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89-622: Deventer is one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands. The place is mentioned in 9th-century sources from the Diocese of Utrecht . A charter from 877 AD mentions seven farmsteads in Daventre portu (the Deventer harbor). In 952 AD, Deventer is mentioned as a city in a gift certificate from King Otto I . After the place had acquired more and more rights and privileges over time, it received

178-409: A greenhouse at Newcastle upon Tyne . Jean Simon Bonnemain (1743–1830), a French architect, introduced the technique to industry on a cooperative , at Château du Pêcq, near Paris . However, these scattered attempts were isolated and mainly confined in their application to greenhouses . Tredgold originally dismissed its use as impractical, but changed his mind in 1836, when the technology went into

267-574: A heat pump system to take advantage of low-grade heat in the air or ground. A district heating system uses centrally located boilers or water heaters and circulates heat energy to individual customers by circulating hot water or steam. This has the advantage of a central highly efficient energy converter that can use the best available pollution controls, and that is professionally operated. The district heating system can use heat sources impractical to deploy to individual homes, such as heavy oil, wood byproducts, or nuclear fission. The distribution network

356-425: A municipal executive was elected for the period 2005-2010. This municipal election was earlier than in the rest of the Netherlands, because the municipality of Deventer was merged with the then municipality of Bathmen. The March 2006 elections were therefore skipped. An issue that has occupied the municipal council and public opinion in Deventer since 2006 was the housing of municipal officials and public services in

445-488: A (new) municipal office adjacent to the old town hall of Deventer. In 2009, the college fell over it. At the end of January 2012, the Municipal Executive approved an adapted design for the new city office by architect Michiel Riedijk . However, a 'popular poll' by telephone two weeks later would have shown that only 13% of the population of Deventer supported the plans. On March 21 that year, a large majority of

534-590: A Latin School, which became internationally renowned, and remained in service in changing forms until 1971. Its most well-known student was the scholar Desiderius Erasmus , who was born in 1466 and attended the school from 1475 to 1484. Between 1500 and 1800, the volume of water flowing through the IJssel decreased, decreasing the importance of Deventer's harbour. The competition with trade centres in Holland , as well as

623-650: A boiler or district heating to heat water and a pump to circulate the hot water in plastic pipes installed in a concrete slab. The pipes, embedded in the floor, carry heated water that conducts warmth to the surface of the floor, where it broadcasts heat energy to the room above. Hydronic heating systems are also used with antifreeze solutions in ice and snow melt systems for walkways, parking lots and streets. They are more commonly used in commercial and whole house radiant floor heat projects, whereas electric radiant heat systems are more commonly used in smaller "spot warming" applications. A steam heating system takes advantage of

712-448: A central heating plant offers improved uniformity of temperature control over a building, usually including automatic control of the furnace. Large homes or buildings may be divided into individually controllable zones with their own temperature controls. Automatic fuel (and sometimes ash) handling provides improved convenience over separate fireplaces. Where a system includes ducts for air circulation, central air conditioning can be added to

801-461: A central heating system and requires no ash removal and little maintenance of the combustion system. However, the variable price of oil on world markets leads to erratic and high prices compared to some other energy sources. Institutional heating systems (office buildings or schools, for example) can use low-grade, inexpensive bunker fuel to run their heating plants, but capital cost is high compared to more easily managed liquid fuels. Natural gas

890-454: A central heating system using water-circulation include: The circulating water systems use a closed loop; the same water is heated and then reheated. A sealed system provides a form of central heating in which the water used for heating circulates independently of the building's normal water supply. An expansion tank contains compressed gas, separated from the sealed-system water by a diaphragm. This allows for normal variations of pressure in

979-464: A clear vestige of gudeul in the excavated dwelling ( Korean :  움집 ). The main components of the traditional ondol are an agungi ( firebox or stove ) accessible from an adjoining room (typically kitchen or master bedroom), a raised masonry floor underlain by horizontal smoke passages, and a vertical, freestanding chimney on the opposite exterior wall providing a draft. The heated floor, supported by stone piers or baffles to distribute

