Misplaced Pages

#169830

53-425: Dewan (also known as diwan , sometimes spelled devan or divan ) designated a powerful government official, minister, or ruler. A dewan was the head of a state institution of the same name (see Divan ). Diwans belonged to the elite families in the history of Mughal and post-Mughal India and held high posts within the government. The word is Persian in origin and was loaned into Arabic. The original meaning

106-554: A dewan . Exceptionally, a ruler was himself titled Dewan or a loftier variation, notably: As a title used in various Early Modern Indian states, Diwan denoted the highest officials in the court after the king; the suffix -ji is added as a mark of respect in India. In the major Maratha states of Baroda (ruled by the Gaekwad), Gwalior (ruled by Scindias or Shinde), Indore (ruled by Holkar), and Nagpur ( ruled by Bhonsle, but not from

159-425: A sex ratio of 991 females for every 1,000 males, and a literacy rate of 73.7%. After bifurcation, the district had a population of 966,671, of which 163,553 (16.92%) live in urban areas. Janjgir-Champa has a sex ratio of 973 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 249,522 (25.81%) and 82,900 (8.58%) of the population respectively. Languages of Janjgir-Champa district (2011) At

212-646: A number of companies under the command of a junior officer or Bey . The Janissaries quickly became the dominant force in Ottoman Libya. As a self-governing military guild answerable only to their own laws and protected by a Divan (in this context, a council of senior officers who advised the Pasha), the Janissaries soon reduced the Pasha to a largely ceremonial role. The Divan-ı Hümayun or Sublime Porte

265-455: Is Shri Jitendra Kumar Shukla. The Janjgir–Champa district, which is best known as the heart of Chhattisgarh because of its central location in state, was established on 25 May 1998. The Vishnu Mandir of the district reflects its golden past. Janjgir- Champa is also a place where one can find a number of temples having very versatile history. On August 15, 2021 then Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh announced new districts in state, one of which would

318-538: Is almost unknown, except that their treasury was located in their capital of Nishapur . Ya'qub al-Saffar (r. 867–879), the founder of the Saffarid dynasty who supplanted the Tahirids, is known to have had a bureau of the army ( dīwān al-ʿarḍ ) for keeping the lists and supervising the payment of the troops, at his capital Zarang . Under his successor Amr ibn al-Layth (r. 879–901) there were two further treasuries,

371-430: Is one of the fastest growing district of India, as 52 power plants are being opened in the district. Janjgir is going to become the "power hub" of the country, which will supply 15 to 20 thousand megawatt electricity. KSK Energy Venture (6 x 600 MW) which is 2nd biggest private thermal power plant of Asia , is one of the major thermal power plant of the district. Janjgir–Champa district is a major producer of food grains in

424-462: Is situated on Howrah — Mumbai main line. State capital Raipur is 152 km (94 mi) from Janjgir through rail route. The main railway stations of district Janjgir–Champa are Champa, Janjgir-Naila, Akaltara. The railway station of Janjgir is called Janjgir-Naila after the part of the town in which it is located. Where as Champa Junction railway station is the Main and Biggest Railway station in

477-666: Is the city of Maharaja Jajawalya Dev of the Kalachuri dynasty . While Champa is the City Named after Raja Veer bahadur's Horse called "Champak".Earlier a part of the Bilaspur district , Jangir-Champa was carved out in 1998 to a separate district of its own, and ran to a political controversy about the name of the freshly minted district, which it carries to date as the name "Janjgir–Champa". Inhabitants are generally migrants from nearby villages. The present collector of Janjgir-Champa

530-475: The dīwān al-barīd in charge of the postal service ; the bureau of expenditure ( dīwān al-nafaqāt ), which most likely indicates the survival of a Byzantine institution; the dīwān al-ṣadaqa was a new foundation with the task of estimating the zakāt and ʿushr levies; the dīwān al-mustaghallāt administered state property in cities; the dīwān al-ṭirāz controlled the government workshops that made official banners, costumes and some furniture. Aside from

583-572: The dīwān al-jund , the first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiya (r. 661–680), added the bureau of the land tax ( dīwān al-kharāj ) in Damascus , which became the main dīwān , as well as the bureau of correspondence ( dīwān al-rasāʾil ), which drafted the caliph's letters and official documents, and the bureau of the seal ( dīwān al-khātam ), which checked and kept copies of all correspondence before sealing and dispatching it. A number of more specialist departments were also established, probably by Mu'awiya:

SECTION 10

#1732782406170

636-508: The dīwān al-kharāj now included all land taxes ( kharāj , zakāt , and jizya , both in money and in kind), while another department, the dīwān al-ṣadaqa , dealt with assessing the zakāt of cattle. The correspondence of the dīwān al-kharāj was checked by another department, the dīwān al-khātam . As in Umayyad times, miniature copies of the dīwān al-kharāj , the dīwān al-jund and the dīwān al-rasāʾil existed in every province, but by

689-617: The dīwān al-sawād , which oversaw the rich lands of lower Iraq, was moved from Baghdad to Shiraz . In addition, a dīwān al-khilāfa was established to oversee the affairs of the Abbasid caliphs, who continued to reside in Baghdad as puppets of the Buyid emirs. The Great Seljuks tended to cherish their nomadic origins, with their sultans leading a peripatetic court to their various capitals. Coupled with their frequent absence on campaign,

742-432: The mustawfī al-mamālik , a fiscal oversight office ( dīwān al-ishrāf or dīwān al-muʿāmalāt ) under the mushrif al-mamālik , and the army department ( dīwān al-ʿarḍ or dīwān al-jaysh ) under the ʿariḍ (further divided into the recruitment and supply bureau, dīwān al-rawātib , and the salary and land grants bureau, dīwān al-iqṭāʾ ). A number of lesser departments is also attested, although they may not have existed at

795-475: The māl-e khāṣṣa , and an unnamed bureau under the chief secretary corresponding to a chancery ( dīwān al-rasāʾil or dīwān al-inshāʾ ). The Buyids , who took over Baghdad and the remains of the Abbasid Caliphate in 946, drew partly on the established Abbasid practice, but was adapted to suit the nature of the rather decentralized Buyid "confederation" of autonomous emirates. The Buyid bureaucracy

848-527: The Caliph ( dīwān al-riḳāʿ ). Caliph al-Mahdi (r. 775–785) created a parallel dīwān al-zimām (control bureau) for every one of the existing dīwāns , as well as a central control bureau ( zimām al-azimma ). These acted as comptrollers as well as coordinators between the various bureaus, or between individual dīwāns and the vizier. In addition, a dīwān al-maẓālim was created, staffed by judges, to hear complaints against government officials. The remit of

901-735: The Caliphate state became more complicated, the term was extended over all the government bureaus. The divan of the Sublime Porte was the council or Cabinet of the state. In the Ottoman Empire , it consisted of the usually (except in the Sultan 's presence) presiding Grand Vizier and other viziers , and occasionally the Janissary Ağa. In 19th-century Romania , the Ad hoc Divan

954-700: The Chhatrapati Shivaji family ), the highest officer after the king was called the Diwan. One of the examples – Shrimant Diwan/Rao Bahadur Atmaram Kulkarni, was the Diwan (Prime Minister) of Maratha Jamkhandi State . In the 19th century, the British Parliament established in British India a supreme court for revenue matters (non-criminal matters) named the " Sudder Dewanny Adawlut ", which applied Hindu law. Dewan, Diwan, Divan, or Deo

1007-546: The District According to the 2011 census Janjgir–Champa has a population of 1,619,707, roughly equal to the nation of Guinea-Bissau or the US state of Idaho . This gives it a ranking of 308th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 421 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,090/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 23.01%. Janjgir–Champa has

1060-518: The Newly formed district of Sakti which was carved by taking many villages and cities out of Janjgir Champa district. The district is located in the central area of Chhattisgarh. It is bordered on the east by Sakti district , on the north by Korba district , on the west by Bilaspur district and on the south by Baloda Bazar district . The Hasdeo–Bango project has been considered as life supporting canal for this district. Under this project 3/4 area of

1113-415: The capital into a new department, the dīwān al-dār (bureau of the palace) or dīwān al-dār al-kabīr (great bureau of the palace), where " al-dār " probably meant the vizier's palace. At the same time, the various zimām bureaux were combined into a single dīwān al-zimām which re-checked all assessments, payments and receipts against its own records and, according to the 11th-century scholar al-Mawardi ,

