50-792: The Dexter Grist Mill , now the Dexter Historical Society Museum , is a historic 19th-century industrial property in Dexter, Maine . Built in 1854, the mill was operated by a single family for over a century, and was converted to a museum in 1967. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The Dexter Grist Mill is located in Dexter's village center, adjacent to a central parking lot located behind commercial buildings fronting on Main and Spring Streets. The mill complex includes two buildings,
100-720: A basic form of log construction was used all over North Europe and Asia and later imported to America. Log construction was especially suited to Scandinavia, where straight, tall tree trunks ( pine and spruce ) are readily available. With suitable tools, a log cabin can be erected from scratch in days by a family. As no chemical reaction is involved, such as hardening of mortar, a log cabin can be erected in any weather or season. Many older towns in Northern Scandinavia have been built exclusively out of log houses, which have been decorated by board paneling and wood cuttings. Today, construction of modern log cabins as leisure homes
150-607: A broad range of mortar or other infill materials used between the logs in the construction of log cabins and other log-walled structures. Traditionally, dried mosses, such as Pleurozium schreberi or Hylocomium splendens , were used in the Nordic countries as an insulator between logs. In the United States, Chinks were small stones or wood or corn cobs stuffed between the logs. In the United States, settlers may have first constructed log cabins by 1640. Historians believe that
200-415: A log cabin tends to compress slightly as it settles, over a few months or years. Nails would soon be out of alignment and torn out. Log cabins were largely built from logs laid horizontally and interlocked on the ends with notches. Some log cabins were built without notches and simply nailed together, but this was not as structurally sound. The most important aspect of cabin building is the site upon which
250-472: A love of forests, and they ended up living alongside and even culturally assimilating with them (they are the earlier and lesser-known Findian tribe, being overshadowed by the Ojibwe Findians of Minnesota, Michigan and Ontario, Canada). In those forests, the first log cabins of America were built, using traditional Finnish methods. Even though New Sweden existed only briefly before it was absorbed by
300-432: A mill pond and canal. In 1854, Farrar, in partnership with a man named Cutler, hired Caleb B. Curtis to build the present gristmill on the site. Farrar and Cutler hired James Quimby Maxwell to run the mill, and it is Maxwell's descendants who eventually bought the mill, and continued to operate and update it until its final closure in 1966. It was then acquired by the town, and deed to the local historical society for use as
350-644: A minimally finished or less architecturally sophisticated structure. Log cabins have an ancient history in Europe, and in America are often associated with first-generation home building by settlers. Construction with logs was described by Roman architect Vitruvius Pollio in his architectural treatise De Architectura . He noted that in Pontus in present-day northeastern Turkey , dwellings were constructed by laying logs horizontally overtop of each other and filling in
400-523: A museum. The mill is one of a few surviving mid-19th-century mills in the state. Dexter, Maine Dexter is a town in Penobscot County , Maine , United States. The population was 3,803 at the 2020 census . It is part of the Bangor metropolitan statistical area . Dexter Regional High School , which serves Dexter as well as other nearby small towns, is located in the town. Dexter
450-674: A popular type of barn found throughout the American Southern and Southeastern regions . Crib barns were especially ubiquitous in the Appalachian and Ozark Mountain states of North Carolina , Virginia , Kentucky , Tennessee , and Arkansas . In Europe , modern log cabins are often built in gardens and used as summerhouses, home offices, or as an additional room in the garden. Summer houses and cottages are often built from logs in Northern Europe . Chinking refers to
500-636: A vacant Dexter woolen mill in 1958 by Harold Alfond . Dexter's downtown is dominated by the Memorial Building, designed by John Morrison. At its top is the community's largest clock, named Nancy after the architect's wife. The tallest building in town is the Unitarian Universalist Church. It is also Dexter's oldest house of worship, built in 1829, but given a new steeple and vestibule by Boston architect Thomas W. Silloway in 1869. Five buildings in Dexter are listed on
550-842: A variety of notches. One method common in the Ohio River Valley in Southwestern Ohio and Southeastern Indiana is the block house end method, which is exemplified in the David Brown House in Rising Sun, Indiana . Some older buildings in the Midwestern United States and the Canadian Prairies are log structures covered with clapboards or other materials. 19th-century cabins used as dwellings were occasionally plastered on
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#1732783934234600-463: Is a fully developed industry in Finland and Sweden. Modern log cabins often feature fiberglass insulation and are sold as prefabricated kits machined in a factory, rather than hand-built in the field like ancient log cabins. Log cabins are mostly constructed without the use of nails and thus derive their stability from simple stacking, with only a few dowel joints for reinforcement. This is because