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1068-409: A cold climate. Some central heating plants can switch fuels for reasons of economy and convenience; for example, a home owner may install a wood-fired furnace with electrical backup for occasional unattended operation. Solid fuels such as wood , peat or coal can be stockpiled at the point of use, but are inconvenient to handle and difficult to automatically control. Wood fuel is still used where

1157-490: A common mint, where coins for the three IJssel cities Deventer, Zwolle , and Kampen were made. Deventer is the birthplace of Geert Groote and home to his Brethren of the Common Life , a school of religious thought that influenced Thomas a Kempis and Erasmus in later times. Together with Haarlem it was among the first cities to have printing presses, dating back to as early as 1477. From around 1300, it also housed

1246-500: A day), depending on frequency of cooking and seasonal weather conditions. The ancient Greeks originally developed central heating. The temple of Ephesus was heated by flues planted in the ground and circulating the heat which was generated by fire. Some buildings in the Roman Empire used central heating systems, conducting air heated by furnaces through empty spaces under the floors and out of pipes (called caliducts ) in

1335-430: A furnace that converts fuel or electricity to heat. The heat is circulated through the building either by fans forcing heated air through ducts, circulation of low-pressure steam to radiators in each heated room, or pumps that circulate hot water through room radiators. Primary energy sources may be fuels like coal or wood, oil, kerosene, natural gas, or electricity. Compared with systems such as fireplaces and wood stoves,

1424-432: A hundred years earlier. Strutt's design consisted of a large stove that heated air brought from the outside by a large underground passage. The air was ventilated through the building by large central ducts. In 1807, he collaborated with another eminent engineer, Charles Sylvester , on the construction of a new building to house Derby's Royal Infirmary. Sylvester was instrumental in applying Strutt's novel heating system for

1513-585: A late Roman Iron Age settlement (dated to c.300 AD) were excavated at Colmschate, 4 km east of the current city. The village of Deventer, already important because of a trading road crossing the river IJssel , was looted and burnt down by the Vikings in 882. It was immediately rebuilt and fortified with an earthen wall (in the street Stenen Wal remains of this wall have been excavated and restored). Deventer received city rights in 956, after which fortifications were built or replaced by stone walls around

1602-643: A mission to pagan Frisia , at the request of Pepin of Herstal . The Diocese of Utrecht ( Latin : Dioecesis Ultraiectensis ) was erected by Pope Sergius I in 695. In 695 Sergius consecrated Willibrord in Rome as Bishop of the Frisians . George Edmundson wrote in the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica that the bishops of the Diocese, as the result of grants of immunities by

1691-648: A phase of rapid development. Early systems had used low pressure water systems, which required very large pipes. One of the first modern hot water central heating systems to remedy this deficiency was installed by Angier March Perkins in London in the 1830s. At that time central heating was coming into fashion in Britain, with steam or hot air systems generally being used. Perkins' 1832 apparatus distributed water at 200 degrees Celsius (392 °F) through small diameter pipes at high pressure. A crucial invention to make

1780-748: A simpler central heating system where heat travelled through underfloor channels from the furnace room replaced the Roman hypocaust at some places. In Reichenau Abbey a network of interconnected underfloor channels heated the 300 m large assembly room of the monks during the winter months. The degree of efficiency of the system has been calculated at 90%. In the 13th century, the Cistercian monks revived central heating in Christian Europe using river diversions combined with indoor wood-fired furnaces. The well-preserved Royal Monastery of Our Lady of

1869-549: A succession of German kings, and notably by the Saxon and Franconian emperors, gradually became the temporal rulers of a dominion as great as the neighboring counties and duchies. John Mason Neale explained, in History of the so-called Jansenist church of Holland , that bishops "became warriors rather than prelates; the duties of their pastoral office were frequently exercised by suffragans, while they themselves headed armies against

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1958-522: A wooden church on the east bank of the river IJssel . In January 772 AD the sack and burning of this church by a Saxon expedition was the cause for the first punitive war waged by Charlemagne to the Saxons, in which, in retribution, the Irminsul (the Saxon sacred tree, probably near modern Paderborn ) was destroyed. This was not the first human settlement at the location; between 1981 and 2006, remains of

