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27-405: The plants do not have upright canes like some other Rubus species, but have stems that trail along the ground, putting forth new roots along the length of the stem. The stems are covered with fine spines or stickers. Around March and April, the plants start to grow white flowers that develop into small green berries. The tiny green berries grow red and then a deep purple-blue as they ripen. When

54-539: A raspberry ), each individual is termed a drupelet , and may together form an aggregate fruit. Such fruits are often termed berries , although botanists use a different definition of berry . Other fleshy fruits may have a stony enclosure that comes from the seed coat surrounding the seed, but such fruits are not drupes. Flowering plants that produce drupes include coffee , jujube , mango , olive , most palms (including açaí , date , sabal and oil palms ), pistachio , white sapote , cashew , and all members of

81-478: A drupe having a stone which cannot be easily removed from the flesh. The flesh is attached strongly to the stone and must be cut to free the stone. Clingstone varieties of fruits in the genus Prunus are preferred as table fruit and for jams, because the flesh of clingstone fruits tends to be more tender and juicy throughout. Tryma is a specialized term for such nut -like drupes that are difficult to categorize. Hickory nuts ( Carya ) and walnuts ( Juglans ) in

108-446: A few are herbaceous ), with their stems being typically covered in sharp prickles . They grow long, arching shoots that readily root upon contact with soil, and form a soil rootstock from which new shoots grow in the spring. The leaves are either evergreen or deciduous , and simple , lobed , or compound . The shoots typically do not flower or set fruit until the second year of growth (i.e. they are biennial ). The rootstock

135-690: A likely North American origin, with fossils known from the Eocene -aged Florissant Formation of Colorado, around 34 million years old. Rubus expanded into Eurasia, South America, and Oceania during the Miocene . Fossil seeds from the early Miocene of Rubus have been found in the Czech part of the Zittau Basin. Many fossil fruits of † Rubus laticostatus , † Rubus microspermus and † Rubus semirotundatus have been extracted from bore hole samples of

162-487: A markedly tart taste even when fully ripe. Dewberries are common throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere and are thought of as a beneficial weed . Rubus caesius is frequently restricted to coastal communities, especially sand dune systems. The leaves are sometimes eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including peach blossom moths. The leaves can be used to make a herbal tea , and

189-532: A single flower whose pistil is made up of a number of free carpels. However, mulberries , which closely resemble blackberries, are not aggregate fruit, but are multiple fruits , actually derived from bunches of catkins , each drupelet thus belonging to a different flower. Certain drupes occur in large clusters, as in the case of palm species, where a large array of drupes is found in a cluster. Examples of such large drupe clusters include dates , Jubaea chilensis in central Chile and Washingtonia filifera in

216-413: Is perennial . Most species are hermaphrodites with male and female parts being present on the same flower. Bramble fruits are aggregate fruits formed from smaller units called drupelets . Around 60-70% of species of Rubus are polyploid (having more than two copies of each chromosome), with species ranging in ploidy from diploid (2x, with 14 chromosomes ) to tetradecaploid (14x). Rubus

243-519: Is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae , subfamily Rosoideae , commonly known as brambles . Fruits of various species are known as raspberries , blackberries , dewberries , and bristleberries . It is a diverse genus, with the estimated number of Rubus species varying from 250 to over 1000, found across all continents except Antarctica. Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are also common in

270-462: Is also a drupe, but the mesocarp is fibrous or dry (termed a husk ), so this type of fruit is classified as a simple dry, fibrous drupe. Unlike other drupes, the coconut seed is so large that it is unlikely to be dispersed by being swallowed by fauna , but it can float extremely long distances—across oceans. Bramble fruits such as the blackberry and the raspberry are aggregates of drupelets. The fruit of blackberries and raspberries comes from

297-420: Is known as " batology ". "Bramble" comes from Old English bræmbel , a variant of bræmel . Drupe In botany , a drupe (or stone fruit ) is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part ( exocarp , or skin, and mesocarp , or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the pip (UK), pit (US), stone , or pyrena ) of hardened endocarp with a seed ( kernel ) inside. Drupes do not split open to release

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324-523: Is often swallowed, passing through the digestive tract , and returned to the soil in feces with the seed inside unharmed. This passage through the digestive tract can reduce the thickness of the endocarp, thus can aid in germination rates. The process is known as scarification . Typical drupes include apricots , olives , loquat , peaches , plums , cherries , mangoes , pecans , and amlas (Indian gooseberries). Other examples include sloe ( Prunus spinosa ) and ivy ( Hedera helix ). The coconut

351-529: Is often used collectively for those fruits in the genus Rubus which have been developed mainly in the U.S. and U.K. in the last 130 years. As Rubus species readily interbreed and are apomicts (able to set seed without fertilisation), the parentage of these plants is often highly complex, but is generally agreed to include cultivars of blackberries ( R. ursinus , R. fruticosus ) and raspberries ( R. idaeus ). The British National Collection of Rubus stands at over 200 species and, although not within