650-664: Is water. Dexter is drained by the East Branch of the Sebasticook River , which flows from Lake Wassookeag and is part of the Kennebec River watershed. Dexter is almost exactly half-way between Bangor and Waterville . It is also almost exactly half-way between the geographic North Pole and the Equator . As of the census of 2010, there were 3,895 people, 1,651 households, and 1,064 families living in
700-642: The National Register of Historic Places , including the Dexter Grist Mill ; Universalist Church ; Abbott Memorial Library by Boston architect J. Williams Beal ; the Bank Block by Bangor architect George W. Orff ; and "Zion's Hill", the Ralph Owen Brewster house by Portland architectural firm J. C. & J. H. Stevens . In 1848, the town was struck by a tornado which tore large trees out by their roots and destroyed even
750-533: The 18th century still stand, but they were often not intended as permanent dwellings. Possibly the oldest surviving log house in the United States is the C. A. Nothnagle Log House ( c. 1640 ) in New Jersey. Settlers often built log cabins as temporary homes to live in while constructing larger, permanent houses; then they either demolished the log structures or used them as outbuildings, such as barns or chicken coops . Log cabins were sometimes hewn on
800-637: The Dutch colony of New Netherland , which was eventually taken over by the English, these quick and easy construction techniques of the Finns not only remained, but spread. Germans and Ukrainians also used this technique. The contemporaneous British settlers had no tradition of building with logs, but they quickly adopted the method. The first English settlers did not widely use log cabins, building in forms more traditional to them. Few log cabins dating from
850-428: The age of 18 living with them, 45.9% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.6% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.77. The median age in
900-405: The average family size was 2.80. In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males. The median income for a household in the town
950-535: The cabin was built. Site selection was aimed at providing the cabin inhabitants with both sunlight and drainage to make them better able to cope with the rigors of frontier life. Proper site selection placed the home in a location best suited to manage the farm or ranch. When the first pioneers built cabins, they were able to "cherry pick" the best logs for cabins. These were old-growth trees with few limbs (knots) and straight with little taper. Such logs did not need to be hewn to fit well together. Careful notching minimized
1000-405: The cabin. The decision about roof type often was based on the material for roofing like bark. Milled lumber was usually the most popular choice for rafter roofs in areas where it was available. These roofs typify many log cabins built in the 20th century, having full-cut 2×4 rafters covered with pine and cedar shingles. The purlin roofs found in rural settings and locations, where milled lumber
1050-400: The characteristic triangular gable end. The steepness of the roof was determined by the reduction in size of each gable-wall log as well as the total number of gable-wall logs. Flatter roofed cabins might have had only 2 or 3 gable-wall logs while steeply pitched roofs might have had as many gable-wall logs as a full story. Issues related to eave overhang and a porch also influenced the layout of
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#17327839342341100-455: The crude "pirtti"... a small gabled-roof cabin of round logs with an opening in the roof to vent smoke, to more sophisticated squared logs with interlocking double-notch joints, the timber extending beyond the corners. Log saunas or bathhouses of this type are still found in rural Finland. By stacking tree trunks one on top of another and overlapping the logs at the corners, people made the "log cabin". They developed interlocking corners by notching
1150-596: The decades, increasingly complex joints were developed to ensure more weather tight joints between the logs, but the profiles were still largely based on the round log. A medieval log cabin was considered movable property, evidenced by the relocation of Espåby in 1557, where the buildings were disassembled, transported to a new location, and reassembled. It was also common to replace individual logs damaged by dry rot as necessary. The Wood Museum in Trondheim , Norway, displays fourteen different traditional profiles, but
1200-642: The deep forests of inland Sweden and Norway, during Sweden's 600+ year colonial rule over Finland, who since 1640 were being captured and displaced to the colony. After arriving, they would escape the Fort Christina center where the Swedes lived, to go and live in the forest as they did back home. They encountered the Lenape Indian tribe, with whom they found many cultural similarities, including slash and burn agriculture, sweat lodges and saunas, and
1250-439: The election. The town of Dexter, however, achieved the greater prosperity. The town grew because of its location on the East Branch of the Sebasticook River , which provided excellent water power for mills. In 1818, Jonathan Farrar constructed a grist mill at the falls. The Dexter Historical Society today uses the building which replaced it in 1854 as part of its museum complex. The stream would also power five woolen mills,