2047-402: Is forced hot air. A furnace burns fuel oil or gas, which heats air in a heat exchanger , and blower fans circulate the warmed air through a network of ducts to the rooms in the building. This system is cheaper because the air moves through a series of ducts instead of pipes, and does not require a pipe fitter to install. The space between floor joists can be boxed in and used as some of

2136-810: Is twinned with four cities: Diocese of Utrecht (695%E2%80%931580) The historic Diocese of Utrecht was a diocese of the Latin Church (or Western) of the Catholic Church from 695 to 1580, and from 1559 archdiocese in the Low Countries before and during the Protestant Reformation . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , the founding of the diocese dates back to Francia , when St. Ecgberht of Ripon sent St. Willibrord and eleven companions on

2225-399: Is a war monument itself as well. Deventer has been somewhat popular with the film industry. During the production of the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far , all of the scenes taking place in nearby Arnhem were filmed in Deventer - as Arnhem itself had lost its historic centre. By the end of the 1950s, the buildings had reached the boundaries of the municipality. In 1960, for further expansion,

2314-595: Is a widespread heating fuel in North America and northern Europe. Gas burners are automatically controlled and require no ash removal and little maintenance. However, not all areas have access to a natural gas distribution system. Liquefied petroleum gas or propane can be stored at the point of use and periodically replenished by a truck-mounted mobile tank. Some areas have low cost electric power, making electric heating economically practical. Electric heating can either be purely resistance-type heating or make use of

2403-428: Is more costly to build than for gas or electric heating, and so is only found in densely populated areas or compact communities. Not all central heating systems require purchased energy. A few buildings are served by local geothermal heat, using hot water or steam from a local well to provide building heat. Such areas are uncommon. A passive solar system requires no purchased fuel but needs to be carefully designed for

2492-519: Is now a centre for asylum seekers . In a forested area between Lettele and Okkenbroek, about 10 kilometres east of Deventer, the Germans operated a V-1 flying bomb launching ramp. It was used from December, 1944, until March, 1945. Some of the 400 V-1 missiles launched there hit already liberated Belgium, including the city of Antwerp, killing many people. A war monument in the village of Lettele consists of concrete blocks from this launching site, that

2581-414: Is often more expensive than heat produced by combustion appliances like natural gas, propane, and oil. Electric resistance heat can be provided by baseboard heaters, space heaters, radiant heaters, furnaces, wall heaters, or thermal storage systems. Electric heaters are usually part of a fan coil which is part of a central air conditioner. They circulate heat by blowing air across the heating element which

2670-407: Is semi-indoor since 2011, is in the top 10 of fastest skating tracks of the Netherlands. It has been the training accommodation of skaters including Olympic champion Mark Tuitert and the retired former world champion sprint Erben Wennemars . Deventer also houses a number of watersports clubs, due to its situation on the banks of the river IJssel. In the redivision elections of November 17, 2004 ,

2759-469: Is still manufactured locally and sold all over the Netherlands and beyond. Deventer has seen few military engagements throughout its long history, although it was a garrison city of the Dutch cavalry . The IJssel bridge area and harbour were bombed heavily during World War II . The city centre has been largely spared, but many Allied bombs, meant to shell the IJssel railway bridge, came down on buildings in

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2848-404: Is supplied to the furnace through return air ducts. Blowers in electric furnaces move air over one to five resistance coils or elements which are usually rated at five kilowatts. The heating elements activate one at a time to avoid overloading the electrical system. Overheating is prevented by a safety switch called a limit controller or limit switch. This limit controller may shut the furnace off if

2937-630: The Arnhem–Leeuwarden railway , Apeldoorn–Deventer railway , and Deventer–Almelo railway lines, a train connection existed from 1910 to 1935 on the Deventer–Ommen railway line. This was operated by the Overijsselsche Lokaalspoorweg-Maatschappij Deventer - Ommen (OLDO), but had to stop the train service due to competition from the bus. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Deventer was connected to

3026-677: The Netherlands . The Deventer settlement was founded on a river dune on the IJssel . This river has played a major role for the city over the centuries, because of the trade that this waterway brought with it. In 1241 the city had received the Katentol on long lease from the Elten stift. This toll, which is named after the Katerveer under Zwolle , had to be paid in the Deventer toll house near

