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84-617: The brothers were eventually identified with the assistance of forensic scientist Edward Heinrich , and they were captured after a four-year nationwide manhunt. The Siskiyou massacre became the subject of the Mark Knopfler song, "Tunnel 13", on the 2024 album One Deep River . Twin brothers Ray and Roy DeAutremont were born March 30, 1900, in Iowa , and their younger brother Hugh was born on February 21, 1904, in Arkansas . They were

168-417: A criminal leaves a trace. Alexander Lacassagne, who taught Locard, produced autopsy standards on actual forensic cases. Alphonse Bertillon was a French criminologist and founder of Anthropometry (scientific study of measurements and proportions of the human body). He used anthropometry for identification, stating that, since each individual is unique, by measuring aspects of physical difference there could be

252-626: A database. By the turn of the 20th century, the science of forensics had become largely established in the sphere of criminal investigation. Scientific and surgical investigation was widely employed by the Metropolitan Police during their pursuit of the mysterious Jack the Ripper , who had killed a number of women in the 1880s. This case is a watershed in the application of forensic science. Large teams of policemen conducted house-to-house inquiries throughout Whitechapel. Forensic material

336-443: A flaw in the bullet that killed the victim and was able to trace this back to the mold that was used in the manufacturing process. The French police officer Alphonse Bertillon was the first to apply the anthropological technique of anthropometry to law enforcement, thereby creating an identification system based on physical measurements. Before that time, criminals could be identified only by name or photograph. Dissatisfied with

420-706: A janitor on the weekends at the University of Oregon . He also spent his time painting and studying French and Spanish. In 1972, then-governor Tom McCall commuted Ray's sentence after he requested "to be a free man before I die". Ray DeAutremont died in a Eugene nursing home on December 20, 1984, at the age of 84. All three DeAutremont brothers are buried next to their mother in Belcrest Memorial Cemetery in Salem, Oregon. Forensic science Forensic science , also known as criminalistics ,

504-503: A major breakthrough and came to have tremendous importance in forensic science. The test was further refined for forensic use by the Swiss chemist Maurice Müller in the year 1960s. Forensic DNA analysis was first used in 1984. It was developed by Sir Alec Jeffreys , who realized that variation in the genetic sequence could be used to identify individuals and to tell individuals apart from one another. The first application of DNA profiles

588-548: A method to record them with printing ink. He established their first classification and was also the first to identify fingerprints left on a vial. Returning to the UK in 1886, he offered the concept to the Metropolitan Police in London, but it was dismissed at that time. Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin with a description of his method, but, too old and ill to work on it, Darwin gave the information to his cousin, Francis Galton , who

672-409: A more profound examination reveals that forensic intelligence represents a genuine and emerging inclination among forensic practitioners to actively participate in investigative and policing strategies. In doing so, it elucidates existing practices within scientific literature, advocating for a paradigm shift from the prevailing conception of forensic science as a conglomerate of disciplines merely aiding

756-609: A now well-known feature of crime scene examination. He used analytical chemistry for blood residue analysis as well as toxicology examination and determination for poisons. He used ballistics by measuring bullet calibres and matching them with a suspected murder weapon. Hans Gross applied scientific methods to crime scenes and was responsible for the birth of criminalistics. Edmond Locard expanded on Gross' work with Locard's Exchange Principle which stated "whenever two objects come into contact with one another, materials are exchanged between them". This means that every contact by

840-526: A personal identification system. He created the Bertillon System around 1879, a way of identifying criminals and citizens by measuring 20 parts of the body. In 1884, over 240 repeat offenders were caught using the Bertillon system, but the system was largely superseded by fingerprinting. Gunny sack A gunny sack , also known as a gunny shoe , burlap sack , hessian sack or tow sack ,

924-410: A red lantern from the passenger cars still in the tunnel. I shot at the man, who was a conductor, with my shotgun and at the same time Hugh shot him with his .45 Colt. The man staggered and I could see he was dying. Hugh walked over to him and shot him again, in cold blood. The engineer was put back into the cab and Hugh told him to pull the main car up ahead. He attempted to do this a number of times, but