SECTION 20

#1732782406170

1166-505: The central government, there was a local branch of the dīwān al-kharāj , the dīwān al-jund and the dīwān al-rasāʾil in every province. Under Caliph Abd al-Malik ( r.  685–705 ), the practices of the various departments began to be standardized and Arabized: instead of the local languages ( Greek in Syria , Coptic and Greek in Egypt , Persian in the former Sasanian lands) and

1219-543: The cognate Dewan is the standard word for chamber, as in the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or Chamber of People's Representatives. In the sultanate of Morocco , several portfolio Ministries had a title based on Diwan: Janjgir%E2%80%93Champa district Janjgir–Champa district is a district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh . The district headquarters of the district Janjgir–Champa, Janjgir ,

1272-533: The confiscated properties of the Umayyads after his victory in the Abbasid Revolution . This was probably the antecedent of the later dīwān al-ḍiyāʿ , administering the caliph's personal domains. Similarly, under al-Mansur (r. 754–775) there was a bureau of confiscations ( dīwān al-muṣādara ), as well as a dīwān al-aḥshām , probably in charge of palace service personnel, and a bureau of petitions to

1325-714: The district will be covered for irrigation. The district headquarters of Janjgir–Champa is Janjgir, which is situated on National Highway 49. Janjgir is 43 km (27 mi) from Bilaspur and 152 km (94 mi) from State capital Raipur through the rail route. Janjgir–Champa district is divided into three subdivisions: Champa , Janjgir and Pamgarh. There are nine tehsils in Janjgir-Champa: Akaltara , Baloda , Champa , Janjgir , Nawagarh, Pamgarh , Shivrinarayan, Bamhanidih, Saragaon. There are five blocks/janpad panchayats: Akaltara, Baloda, Bamhindih, Nawagarh and Pamgarh. Janjgir–Champa district

1378-424: The early British Raj. In French India , one of its constituent colonies, Yanaon , had Zamindar and Diwan . They were active in its local and municipal administration during French rule. The Zamindar of Yanam was given a 4-gun salute by French counterparts. The document dated Bikram Samvat 1833 Bhadra Vadi 3 Roj 6 (i.e. Friday 2 August 1776), shows that Vamsharaj Pande and Swaroop Singh Karki had carried

1431-469: The effective rule of Mughal India , the Dewan served as the chief revenue officer of a province. Later, when most vassal states gained various degrees of self-determination , the finance — and/or chief minister and leader of many princely states (especially Muslim , but also many Hindu , including Baroda , Hyderabad , Mysore , Kochi , Travancore — referred to as Dalawa until 1811) became known as

1484-482: The existence of a dīwān al-ḥaram , which supervised the women's quarters of the palace. As the Abbasid Caliphate began to fragment in the mid 9th century, its administrative machinery was copied by the emergent successor dynasties, with the already extant local dīwān branches likely providing the base on which the new administrations were formed. The administrative machinery of the Tahirid governors of Khurasan

1537-503: The holy war against the Byzantine Empire . Under Caliph al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861), a bureau of servants and pages ( dīwān al-mawālī wa ’l-ghilmān ), possibly an evolution of the dīwān al-aḥshām , existed for the huge number of slaves and other attendants of the palace. In addition, the dīwān al-khātam , now also known as the dīwān al-sirr (bureau of confidential affairs) grew in importance. Miskawayh also mentions

1590-481: The mid-9th century each province also maintained a branch of its dīwān al-kharāj in the capital. The treasury department ( bayt al-māl or dīwān al-sāmī ) kept the records of revenue and expenditure, both in money and in kind, with specialized dīwāns for each category of the latter (e.g. cereals, cloth, etc.). Its secretary had to mark all orders of payment to make them valid, and it drew up monthly and yearly balance sheets. The dīwān al-jahbad̲ha , responsible for

1643-467: The orders of Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi , governor of Iraq, in 741/42. Under the Abbasid Caliphate the administration, partly under the increasing influence of Iranian culture, became more elaborate and complex. As part of this process, the dīwāns increased in number and sophistication, reaching their apogee in the 9th–10th centuries. At the same time, the office of vizier ( wazīr )

Dewan - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-530: The period. Indeed, at the turn of the 11th century, there were two ʿariḍs , one for the Turks and one for the Daylamites, hence the department was often called "department of the two armies" ( dīwān al-jayshayn ). A number of junior departments, like the dīwān al-zimām , the dīwān al-ḍiyāʿ , or the dīwān al-barīd were directly inherited from the Abbasid government. Under Adud al-Dawla (r. 978–983), however,