3115-817: The Secondary Colonial Agricultural School was founded, which grew out of the National Agricultural School Wageningen. After decolonization took effect, the name was changed into Tropical Agricultural School. In 1957 the school was transformed into the National Higher School for Tropical Agriculture. After a merger with study programs from Boskoop, Wageningen and Velp, it became the International Agricultural College Larenstein. The school

3204-471: The States-General opposition. The archdiocese was suppressed in 1580. Walter Phillips wrote, in Encyclopædia Britannica , 1911 edition, the last archbishop of Utrecht, Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg , died in 1580, "a few months before the suppression of Roman Catholic public worship" by William I, Prince of Orange . "Suppression of dioceses," wrote Hove, "takes place only in countries where

3293-723: The religious war between 1568 and 1648, brought a decline in the city's economy. In the 18th century, the iron industry came to Deventer. East of the town, so-called "oer", river sand containing iron, was found as early as 900. From this material, ore was produced and brought to town. The main road of the villages Okkenbroek, Lettele and Schalkhaar is still named Oerdijk (Ore Dyke). In the 19th century, Deventer became an industrial town. Bicycles (Burgers), carpets (Koninklijke Deventer Tapijtfabriek), tins and cans for food and drinks (Thomassen & Drijver), cigars (Horst & Maas en Bijdendijk & Ten Hove), foundry and heavy machinery (Nering Bögel), and textiles (Ankersmit) were produced until

3382-601: The Douwelerkolk and the Klinkenbeltskolk. In addition to the IJssel, Deventer has a large number of waters. The Schipbeek is a brook partly dug on behalf of the city that rises in Germany and flows into the IJssel near Deventer. In the past, the stream was navigable, so that wood and Bentheimer sandstone could be brought in, among other things. Another waterway that was built for shipping and which flows into

3471-579: The Dukes of Guelders or the Counts of Holland." Adalbold II of Utrecht "must be regarded as the principal founder of the territorial possessions of the diocese," according to Albert Hauck, in New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge , especially by the acquisition in 1024 and 1026 of the counties of Drenthe and Teisterbant ; but, the name "Bishopric of Utrecht" is not used in

3560-492: The IJssel in Deventer is a branch of the Overijssels canal, through which Deventer was connected to a large system of canals through Overijssel. It was dug in the mid-19th century and opened in 1858. Deventer is the home of professional Football club Go Ahead Eagles , who are housed in stadium De Adelaarshorst . De Adelaarshorst is situated in a 1930s neighbourhood and one of the oldest stadiums still in use today. The club

3649-556: The Second World War. Where coal was readily available (i.e. the anthracite coal region in northeast Pennsylvania in the United States) coal-fired steam or hot water systems were common. Later in the 20th century, these were updated to burn fuel oil or gas, eliminating the need for a large coal storage bin near the boiler and the need to remove and discard coal ashes. A cheaper alternative to hot water or steam heat

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3738-603: The United Kingdom and in other parts of Europe commonly combine the needs of space heating with domestic hot-water heating. These systems occur less commonly in the USA. In this case, the heated water in a sealed system flows through a heat exchanger in a hot-water tank or hot-water cylinder where it heats water from the regular potable water supply for use at hot-water taps or appliances such as washing machines or dishwashers . Hydronic radiant floor heating systems use

3827-613: The Wheel (founded 1202) on the Ebro River in the Aragon region of Spain provides an excellent example of such an application. The three main methods of central heating were developed in the late 18th to mid-19th centuries. William Strutt designed a new mill building in Derby with a central hot air furnace in 1793, although the idea had been already proposed by John Evelyn almost

3916-571: The Zandpoort, and generated a lot of money in the Middle Ages . The IJssel has also caused many problems over the centuries, because it often overflowed its banks. Nowadays Deventer has a flood defence, but the Welle ('wal', the name of the street over the quay) is still regularly under water during high water. Dike breaches of the IJssel have created many gullies in and around the city , such as