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1008-596: A report was received that Ray and Roy DeAutremont had been seen in Portsmouth, Ohio , and were discovered to be living in nearby Steubenville under the assumed names of Clarence and Elmer Goodwin. They were arrested by FBI agents on June 8, 1927, and offered no resistance. The twin brothers later claimed they had fled to Detroit after the robbery. Ray had married while in Detroit and moved to Hanging Rock , with his brother following him several months later. They kept on

1092-633: A revengeful or brooding condition of the mind, or that religious mania may have been the original disease but I do not think either hypothesis is likely". Handbook for Coroners, police officials, military policemen was written by the Austrian criminal jurist Hans Gross in 1893, and is generally acknowledged as the birth of the field of criminalistics. The work combined in one system fields of knowledge that had not been previously integrated, such as psychology and physical science, and which could be successfully used against crime. Gross adapted some fields to

1176-425: A suspected sample with hydrogen sulfide and hydrochloric acid . While he was able to detect arsenic as yellow arsenic trisulfide , when it was shown to the jury it had deteriorated, allowing the suspect to be acquitted due to reasonable doubt. Annoyed by that, Marsh developed a much better test. He combined a sample containing arsenic with sulfuric acid and arsenic-free zinc , resulting in arsine gas. The gas

1260-597: Is a common technique used in the field of Forensic Science. Chromatography is a method of separating the components of a mixture from a mobile phase. Chromatography is an essential tool used in forensic science, helping analysts identify and compare trace amounts of samples including ignitable liquids, drugs, and biological samples. Many laboratories utilize gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to examine these kinds of samples; this analysis provides rapid and reliant data to identify samples in question. A method for detecting arsenious oxide, simple arsenic , in corpses

1344-776: Is a large sack , traditionally made of burlap (Hessian fabric) formed from jute , hemp , sisal , or other natural fibres , usually in the crude spun form of tow . Modern-day versions of these sacks are often made from synthetic fabrics such as polypropylene . The word gunny , meaning coarse fabric, is of Indo-Aryan origin. Reusable gunny sacks, typically holding about 50 kilograms (110 lb), were traditionally used, and continue to be to some extent, for transporting grain, potatoes and other agricultural products. In Australia, these sacks, made of Indian jute, were known traditionally as "hessian sacks", "hessian bags" or "sugar bags." Gunny sacks are sometimes used as sandbags for erosion control , especially in emergencies. Up until

1428-513: Is attributed to the book of Xi Yuan Lu (translated as Washing Away of Wrongs ), written in China in 1248 by Song Ci ( 宋慈 , 1186–1249), a director of justice, jail and supervision, during the Song dynasty . Song Ci introduced regulations concerning autopsy reports to court, how to protect the evidence in the examining process, and explained why forensic workers must demonstrate impartiality to

1512-422: Is critical in determining whether harmful substances play a role in a person’s death or impairment. read more James Marsh was the first to apply this new science to the art of forensics. He was called by the prosecution in a murder trial to give evidence as a chemist in 1832. The defendant, John Bodle, was accused of poisoning his grandfather with arsenic-laced coffee. Marsh performed the standard test by mixing

1596-420: Is identified as the formulation of programs aimed at heightening awareness, particularly among managers, to mitigate the risk of making suboptimal decisions in information processing. The paper highlights two recent European courses as exemplars of educational endeavors, elucidating lessons learned and proposing future directions. The overarching conclusion is that the heightened focus on forensic intelligence has

1680-536: Is the application of science principles and methods to support legal decision-making in matters of criminal and civil law . During criminal investigation in particular, it is governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure . It is a broad field utilizing numerous practices such as the analysis of DNA , fingerprints , bloodstain patterns , firearms , ballistics , toxicology , microscopy and fire debris analysis. Forensic scientists collect, preserve, and analyze evidence during