1749-421: The same time: the office charged with the redress of grievances ( dīwān al-maẓālim ), the state treasury ( bayt al-māl ) and the sultan's private treasury ( bayt al-māl al-khaṣṣ ), confiscations ( dīwān al-muṣādara ), the land tax office ( dīwān al-kharāj ) and the department of religious endowments or waqfs ( dīwān al-awqāf ). A postal department ( dīwān al-barīd ) also existed but fell into disuse. The system

1802-414: The state. It is a major hub for agricultural trade and a major local market for fresh farm supplies and the district is also famous for limestone. Cottage industries such as Kosa sarees (Silk), Kansa (Bronze Utensils) & Kanchan (Gold Jewelry) trading and manufacturing work have been done from ancient times. District headquarters Janjgir is connected with Rail Line of South-Eastern Central Railway. It

1855-636: The term was first used for the army registers, then generalized to any register, and by metonymy applied to specific government departments. The sense of the word evolved to "custom house" and "council chamber", then to "long, cushioned seat", such as are found along the walls in Middle-Eastern council chambers. The latter is the sense that entered European languages as divan (furniture) . The modern French, Dutch, Spanish, and Italian words douane , aduana , and dogana , respectively (meaning " customs house "), also come from diwan . The first dīwān

1908-493: The time of the 2011 Census of India , 94.16% of the population in the district spoke Chhattisgarhi and 4.30% Hindi as their first language. One of the most popular religious sites in the district is Shivarinarayan . According to tradition, it was here where Shabari had her ashram. According to the Ramayana , during his exile, Rama encountered Sabari and ate the little food which she could offer him. Janjgir has been

1961-899: The title Dhar (e.g., Mohan Dhar Diwan, a high-ranked member of Vishwa Hindu Parishad ). They had a fight with the royal family of Ratanpur, defeated the king, and started ruling the Ratanpur estate. After the Battle of Buxar , when Bengal was annexed by the East India Company in 1764, the Mughal Emperor granted the Company the Diwani (the right to collect revenue) in Bengal and Bihar in 1765. The term Diwani thus referred to British (fiscal) suzerainty over parts of India during

2014-612: The title of Dewan (equivalent to Prime Minister) of the Kingdom of Nepal . Divan The word, recorded in English since 1586, meaning "Oriental council of a state", comes from Turkish divan , from Persian دیوان ( dêvân ). It is first attested in Middle Persian spelled as dpywʾn and dywʾn , itself hearkening back, via Old Persian , Elamite and Akkadian , ultimately to Sumerian dub , clay tablet. The word

2067-760: The traditional practices of book-keeping, seals and time-keeping, only Arabic and the Islamic calendar were to be used henceforth. The process of Arabization was gradual: in Iraq, the transition was carried out by Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman under the auspices of the governor al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf in 697, in Syria by Sulayman ibn Sa'd al-Khushani in 700, in Egypt under Caliph al-Walid I 's governor Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik in 706, and in Khurasan by Ishaq ibn Tulayq al-Nahshali on

2120-420: The treasury's balance sheets, was eventually branched off from it, while the treasury domains were placed under the dīwān al-ḍiyāʿ , of which there appear at times to have been several. In addition, a department of confiscated property ( dīwān al-musādarīn ) and confiscated estates ( dīwān al-ḍiyāʿ al-maqbūḍa ) existed. Caliph al-Mu'tadid (r. 892–902) grouped the branches of the provincial dīwāns present in

2173-405: The vizier assumed an even greater prominence, concentrating the direction of civil, military and religious affairs in his own bureau, the "supreme dīwān" ( dīwān al-aʿlā ). The dīwān al-aʿlā was further subdivided into a chancery ( dīwān al-inshāʾ wa’l-ṭughrā , also called dīwān al-rasāʾil ) under the ṭughrāʾī or munshī al-mamālik , an accounting department ( dīwān al-zimām wa’l-istīfāʾ ) under

Dewan - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-469: The western provinces ( dīwān al-maghrib ), and of the Iraq ( dīwān al-sawād ), although under al-Muqtadir (r. 908–932) the dīwān al-dār still existed, with the three territorial departments considered sections of the latter. In 913/4, the vizier Ali ibn Isa established a new department for charitable endowments ( dīwān al-birr ), whose revenue went to the upkeep of holy places, the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina , and on volunteers fighting in

