to

5320-721: The process of adding and removing software from a running system. By around 1995, beginning with CPAN , package managers began doing the work of downloading packages from a repository, automatically resolving its dependencies and installing them as needed, making it much easier to install, uninstall and update software from a system. A software package is an archive file containing a computer program as well as necessary metadata for its deployment. The computer program can be in source code that has to be compiled and built first. Package metadata include package description, package version, and dependencies (other packages that need to be installed beforehand). Package managers are charged with

5396-448: The software system. They typically reside within a directory tree that is not maintained by the system-level package manager, such as c:\cygwin or /opt/sw . However, this might not be the case for the package managers that deal with programming libraries, leading to a possible conflict as both package managers may claim to "own" a file and might break upgrades. In 2016, Edgard Marx, a computer scientist from Leipzig University, coined

5472-477: The state of the local system to fall out of synchronization with the state of the package manager's database . The local administrator will be required to take additional measures, such as manually managing some dependencies or integrating the changes into the package manager. There are tools available to ensure that locally compiled packages are integrated with the package management. For distributions based on .deb and .rpm files as well as Slackware Linux, there

5548-466: The task of finding, installing, maintaining or uninstalling software packages upon the user's command. Typical functions of a package management system include: Computer systems that rely on dynamic library linking, instead of static library linking, share executable libraries of machine instructions across packages and applications. In these systems, conflicting relationships between different packages requiring different versions of libraries results in

5624-567: The term Data Dependency Management to refer to the systems that deal with the management of data. Data Dependency Management systems are designed to facilitate the deployment and management of data on the cloud, personal computers, or smart devices (edge). Data Dependency Management frameworks can be used to describe how the data was conceived, licensing as well as its dependencies. The concept of data dependency management comes from software package dependency management tools such as npm for JavaScript, gem for Ruby, and NuGet for .NET. Their rationale

5700-400: The user will still be able to restart/kill the device's SpringBoard process without needing to reboot. Many early jailbreaks were offered initially as tethered jailbreaks. This type of jailbreak allows a user to reboot their phone normally, but upon doing so, the jailbreak and any modified code will be effectively disabled, as it will have an unpatched kernel. Any functionality independent of

5776-523: Was programmed, making it possible to reveal information about how the model was instructed and induce it to respond in an anomalous or harmful way. Android phones can be officially rooted by either going through manufacturers controlled process, using an exploit to gain root, or installing a rooting modification. Manufacturers allow rooting through a process they control, while some allow the phone to be rooted simply by pressing specific key combinations at boot time, or by other self-administered methods. Using

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