1764-513: Is thought that these tests had some validity since a guilty person would produce less saliva and thus have a drier mouth; the accused would be considered guilty if rice was sticking to their mouths in abundance or if their tongues were severely burned due to lack of shielding from saliva. Initial glance, forensic intelligence may appear as a nascent facet of forensic science facilitated by advancements in information technologies such as computers, databases, and data-flow management software. However,

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1848-443: Is used to test theories conceived by the police, for example, or by the investigator himself. All of the techniques advocated by Holmes later became reality, but were generally in their infancy at the time Conan Doyle was writing. In many of his reported cases, Holmes frequently complains of the way the crime scene has been contaminated by others, especially by the police, emphasising the critical importance of maintaining its integrity,

1932-554: The Bertillon system and a fingerprint advocate at Police Headquarters, introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States. The Uhlenhuth test , or the antigen–antibody precipitin test for species, was invented by Paul Uhlenhuth in 1901 and could distinguish human blood from animal blood, based on the discovery that the blood of different species had one or more characteristic proteins. The test represented

2016-817: The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or "Wobblies") and spent nearly a year there. When Hugh graduated from high school in New Mexico in June 1923, he joined his brothers in a logging camp near Silverton, Oregon . The three DeAutremont brothers worked in Silverton for four months until October 11, 1923, when they attempted to rob Southern Pacific Railroad Train No. 13, which ran from Portland to San Francisco ("San Francisco Express") which traveled south through

2100-637: The Siskiyou Mountains (which span northwestern California and southwestern Oregon). Normal safety procedures called for slowing the train at the top of the Siskiyou Pass , elevation 4122 feet, to test its brakes before the steep descent into California. The express train was only a few miles from the Siskiyou station (milepost 412.2) when they boarded the train, waiting for the steam locomotive No. 3626 to arrive. Roy and Hugh climbed aboard

2184-606: The ad hoc methods used to identify captured criminals in France in the 1870s, he began his work on developing a reliable system of anthropometrics for human classification. Bertillon created many other forensics techniques, including forensic document examination , the use of galvanoplastic compounds to preserve footprints , ballistics , and the dynamometer , used to determine the degree of force used in breaking and entering . Although his central methods were soon to be supplanted by fingerprinting , "his other contributions like

2268-525: The mug shot and the systematization of crime-scene photography remain in place to this day." Sir William Herschel was one of the first to advocate the use of fingerprinting in the identification of criminal suspects. While working for the Indian Civil Service , he began to use thumbprints on documents as a security measure to prevent the then-rampant repudiation of signatures in 1858. In 1877 at Hooghly (near Kolkata), Herschel instituted

2352-500: The occult largely ceased to influence the court's decisions. Two examples of English forensic science in individual legal proceedings demonstrate the increasing use of logic and procedure in criminal investigations at the time. In 1784, in Lancaster , John Toms was tried and convicted for murdering Edward Culshaw with a pistol . When the dead body of Culshaw was examined, a pistol wad (crushed paper used to secure powder and balls in

2436-508: The prosecution or the defense. While any field could technically be forensic , certain sections have developed over time to encompass the majority of forensically related cases. The term forensic stems from the Latin word, forēnsis (3rd declension, adjective), meaning "of a forum, place of assembly". The history of the term originates in Roman times, when a criminal charge meant presenting

2520-591: The French physician François-Emmanuel Fodéré and The Complete System of Police Medicine by the German medical expert Johann Peter Frank . As the rational values of the Enlightenment era increasingly permeated society in the 18th century, criminal investigation became a more evidence-based, rational procedure − the use of torture to force confessions was curtailed, and belief in witchcraft and other powers of

2604-465: The book on forensics stating that all wounds or dead bodies should be examined, not avoided. The book became the first form of literature to help determine the cause of death. In one of Song Ci's accounts ( Washing Away of Wrongs ), the case of a person murdered with a sickle was solved by an investigator who instructed each suspect to bring his sickle to one location. (He realized it was a sickle by testing various blades on an animal carcass and comparing