2279-593: Was "bundle (of written sheets)", hence "book", especially "book of accounts," and hence "office of accounts," "custom house," "council chamber". The meaning of the word, divan "long, cushioned seat" is due to such seats having been found along the walls in Middle Eastern council chambers. It is a common surname among Sikhs in Punjab. The word first appears under the Caliphate of Omar I (A.D. 634–644). As

2332-581: Was a body which played a role in the country's development towards independence from Ottoman rule. In Javanese and related languages (such as Malay and Indonesian ), the borrowed word "dewan" is the standard word for council, as in the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (or Indonesia's Council of People's Representatives) and Dewan Undangan Negeri ( State Legislative Assembly of Malaysia ), Dewan Rakyat ( House of Representatives of Malaysia ), and Dewan Negara ( Senate of Malaysia ). During

2385-401: Was also created to coordinate government. The administrative history of the Abbasid dīwāns is complex, since many were short-lived, temporary establishments for specific needs, while at times the sections of larger dīwān might also be termed dīwāns , and often a single individual was placed in charge of more than one department. Caliph al-Saffah (r. 749–754) established a department for

2438-690: Was apparently partly copied in provincial centres as well. Following the Ottoman conquest of North Africa, the Maghreb was divided into three provinces, Algiers , Tunis , and Tripoli . After 1565, administrative authority in Tripoli was vested in a Pasha directly appointed by the Sultan in Constantinople. The sultan provided the pasha with a corps of Janissaries , which was in turn divided into

2491-486: Was borrowed into Armenian as well as divan ; on linguistic grounds this is placed after the 3rd century, which helps establish the original Middle Persian (and eventually New Persian ) form was dīvān , not dēvān , despite later legends that traced the origin of the word to the latter form. The variant pronunciation dēvān however did exist, and is the form surviving to this day in Tajiki Persian . In Arabic,

2544-488: Was created under Caliph Umar ( r.  634–644 CE) in 15 A.H. (636/7 CE) or, more likely, 20 A.H. (641 CE). It comprised the names of the warriors of Medina who participated in the Muslim conquests and their families, and was intended to facilitate the payment of salary ( ʿaṭāʾ , in coin or in rations) to them, according to their service and their relationship to Muhammad . This first army register ( dīwān al-jund )

2597-600: Was for many years the council of ministers of the Ottoman Empire . It consisted of the Grand Vizier , who presided, and the other viziers , the kadi'askers , the nisanci , and the defterdars . The Assemblies of the Danubian Principalities under Ottoman rule were also called "divan" ("Divanuri" in Romanian) (see Akkerman Convention , ad hoc Divan ). In Javanese and related languages,

2650-413: Was headed by three great departments: the dīwān al-wazīr , charged with finances, the dīwān al-rasāʾil as the state chancery, and the dīwān al-jaysh for the army. The Buyid regime was a military regime, its ruling caste composed of Turkish and Daylamite troops. As a result, the army department was of particular importance, and its head, the ʿariḍ al-jaysh , is frequently mentioned in the sources of

2703-596: Was soon emulated in other provincial capitals like Basra , Kufa and Fustat . Al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba , a statesman from the Thaqif tribe who was versed in Persian , is credited with establishing Basra's dīwān during his governorship (636–638), and the dīwān of the Caliphate's other garrison centers followed its organization. With the advent of the Umayyad Caliphate , the number of dīwāns increased. To

SECTION 50

#1732782406170

2756-443: Was the "guardian of the rights of bayt al-māl [the treasury] and the people". The dīwān al-nafaḳāt played a similar role with regards to expenses by the individual dīwāns , but by the end of the 9th century its role was mostly restricted to the finances of the caliphal palace. Under al-Muktafi (r. 902–908) the dīwān al-dār was broken up into three departments, the bureaux of the eastern provinces ( dīwān al-mashriq ), of

2809-831: Was the hereditary title borne by the Chief Minister of the Hindu Cooch State in the Bengal region . Diwan also became a surname of high-caste Hindus or Sikhs in the Punjab region . There is also a community with the surname Diwan found in Chhattisgarh , near the Bilaspur and Janjgir-Champa regions. This is a Brahmin-Rajput community descendant from Deo Brahmin-Rajputs who migrated from Purvanchal in Uttar Pradesh . The males in this community take

#169830