378-457: Is the only genus in the tribe Rubeae. Rubus is very complex, particularly within the blackberry / dewberry subgenus ( Rubus ), with polyploidy, hybridization , and facultative apomixis apparently all frequently occurring, making species classification of the great variation in the subgenus one of the grand challenges of systematic botany . In publications between 1910 and 1914, German botanist Wilhelm Olbers Focke attempted to organize

405-471: The Juglandaceae family grow within an outer husk; these fruits are technically drupes or drupaceous nuts, thus are not true botanical nuts . Many drupes, with their sweet, fleshy outer layer, attract the attention of animals as a food , and the plant population benefits from the resulting dispersal of its seeds . The endocarp (pit or stone) is sometimes dropped after the fleshy part is eaten, but

432-565: The Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians , Poland . Molecular data have backed up classifications based on geography and chromosome number, but following morphological data, such as the structure of the leaves and stems, do not appear to produce a phylogenetic classification. Better-known species of Rubus include: A more complete subdivision is as follows: The term "hybrid berry"

459-417: The avocado , as a drupe, others describe avocado fruit as a berry. One definition of berry requires the endocarp to be less than 2 mm ( 3 ⁄ 32  in) thick, other fruits with a stony endocarp being drupes. In marginal cases, terms such as drupaceous or drupe-like may be used. The term stone fruit (also stonefruit ) can be a synonym for drupe or, more typically, it can mean just

486-468: The raspberries ) are generally distinct, or else involved in more routine one-or-a-few taxonomic debates, such as whether the European and American red raspberries are better treated as one species or two (in this case, the two-species view is followed here, with R. idaeus and R. strigosus both recognized; if these species are combined, then the older name R. idaeus has priority for

513-467: The berries are edible and taste sweet. They can be eaten raw, or used to make cobbler , jam , or pie . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the town of Cameron, North Carolina , was known as the "dewberry capital of the world" for large scale cultivation of this berry which was shipped out for widespread consumption. Local growers made extensive use of the railroads in the area to ship them nationally and internationally. Rubus Rubus

540-526: The berries are ripe, they are tender and difficult to pick in any quantity without squashing them. The berries are sweet and often less seedy than blackberries. In the winter the leaves often remain on the stems, but may turn dark red. The European dewberry, Rubus caesius , grows more upright like other brambles. Its fruits are a deep, almost black, purple and are coated with a thin layer or 'dew' of waxy droplets. Thus, they appear sky-blue ( caesius being Latin for pale blue). Its fruits are small and retain

567-488: The broader species). The classification presented below recognizes 13 subgenera within Rubus , with the largest subgenus ( Rubus ) in turn divided into 12 sections . Representative examples are presented, but many more species are not mentioned here. A comprehensive 2019 study found subgenera Orobatus and Anoplobatus to be monophyletic , while all other subgenera to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic . The genus has

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594-517: The fruit of the genus Prunus . Freestone refers to a drupe having a stone which can be removed from the flesh with ease. The flesh is not attached to the stone and does not need to be cut to free the stone. Freestone varieties of fruits are preferred for uses that require careful removal of the stone, especially if removal will be done by hand. Freestone plums are preferred for making homegrown prunes , and freestone sour cherries are preferred for making pies and cherry soup . Clingstone refers to

621-417: The genus Prunus , including the almond , apricot , cherry , damson , peach , nectarine , and plum . The term drupaceous is applied to a fruit having the structure and texture of a drupe, but which does not precisely fit the definition of a drupe. The boundary between a drupe and a berry is not always clear. Thus, some sources describe the fruit of species from the genus Persea , which includes

648-400: The genus into 12 subgenera, a classification system that since became widely accepted, though modern genetic studies have found that many of these subgenera are not monophyletic . Some treatments have recognized dozens of species each for what other, comparably qualified botanists have considered single, more variable species. On the other hand, species in the other Rubus subgenera (such as

675-467: The genus. The Rubus fruit , sometimes called a bramble fruit, is an aggregate of drupelets . The term "cane fruit" or "cane berry" applies to any Rubus species or hybrid which is commonly grown with supports such as wires or canes, including raspberries, blackberries, and hybrids such as loganberry , boysenberry , marionberry and tayberry . The stems of such plants are also referred to as canes. Bramble bushes typically grow as shrubs (though

702-694: The scope of the National Collection, also hold many cultivars. The hybrid berries include:- The generic name means blackberry in Latin and was derived from the word ruber , meaning "red". The blackberries, as well as various other Rubus species with mounding or rambling growth habits, are often called brambles . However, this name is not used for those like the raspberry that grow as upright canes, or for trailing or prostrate species, such as most dewberries, or various low-growing boreal, arctic, or alpine species. The scientific study of brambles

729-401: The seed, i.e., they are indehiscent . These fruits usually develop from a single carpel , and mostly from flowers with superior ovaries ( polypyrenous drupes are exceptions). The definitive characteristic of a drupe is that the hard, woody ( lignified ) stone is derived from the ovary wall of the flower . In an aggregate fruit , which is composed of small, individual drupes (such as

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