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2688-422: The case before a group of public individuals in the forum . Both the person accused of the crime and the accuser would give speeches based on their sides of the story. The case would be decided in favor of the individual with the best argument and delivery. This origin is the source of the two modern usages of the word forensic —as a form of legal evidence; and as a category of public presentation. In modern use,

2772-480: The cause and manner of death . Ambroise Paré , a French army surgeon , systematically studied the effects of violent death on internal organs. Two Italian surgeons, Fortunato Fidelis and Paolo Zacchia, laid the foundation of modern pathology by studying changes that occurred in the structure of the body as the result of disease. In the late 18th century, writings on these topics began to appear. These included A Treatise on Forensic Medicine and Public Health by

2856-599: The classification of criminal records. Working in the Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau, before it became the Fingerprint Bureau, were Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose . Haque and Bose were Indian fingerprint experts who have been credited with the primary development of a fingerprint classification system eventually named after their supervisor, Sir Edward Richard Henry . The Henry Classification System , co-devised by Haque and Bose,

2940-596: The course of an investigation. While some forensic scientists travel to the scene of the crime to collect the evidence themselves, others occupy a laboratory role, performing analysis on objects brought to them by other individuals. Others are involved in analysis of financial, banking, or other numerical data for use in financial crime investigation, and can be employed as consultants from private firms, academia, or as government employees. In addition to their laboratory role, forensic scientists testify as expert witnesses in both criminal and civil cases and can work for either

3024-617: The crimes. Inspector Alvarez, a colleague of Vucetich, went to the scene and found a bloody thumb mark on a door. When it was compared with Rojas' prints, it was found to be identical with her right thumb. She then confessed to the murder of her sons. A Fingerprint Bureau was established in Calcutta ( Kolkata ), India, in 1897, after the Council of the Governor General approved a committee report that fingerprints should be used for

3108-537: The criminal justice system, as well as policing and intelligence missions, underscore the necessity for the establishment of educational and training initiatives in the field of forensic intelligence. This article contends that a discernible gap exists between the perceived and actual comprehension of forensic intelligence among law enforcement and forensic science managers, positing that this asymmetry can be rectified only through educational interventions The primary challenge in forensic intelligence education and training

3192-442: The criminal justice system. Instead, it urges a perspective that views forensic science as a discipline studying the informative potential of traces—remnants of criminal activity. Embracing this transformative shift poses a significant challenge for education, necessitating a shift in learners' mindset to accept concepts and methodologies in forensic intelligence. Recent calls advocating for the integration of forensic scientists into

3276-437: The dates of the murders did not coincide with a single boat's movements, and the transfer of a crewman between boats was also ruled out. At the end of October, Robert Anderson asked police surgeon Thomas Bond to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge. The opinion offered by Bond on the character of the "Whitechapel murderer" is the earliest surviving offender profile . Bond's assessment

3360-602: The defendant. Hugh was convicted of first degree murder, even though jurors recommended leniency and Roy and Ray DeAutremont both pleaded guilty to the same charges. All three were sentenced to life imprisonment at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem . Hugh DeAutremont was paroled in 1958. He moved to San Francisco where he worked as a printer. He was diagnosed with stomach cancer three months after his release and died on March 30, 1959. Roy DeAutremont

3444-401: The engine cab-each had been shot in the head; Train passenger/railroad brakeman Coyle O. Johnson was shot four times in the stomach and died from his wounds; the charred body of mail clerk Dougherty was in the mail car. Police investigators later found a detonator and a discarded .45 caliber pistol at the scene along with three gunny sacks which had been soaked in creosote and dragged along

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3528-410: The engine wheels merely spun and the cars failed to move. Hugh then put the engineer back on the ground side next to the fireman while Ray and I looked the thing over to see what could be done about uncoupling the mail car and engine. But there was nothing we could do. So we walked back to the mail car and entered through the blown out front end. Our flashlights could not cut the steam and smoke so we left