4005-604: The article. Debitum pastoralis officii nobis was Pope Leo X's 1517 prohibition to the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne , Hermann of Wied , as legatus natus , to summon, to a court of first instance in Cologne, Philip of Burgundy , his treasurer, and his ecclesiastical and secular subjects. Leo X only confirmed a right of the Church, explained Neale; but Leo X's confirmation "was providential" in respect to

4094-484: The boiler either by gravity or with the assistance of a pump. Some systems use only a single pipe for combined steam and condensate return. Since trapped air prevents proper circulation, such systems have vent valves to allow air to be purged. In domestic and small commercial buildings, the steam is generated at relatively low gauge pressure, less than 15 psi (100 kPa). Steam heating systems are rarely installed in new single-family residential construction owing to

4183-641: The city centre. The Deventer railway bridge was considered strategically important, being a part of the main railway connection between Amsterdam and the German city of Osnabrück, leading from there to either Berlin, Hamburg or Bremen. The railway bridge, constructed of steel, was difficult to hit. Many bombs were bounced down into the river or its banks, exploding in the areas around the bridge or failing to explode at all. The three heaviest of about 15 attacks were on October 28, 1944 causing 35 fatalities; on December 15, 1944 killing 33 people; and on February 6, 1945 causing

4272-531: The city council voted in favor of the municipal office. In October 2013, the Council of State ruled positive about the arrival of the municipal office, after objections were raised. On December 6 of that year, the official opening act for construction was performed. In December 2015, the complex was completed and municipal staff moved in. In November 2017, the architect received the Abe Bonnema Prize for

4361-483: The city for defense. Between 1000 and 1500, Deventer grew to be a flourishing trade city because of its harbour on the river IJssel, which was capable of accommodating large ships. The city eventually joined the Hanseatic League . One of the commodities it traded in, dried haddock and cod from Norway, gave the citizens the nickname they carry to this day: "Deventer Stokvis ". In the 15th century, Deventer had

4450-411: The cost of the piping installation. Pipes must be carefully sloped to prevent trapped condensate blockage. Compared to other methods of heating, it is more difficult to control the output of a steam system. However, steam can be sent, for example, between buildings on a campus to allow use of an efficient central boiler and low cost fuel. Tall buildings take advantage of the low density of steam to avoid

4539-502: The country, many of them remaining in usable condition for over 150 years. His system was also adapted for use by bakers in the heating of their ovens and in the making of paper from wood pulp. Franz San Galli , a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg , invented the radiator between 1855 and 1857, which was a major step in the final shaping of modern central heating. The Victorian cast iron radiator became widespread by

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4628-518: The death of 61 people. In the aftermath of this last bombardment, the German occupying forces committed a war crime . The German army used a cool warehouse in Deventer for its military food supplies. In the city centre, the retirement home of the United Foundations , originally dating back as far as the 13th century, caught fire by the shellings, as well as the army food warehouse. The Germans allowed local fire fighters only to extinguish

4717-468: The design. Deventer is also home to one of the three campuses of Saxion University of Applied Sciences ( Saxion Hogeschool ), a polytechnical school offering internationally recognized Bachelor's degrees and Master's degrees in a wide range of fields, including engineering, economics, social work, investigations and health care. The other campuses are located in Enschede and Apeldoorn . In 1912

4806-632: The distribution system normally uses water circulation. Alternatives to such systems are gas heaters and district heating . District heating uses the waste heat from an industrial process or electrical generating plant to provide heat for neighboring buildings. Similar to cogeneration , this requires underground piping to circulate hot water or steam. Use of the ondol has been found at archaeological sites in present-day North Korea. A Neolithic Age archaeological site, circa 5000 BC, discovered in Sonbong , Rason , in present-day North Korea , shows

4895-435: The ductwork, further lowering costs. Electrical heating systems occur less commonly and are practical only with low-cost electricity or when ground source heat pumps are used. Considering the combined system of thermal power station and electric resistance heating, the overall efficiency will be less than for direct use of fossil fuel for space heating. Some other buildings utilize central solar heating , in which case