1300-843: The end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Log cabin building never died out or fell out of favor. It was surpassed by the needs of a growing urban United States. During the 1930s and the Great Depression , the Roosevelt administration directed the Civilian Conservation Corps to build log lodges throughout the west for use by the Forest Service and the National Park Service . Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood in Oregon
1350-437: The entrance framed by sidelights and pilasters, with an entablatured lintel above. The first mill in Dexter was started about 1801 by Samuel Elkins, at a point north of this mill's location, on the shore of Lake Wassookeag , which provided its power. The mill property was purchased in 1817 by Jonathan Farrar, who enlarged that mill's lumber capacity, and established a new grist mill at the present site. To provide power, he dug
1400-669: The exterior and sometimes interior of the house. These cabins are mass manufactured, traditionally in Scandinavian countries and increasingly in Eastern Europe . Squared milled logs are precut for easy assembly. Log homes are popular in rural areas, and even in some suburban locations. In many resort communities in the Western United States , homes of log and stone measuring over 3,000 sq ft (280 m ) are not uncommon. These "kit" log homes are one of
1450-625: The first log cabins built in North America were in the Swedish colony of New Sweden along the Delaware River and Brandywine River valleys. Most of the settlers were actually Forest Finns , a heavily oppressed Finnish ethnic group originally from Savonia and Tavastia , who starting from the 1500s were displaced or persuaded to go inhabit and practice slash and burn agriculture (which they were famous for in eastern Finland) in
1500-649: The gaps with "chips and mud". Log cabin construction has its roots in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe . Although their precise origin is uncertain, the first log structures were probably being built in Northern Europe by the Bronze Age around 3500 BC. C. A. Weslager describes Europeans as having: The Finns were accomplished in building several forms of log housing, having different methods of corner timbering, and they utilized both round and hewn logs. Their log building had undergone an evolutionary process from
1550-598: The interior. The O'Farrell Cabin ( c. 1865 ) in Boise , Idaho , had backed wallpaper used over newspaper. The C.C.A. Christenson Cabin in Ephraim , Utah ( c. 1880 ) was plastered over willow lath. Log cabins reached their peak of complexity and elaboration with the Adirondack-style cabins of the mid-19th century. This style was the inspiration for many United States Park Service lodges built at
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1600-490: The largest consumers of logs in the Western United States. In the United States, log homes have embodied a traditional approach to home building, one that has resonated throughout American history . Log homes represent a technology that allows a home to be built with a high degree of sustainability . They are frequently considered to be on the leading edge of the green building movement. Crib barns were
1650-449: The logs at the ends, resulting in strong structures that were easier to make weather-tight by inserting moss or other soft material into the joints. As the original coniferous forest extended over the coldest parts of the world, there was a prime need to keep these cabins warm. The insulating properties of the solid wood were a great advantage over a timber frame construction covered with animal skins, felt , boards or shingles . Over
1700-486: The main mill and the miller's house. The mill is a wood-frame structure measuring about 30 by 75 feet (9.1 m × 22.9 m), its main section two stories in height, with variety of additions. Its exterior is finished in a combination of wooden shingles and clapboards, and it rests on a foundation of piers, some brick and some stone. Its main entrance is on the north side, where a porch shelters double doors. The interior retains early 20th-century machinery, although
1750-426: The main water wheel that provided their power has been removed. The mill was built in 1854, although it is set on a site that had been used for milling since the early 19th century. The miller's house stands just south of the mill. It is a 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story wood frame Cape style structure, five bays wide, with a central chimney and clapboard and shingle siding. Built in 1838, it has Greek Revival style, with
1800-470: The oldest and largest of which was established by Amos and Jeremiah Abbott in 1836. Amos Abbott & Company, which closed in 1975, was the only textile mill in the United States owned by one family for such a long period. In the 1960s, the town's name became familiar throughout New England because of the pervasive log cabin style factory outlets of the Dexter Shoe Company , founded in
1850-426: The orientation of doors and windows all needed to be taken into account when the cabin was designed. In addition, the source of the logs, the source of stone and available labor, either human or animal, had to be considered. If timber sources were further away from the site, the cabin size might be limited. Cabin corners were often set on large stones; if the cabin was large, other stones were used at other points along