3612-418: The first method of recording the fingerprints of individuals on file. In 1892, after studying Galton's pattern types, Vucetich set up the world's first fingerprint bureau. In that same year, Francisca Rojas of Necochea was found in a house with neck injuries whilst her two sons were found dead with their throats cut. Rojas accused a neighbour, but despite brutal interrogation, this neighbour would not confess to

3696-510: The first person to be exonerated using DNA. Jefferys confirmed that the DNA profiles were identical for the two murder semen samples. To find the perpetrator, DNA samples from the entire male population, more than 4,000 aged from 17 to 34, of the town were collected. They all were compared to semen samples from the crime. A friend of Colin Pitchfork was heard saying that he had given his sample to

3780-401: The ground to throw bloodhounds off their trail. The search party fanned out from Tunnel 13 and discovered a black traveling bag with a railroad shipping tag and a pair of green overalls. Over a dozen suspects were jailed and questioned, but local authorities made little headway in solving the case. Dr. Edward Heinrich, a chemistry professor at the University of California , was brought in and

3864-728: The incident. The federal government offered a $ 6,000 reward for their capture with another $ 7,000 added by Southern Pacific and $ 900 from the Railway Express Company. News of the Siskiyou massacre had attracted national attention by this time, and investigators received reports of numerous sightings, followed every one of these new leads. None of these leads ever panned out. The U.S. government eventually issued 2,265,000 wanted posters printed in English and five other languages, which were then distributed internationally. After several months with no new leads, investigators were on

3948-474: The latter part of the twentieth century, when they became less common, the sacks were one of the primary tools for fighting grass fires in rural areas, used while soaked with water when available. Gunny sacks are also popular in the traditional children's game of sack racing . A gunny sack holds approximately 50 kg (110 lb) of potatoes, and measures 45 inches (110 cm) by 34 inches (86 cm). Although gunny sacks are no longer used to carry them,

4032-409: The locomotive tender, and forced the engineer Sidney Bates to stop the train while most of it was still inside the 3,108-ft. tunnel (No. 13). Ray waited on the ground near the tunnel portal with the dynamite. The brothers were armed with sawed-off shotguns , and while Roy watched the engineer, Ray and Hugh went ahead to the baggage-mail car (O&C No. 5037, Pullman Class 60-BP-30-1), which they thought

4116-471: The mail car. Hugh in the meantime had ordered the engineer back into the cab. The fireman was standing alongside the engine with his arms in the air. Ray and I had a brief consultation as to what we should do. We decided to kill the fireman. Ray shot him twice with the Colt. Hugh had the engineer covered and I shouted at him to bump him off and then we would clear out. We didn't want any witnesses. Hugh quickly shot

4200-543: The man in the head with his shotgun. We then fled to our cache which was between two and three miles northeast of the south entrance of the tunnel. The brothers were then forced to flee empty-handed while a second conductor ran to a nearby emergency phone and reported the robbery to authorities in Ashland, Oregon. The bodies of the four victims were found at the scene of the crime: Engineer Bates and fireman Marvin Seng were beside

4284-580: The manner of the mutilations. The alibis of local butchers and slaughterers were investigated, with the result that they were eliminated from the inquiry. Some contemporary figures thought the pattern of the murders indicated that the culprit was a butcher or cattle drover on one of the cattle boats that plied between London and mainland Europe. Whitechapel was close to the London Docks , and usually such boats docked on Thursday or Friday and departed on Saturday or Sunday. The cattle boats were examined, but

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4368-425: The mouth of the tunnel was rocked by a tremendous explosion. It was far stronger than we had planned. In fact, the blast was so severe that the mail clerk was blown to bits. I then took the fireman and started back down the track to uncouple the mail car. But the gassy and smoky air was too thick so I called for the fireman. The fireman and engineer were then marched to the car. In a few seconds I saw someone coming with