4984-529: The end of the 19th century as companies, such as the American Radiator Company , expanded the market for low cost radiators in the US and Europe. The energy source selected for a central heating system varies by region. The primary energy source is selected on the basis of cost, convenience, efficiency and reliability. The energy cost of heating is one of the main costs of operating a building in

5073-433: The excessive pressure required to circulate hot water from a basement-mounted boiler. In industrial systems, process steam used for power generation or other purposes can also be tapped for space heating. Steam for heating systems may also be obtained from heat recovery boilers using otherwise wasted heat from industrial processes. Electric heating or resistance heating converts electricity directly to heat. Electric heat

5162-746: The extensive tram network of the Achterhoek . The tram line between Deventer and Borculo was operated from 1885 to 1944 by the Geldersch-Overijsselsche Stoomtram Maatschappij (GOSM) and its successors. Another tram company, the Tramweg Maatschappij Zutphen-Emmerik , operated the tram line between Deventer and Zutphen. The tram station of Deventer stood on the Pothoofd. It was not combined with Deventer train station because

5251-490: The faithful and the clergy have been dispersed by persecution," the suppressed dioceses become missions , prefectures , or vicariates apostolic . This is what occurred in the Dutch Republic. The Holland Mission started when the vicariate was erected by Pope Clement VIII in 1592. "For two centuries after the [1648] Peace of Westphalia much of Holland was under vicars apostolic as mission territory, as England

5340-473: The fire in the cool warehouse. The retirement home burnt down as good as totally. Over twenty of the elderly living there perished in the flames. The Jewish poet and writer Etty Hillesum lived in Deventer during the war before being deported to Auschwitz . In Schalkhaar, a village only 2 km northeast of the city centre, barracks were used by the German occupying forces to train Nazi policemen. The compound

5429-419: The flame to go out too soon. As the flame would pass through the flue entrance, it would be guided through the network of passages with the smoke. Entire rooms would be built on the furnace flue to create ondol floored rooms. Ondol had traditionally been used as a living space for sitting, eating, sleeping and other pastimes in most Korean homes before the 1960s. Koreans are accustomed to sitting and sleeping on

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5518-451: The floor, and working and eating at low tables instead of raised tables with chairs. The furnace burned mainly rice paddy straws, agricultural crop waste, biomass or any kind of dried firewood. For short-term cooking, rice paddy straws or crop waste was preferred, while long hours of cooking and floor heating needed longer-burning firewood. Unlike modern-day water heaters, the fuel was either sporadically or regularly burned (two to five times

5607-555: The future schism. The Bishopric ended when Henry of the Palatinate resigned the see in 1528 with the consent of the cathedral chapter , and transferred his secular authority to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor . The chapters voluntarily transferred their right of electing the bishop to Charles V, and Pope Clement VII gave his consent to the proceeding. George Edmundson wrote, in History of Holland , that Henry, "was compelled" in 1528 to formally surrender "the temporalities of

5696-419: The geometrically "central" point). The heat is distributed throughout the building, typically by forced-air through ductwork, by water circulating through pipes, or by steam fed through pipes. The most common method of heat generation involves the combustion of fossil fuel in a furnace or boiler . In much of the temperate climate zone, most detached housing has had central heating installed since before

5785-557: The heat within the building through a system of pipes embedded in the columns. He implemented the system on a much larger scale at a textile factory in Manchester . Robertson Buchanan wrote the definitive description of these installations in his treatises published in 1807 and 1815. Thomas Tredgold 's work Principles of Warming and Ventilating Public Buildings , delineated the method of the application of hot steam heating to smaller, non-industrial buildings. This method had superseded

5874-427: The high latent heat which is given off when steam condenses to liquid water. In a steam heating system, each room is equipped with a radiator which is connected to a source of low-pressure steam (a boiler). Steam entering the radiator condenses and gives up its latent heat, returning to liquid water. The radiator in turn heats the air of the room, and provides some direct radiant heat . The condensate water returns to

5963-836: The hot air systems by the late 19th century. Early hot water systems were used in Ancient Rome for heating the Thermæ. Another early hot water system was developed in Russia for central heating of the Summer Palace (1710–1714) of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg . Slightly later, in 1716, came the first use of water in Sweden to distribute heating in buildings. Mårten Triewald , a Swedish engineer, used this method for