1900-400: The outside so that siding might be applied; they also might be hewn inside and covered with a variety of materials, ranging from plaster over lath to wallpaper . Log cabins were constructed with either a purlin roof structure or a rafter roof structure. A purlin roof consists of horizontal logs that are notched into the gable-wall logs. The latter are progressively shortened to form
1950-410: The population. There were 1,615 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and
2000-446: The sill (bottom log). Since they were usually cut into the sill, thresholds were supported with rock as well. These stones are found below the corners of many 18th-century cabins as they are restored. Cabins were set on foundations to keep them out of damp soil but also to allow for storage or basements to be constructed below the cabin. Cabins with earth floors had no need for foundations. In North America , cabins were constructed using
2050-432: The size of the gap between the logs and reduced the amount of chinking (sticks or rocks) or daubing (mud) needed to fill the gap. The length of one log was generally the length of one wall, although this was not a limitation for most good cabin builders. Decisions had to be made about the type of cabin. Styles varied greatly from one part of North America to another: the size of the cabin, the number of stories, type of roof,
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2100-487: The strongest buildings. In 1987, parts of Dexter's downtown area were used as backdrops for the film Creepshow 2 , a horror anthology film based on stories written by Maine native Stephen King . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 37.16 square miles (96.24 km ), of which 35.13 square miles (90.99 km ) is land and 2.03 square miles (5.26 km )
2150-403: The town was 44.8 years. 21.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.6% were from 25 to 44; 31.3% were from 45 to 64; and 18.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.0% male and 52.0% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,890 people, 1,615 households, and 1,106 families living in the town. The population density
2200-447: The town. The population density was 110.9 inhabitants per square mile (42.8/km ). There were 2,141 housing units at an average density of 60.9 per square mile (23.5/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 97.2% White , 0.3% African American , 0.7% Native American , 0.5% Asian , and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population. There were 1,651 households, of which 28.4% had children under
2250-401: Was $ 26,000, and the median income for a family was $ 31,204. Males had a median income of $ 27,130 versus $ 18,805 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 14,197. About 15.4% of families and 17.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 28.7% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over. Log cabin A log cabin is a small log house , especially
2300-402: Was 110.6 inhabitants per square mile (42.7/km ). There were 2,054 housing units at an average density of 58.4 per square mile (22.5/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 98.56% White , 0.31% Black or African American , 0.23% Native American , 0.10% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.03% from other races , and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.64% of
2350-459: Was not available, often were covered with long hand-split shingles. The log cabin has been a symbol of humble origins in U.S. politics since the early 19th century. At least seven U.S. presidents were born in log cabins, including Andrew Jackson , James K. Polk , Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , Abraham Lincoln , and James A. Garfield . Although William Henry Harrison
2400-592: Was not born in a log cabin, he and the Whigs were among the first to use them during the 1840 presidential election as a symbol to show Americans that he was a man of the people. Other candidates followed Harrison's example, making the idea of a log cabin a recurring theme in U.S. presidential campaigns. More than a century after Harrison, Adlai Stevenson II said, "I wasn't born in a log cabin. I didn't work my way through school nor did I rise from rags to riches, and there's no use trying to pretend I did." Stevenson lost
2450-444: Was settled beginning in 1801 by Ebenezer Small, David Smith, and others from New Hampshire , and was originally called Elkinstown. When incorporated as a town in 1816, it named itself after Judge Samuel Dexter , who was then running for governor of Massachusetts (of which Maine was still a part). The town of Brooks in nearby Waldo County was incorporated the same year and named for the opposing candidate, John Brooks . Brooks won
2500-529: Was such a log structure, and it was dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1930, the world's largest log cabin was constructed at a private resort in Montebello , Quebec , Canada . Often described as a log château, it serves as the Château Montebello hotel. The modern version of a log cabin is the log home , which is a house built usually from milled logs. The logs are visible on
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