4452-406: The move, living in both Portsmouth and Steubenville, before they were recognized when the new wanted posters were issued. Ray had previously bleached his hair but this failed to disguise him. The two were quickly extradited to Jackson County, Oregon , where they stood trial for their role in the Siskiyou massacre. Their arrival coincided with Hugh's murder trial, although this fact was withheld from

4536-463: The muzzle) found in his head wound matched perfectly with a torn newspaper found in Toms's pocket, leading to the conviction . In Warwick 1816, a farm laborer was tried and convicted of the murder of a young maidservant. She had been drowned in a shallow pool and bore the marks of violent assault. The police found footprints and an impression from corduroy cloth with a sewn patch in the damp earth near

4620-581: The needs of criminal investigation, such as crime scene photography . He went on to found the Institute of Criminalistics in 1912, as part of the University of Graz' Law School. This Institute was followed by many similar institutes all over the world. In 1909, Archibald Reiss founded the Institut de police scientifique of the University of Lausanne (UNIL) , the first school of forensic science in

4704-571: The newfound prestige of forensics and the use of reasoning in detective work was the popularity of the fictional character Sherlock Holmes , written by Arthur Conan Doyle in the late 19th century. He remains a great inspiration for forensic science, especially for the way his acute study of a crime scene yielded small clues as to the precise sequence of events. He made great use of trace evidence such as shoe and tire impressions, as well as fingerprints, ballistics and handwriting analysis , now known as questioned document examination . Such evidence

4788-446: The overalls, which included strands of hair and the presence of Douglas fir needles and fresh pitch from pine trees. The overalls were worn only on the right side, suggesting the same position a left-hander would take if he were to lean against a tree while swinging an ax. The suspect's height and weight were estimated from the size of the overalls, and the "fastidious habits" were evidenced by some neatly-cut fingernail clippings found in

4872-429: The patterns left on bullets and cartridge casings after being ejected from a weapon. When fired, a bullet is left with indentations and markings that are unique to the barrel and firing pin of the firearm that ejected the bullet. This examination can help scientists identify possible makes and models of weapons connected to a crime. Henry Goddard at Scotland Yard pioneered the use of bullet comparison in 1835. He noticed

4956-459: The pocket. In addition, the receipt for a registered letter was found in the pocket, which police later traced to a $ 50 money order sent by Roy DeAutremont to his brother Hugh in Lakewood, New Mexico , on September 14, 1923. Investigators then questioned Paul DeAutremont, who confirmed that all three sons were lumberjacks and that Roy was left-handed. The .45 Colt weapon found at the crime scene

5040-498: The police claiming to be Colin. Colin Pitchfork was arrested in 1987 and it was found that his DNA profile matched the semen samples from the murder. Because of this case, DNA databases were developed. There is the national (FBI) and international databases as well as the European countries (ENFSI: European Network of Forensic Science Institutes). These searchable databases are used to match crime scene DNA profiles to those already in

5124-531: The pool. There were also scattered grains of wheat and chaff. The breeches of a farm labourer who had been threshing wheat nearby were examined and corresponded exactly to the impression in the earth near the pool. An article appearing in Scientific American in 1885 describes the use of microscopy to distinguish between the blood of two persons in a criminal case in Chicago. Chromatography

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5208-511: The potential to rejuvenate a proactive approach to forensic science, enhance quantifiable efficiency, and foster greater involvement in investigative and managerial decision-making. A novel educational challenge is articulated for forensic science university programs worldwide: a shift in emphasis from a fragmented criminal trace analysis to a more comprehensive security problem-solving approach. In 16th-century Europe, medical practitioners in army and university settings began to gather information on

5292-459: The public. He devised methods for making antiseptic and for promoting the reappearance of hidden injuries to dead bodies and bones (using sunlight and vinegar under a red-oil umbrella); for calculating the time of death (allowing for weather and insect activity); described how to wash and examine the dead body to ascertain the reason for death. At that time the book had described methods for distinguishing between suicide and faked suicide. He wrote