6052-554: The level of heat output that is required to adequately heat the space. This calculation is called a heat loss calculation and can be done with a BTU Calculator. Depending on the outcome of this calculation, the heater can be exactly matched to the house. Heat output can be measured by Heat cost allocators , so that each unit can be individually billed even though there is only one centralized system. Circulating hot water can be used for central heating. Sometimes these systems are called hydronic heating systems . Common components of

6141-553: The mid to late 20th century. Some of these industries are still thriving today, such as beds and accessories (Auping) and publishing ( Wolters Kluwer , now headquartered in Alphen aan den Rijn ). The city's trade and industry are still of some importance. The city is host to a factory producing central heating systems, as well as Wolters Kluwer , a global information services and publishing company. The Deventer honey cake (Bussink Deventer Koek), produced in Deventer for over 500 years,

6230-515: The municipal lands from Emperor Henry V in 1123. This is considered by historians to be the moment of Deventer obtaining the city rights by the inhabitants. The city has the oldest stone house, the oldest walking park and with the Athenaeum library also the oldest scientific library in the Netherlands. Deventer was probably founded around 768 AD by the English missionary Lebuinus , who built

6319-772: The new bishoprics with the ancient and wealthy abbeys. The parish churches were attacked in the Beeldenstorm in 1566. The hanging of the nineteen Martyrs of Gorkum in Brielle in 1572 is an example of the persecution which Catholics suffered. During the Dutch Revolt in the Spanish Netherlands , the archdiocese fell. In the Beeldenstorm in 1580, the collegiate churches were victims of iconoclastic attacks and St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht ,

6408-572: The new hospital. He published his ideas in The Philosophy of Domestic Economy; as exemplified in the mode of Warming, Ventilating, Washing, Drying, & Cooking, ... in the Derbyshire General Infirmary in 1819. Sylvester documented the new ways of heating hospitals that were included in the design, and the healthier features such as self-cleaning and air-refreshing toilets. The infirmary's novel heating system allowed

6497-550: The part of the municipality of Diepenveen was annexed that now covers the Keizerslanden, Borgele and Platvoet districts, all three realized in the 1960s; all together roughly the area up to (west of) the Zandwetering. After a plan to expand the city across the IJssel, the so-called Double City Plan, was deemed unfeasible at the end of the 1960s, Deventer turned its attention to the east again: in 1974 part of Diepenveen

6586-522: The patients to breathe fresh heated air whilst old air was channeled up to a glass and iron dome at the centre. Their designs proved very influential. They were widely copied in the new mills of the Midlands and were constantly improved, reaching maturity with the work of de Chabannes on the ventilation of the House of Commons in the 1810s. This system remained the standard for heating small buildings for

6675-551: The rest of the century. The English writer Hugh Plat proposed a steam-based central heating system for a greenhouse in 1594, although this was an isolated occurrence and was not followed up until the 18th century. Colonel Coke devised a system of pipes that would carry steam around the house from a central boiler, but it was James Watt the Scottish inventor who was the first to build a working system in his house. A central boiler supplied high-pressure steam that then distributed

6764-402: The see" to Charles V. The diocese was elevated to an archdiocese in 1559. It was taken from Province of Cologne, in which it was a suffragan, and elevated to the rank of an archdiocese and metropolitan see. During the administration of the first archbishop, Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg , Calvinism spread rapidly, especially among the nobility, who viewed with disfavor the endowment of

6853-429: The site. Heater outputs are measured in kilowatts or BTUs per hour. For placement in a house, the heater, and the level of output required for the house, needs to be calculated. This calculation is achieved by recording a variety of factors – namely, what is above and below the room you wish to heat, how many windows there are, the type of external walls in the property and a variety of other factors that will determine

6942-421: The smoke, is covered by stone slabs, clay and an impervious layer such as oiled paper. Early ondol s began as gudeul that provided the heating for a home and for cooking. When a fire was lit in the furnace to cook rice for dinner, the flame would extend horizontally because the flue entry was beside the furnace . This arrangement was essential, as it would not allow the smoke to travel upward, which would cause