5376-409: The same blood type. Richard Buckland became the suspect because he worked at Carlton Hayes psychiatric hospital, had been spotted near Dawn Ashworth's murder scene and knew unreleased details about the body. He later confessed to Dawn's murder but not Lynda's. Jefferys was brought into the case to analyze the semen samples. He concluded that there was no match between the samples and Buckland, who became

5460-530: The sons of Paul P. DeAutremont, who was of French descent, and Isabella Bertha (née Wombacher), who was of German descent. Their father ran a barber shop in Albany, Oregon , and all three brothers worked as lumberjacks . Ray was involved in the emerging labor union movement and the Industrial Workers of the World during his youth. He was sent to a reformatory in Monroe, Washington , in 1919 for his affiliation with

5544-770: The term forensics is often used in place of "forensic science." The word " science ", is derived from the Latin word for 'knowledge' and is today closely tied to the scientific method , a systematic way of acquiring knowledge. Taken together, forensic science means the use of scientific methods and processes for crime solving. The ancient world lacked standardized forensic practices, which enabled criminals to escape punishment. Criminal investigations and trials relied heavily on forced confessions and witness testimony . However, ancient sources do contain several accounts of techniques that foreshadow concepts in forensic science developed centuries later. The first written account of using medicine and entomology to solve criminal cases

5628-400: The use of fingerprints on contracts and deeds, and he registered government pensioners' fingerprints to prevent the collection of money by relatives after a pensioner's death. In 1880, Henry Faulds , a Scottish surgeon in a Tokyo hospital, published his first paper on the subject in the scientific journal Nature , discussing the usefulness of fingerprints for identification and proposing

5712-619: The verge of giving up. However, a corporal named Thomas Reynolds came forward and identified Hugh DeAutremont as James Price, who had been an acquaintance of his while serving with the United States Army in the Philippines . He had only recently been stationed on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco, California , when he recognized DeAutremont from a wanted poster and reported this to his superior officers. Hugh DeAutremont

5796-495: The world involved saliva and examination of the mouth and tongue to determine innocence or guilt, as a precursor to the Polygraph test . In ancient India, some suspects were made to fill their mouths with dried rice and spit it back out. Similarly, in ancient China , those accused of a crime would have rice powder placed in their mouths. In ancient middle-eastern cultures, the accused were made to lick hot metal rods briefly. It

5880-496: The world. Dr. Edmond Locard , became known as the " Sherlock Holmes of France ". He formulated the basic principle of forensic science: "Every contact leaves a trace", which became known as Locard's exchange principle . In 1910, he founded what may have been the first criminal laboratory in the world, after persuading the Police Department of Lyon (France) to give him two attic rooms and two assistants. Symbolic of

5964-430: The wounds.) Flies, attracted by the smell of blood, eventually gathered on a single sickle. In light of this, the owner of that sickle confessed to the murder. The book also described how to distinguish between a drowning (water in the lungs ) and strangulation (broken neck cartilage ), and described evidence from examining corpses to determine if a death was caused by murder, suicide or accident. Methods from around

6048-484: Was able to use early forensic methods to accurately provide a description of the suspects for police. Upon examining the green overalls found by investigators, Heinrich reported that the suspect was a left-handed lumberjack, approximately 25 years old, with brown hair and fair complexion, was 5'8 in height and weighed 165 pounds, and was described as a man with fastidious habits. He further explained his findings were based on specific evidence gathered by his investigation of

6132-651: Was accepted in England and Wales when the first United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau was founded in Scotland Yard , the Metropolitan Police headquarters, London, in 1901. Sir Edward Richard Henry subsequently achieved improvements in dactyloscopy. In the United States, Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902, and by December 1905, New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot, an expert in

6216-425: Was arrested within six hours, and while admitting his true identity in custody, he was able to stall his extradition to the United States until March 1927. Once back in the United States, Hugh DeAutremont was tried and convicted of first degree murder . Hugh DeAutremont denied knowledge of his brothers' whereabouts, but his capture encouraged federal authorities to redistribute new wanted posters. Within two months,