7031-585: The supply is plentiful and the occupants of the building don't mind the work involved in hauling in fuel, removing ashes, and tending the fire. Pellet fuel systems can automatically stoke the fire, but still need manual removal of ash. Coal was once an important residential heating fuel but today is uncommon, and smokeless fuel is preferred as a substitute in open fireplaces or stoves . Liquid fuels are petroleum products such as heating oil and kerosene . These are still widely applied where other heat sources are unavailable. Fuel oil can be automatically fired in

7120-546: The system viable was the thread screwed joint, that allowed the joint between the pipes to bear a similar pressure to the pipe itself. He also separated the boiler from the heat source to reduce the risk of explosion. The first unit was installed in the home of Governor of the Bank of England John Horsley Palmer so that he could grow grapes in England 's cold climate. His systems were installed in factories and churches across

7209-411: The system. A safety valve allows water to escape from the system when pressure becomes too high, and a valve can open to replenish water from the normal water supply if the pressure drops too low. Sealed systems offer an alternative to open-vent systems, in which steam can escape from the system, and gets replaced from the building's water supply via a feed and central storage system. Heating systems in

7298-400: The system. A central heating system may take up considerable space in a home or other building, and may require supply and return ductwork to be installed at the time of construction. Central heating differs from space heating in that the heat generation occurs in one place, such as a furnace room or basement in a house or a mechanical room in a large building (though not necessarily at

7387-570: The trams were too heavy to drive over two intermediate bridges. It seemed unprofitable for the tram company to reinforce two bridges, so they used the Pothoofd as a terminal station. After the Second World War , the tram lines were dismantled. Since the end of 2020, bus transport has been provided by Keolis Nederland under the name RRReis , with the exception of the lines from the Achterhoek, which are provided by Arriva . Deventer

7476-486: The walls—a system known as a hypocaust . The Roman hypocaust continued to be used on a smaller scale during late Antiquity and by the Umayyad caliphate , while later Muslim builders employed a simpler system of underfloor pipes . After the collapse of the Roman Empire , overwhelmingly across Europe, heating reverted to more primitive fireplaces for almost a thousand years. In the early medieval Alpine upland,

7565-681: Was "severely damaged". "Even though approximately one third of the people remained Roman Catholic and in spite of a relatively great tolerance," as early as 1573, the public exercise of Catholicism was forbidden, and the cathedral was converted into a Protestant church in 1580. The cathedral chapter survived and "still managed its lands and formed part of the provincial government" in the Lordship of Utrecht. "The newly appointed canons , however, were always Protestants." The two succeeding archbishops appointed by Spain neither received canonical confirmation nor could they enter their diocese because of

7654-546: Was founded in 1902 as Be Quick, although the name was soon changed to Go Ahead at the request of the Dutch Football Association . The suffix Eagles was added in 1971, following a suggestion from the then coach, Barry Hughes . Go Ahead Eagles has been the club of Marc Overmars , Paul Bosvelt , and Bert van Marwijk , whilst providing Henk ten Cate and Leo Beenhakker with their first experience of management. The 1992 founded skating rink De Scheg, which

7743-479: Was in the same period; although some areas had archpriests dependent on the nuncios in Cologne and Brussels ." Central heating A central heating system provides warmth to a number of spaces within a building from one main source of heat. It is a component of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (short: HVAC) systems, which can both cool and warm interior spaces. A central heating system has

7832-485: Was located at the Ceintuurbaan/Brinkgreverweg intersection. The building was given a residential destination in 2018. Since 1989, Deventer has two train stations, Deventer railway station and Deventer Colmschate station . Previously, Deventer has known several so-called stopping points. Most of them closed around 1920. In addition to the current rail connections from Deventer train station, over

7921-590: Was once again annexed. On January 1, 1999, the municipality of Diepenveen was dissolved and added to Deventer. The same happened with the municipality of Bathmen on 1 January 2005. Deventer has 101.378 Inhabitants on 1 July 2021. Associated hamlets at second level The population centres in the municipality are: Deventer is in the northern hemisphere . Summer here starts at the end of June and ends in September. Deventer experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ) similar to almost all of

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