6300-420: Was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders. In his opinion the killer must have been a man of solitary habits, subject to "periodical attacks of homicidal and erotic mania ", with the character of the mutilations possibly indicating " satyriasis ". Bond also stated that "the homicidal impulse may have developed from

6384-405: Was carrying an estimated $ 40,000. When postal clerk Elvyn Dougherty saw the two approach the mail car, he closed the door and Hugh fired his shotgun twice. Ray then attached a dynamite charge, with all of the dynamite they had stolen, to the mail car's door and ran for cover with his brothers. Roy DeAutremont described what happened in a sworn statement years later, Roy gave the detonator a push and

6468-723: Was collected and examined. Suspects were identified, traced and either examined more closely or eliminated from the inquiry. Police work follows the same pattern today. Over 2000 people were interviewed, "upwards of 300" people were investigated, and 80 people were detained. The investigation was initially conducted by the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), headed by Detective Inspector Edmund Reid . Later, Detective Inspectors Frederick Abberline , Henry Moore , and Walter Andrews were sent from Central Office at Scotland Yard to assist. Initially, butchers, surgeons and physicians were suspected because of

6552-569: Was devised in 1773 by the Swedish chemist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele . His work was expanded upon, in 1806, by German chemist Valentin Ross, who learned to detect the poison in the walls of a victim's stomach. Toxicology, a subfield of forensic chemistry, focuses on detecting and identifying drugs, poisons, and other toxic substances in biological samples. Forensic toxicologists work on cases involving drug overdoses, poisoning, and substance abuse. Their work

6636-546: Was diagnosed with schizophrenia in 1949 and was transferred to the Oregon State Hospital in Salem. He later underwent a frontal lobotomy which left him unable to care for himself. In 1979, he was transferred to a Salem nursing home where he received 24-hour care. Roy was granted parole in March 1983. He died at the nursing home where he had resided since 1979 on June 17, 1983, at the age of 83. Ray DeAutremont

6720-604: Was ignited, and it decomposed to pure metallic arsenic, which, when passed to a cold surface, would appear as a silvery-black deposit. So sensitive was the test, known formally as the Marsh test , that it could detect as little as one-fiftieth of a milligram of arsenic. He first described this test in The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal in 1836. Ballistics is "the science of the motion of projectiles in flight". In forensic science, analysts examine

6804-458: Was interested in anthropology. Having been thus inspired to study fingerprints for ten years, Galton published a detailed statistical model of fingerprint analysis and identification and encouraged its use in forensic science in his book Finger Prints . He had calculated that the chance of a "false positive" (two different individuals having the same fingerprints) was about 1 in 64 billion. Juan Vucetich , an Argentine chief police officer, created

6888-528: Was the last of the brothers to be released from prison, on October 27, 1961. He was questioned by reporters while leaving the prison, and when asked how it felt to be released, he replied, "I'm trying to think of something to say. Well you can imagine how it feels, can't you? But one thing is for sure: For the rest of my life I will struggle with the question of whatever possessed us to do such a thing?" After his release, Ray lived in Eugene, Oregon, where he worked as

6972-460: Was traced to William Elliott, whose handwriting matched that of Roy DeAutremont, and the railroad express tags found on the suitcase revealed that Roy had mailed it to himself from Eugene to Portland on January 21 of that year. Although there was enough evidence to identify the DeAutremont brothers as the most likely suspects, apprehending them was another matter. All three had disappeared since

7056-518: Was used by Jeffreys in a double murder mystery in the small English town of Narborough, Leicestershire , in 1985. A 15-year-old school girl by the name of Lynda Mann was raped and murdered in Carlton Hayes psychiatric hospital. The police did not find a suspect but were able to obtain a semen sample. In 1986, Dawn Ashworth, 15 years old, was also raped and strangled in the nearby village of Enderby . Forensic evidence showed that both killers had

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