Psalm 130 is the 130th psalm of the Book of Psalms , one of the penitential psalms and one of 15 psalms that begin with the words "A song of ascents" (Shir Hama'alot). The first verse is a call to God in deep sorrow, from "out of the depths" or "out of the deep", as it is translated in the King James Version of the Bible and the Coverdale translation (used in the Book of Common Prayer ), respectively. In Latin, it is known as De profundis .
41-740: De profundis refers to Psalm 130 (129 in the Vulgate), traditionally known as the De profundis ("Out of the depths") from its opening words in Latin. It may refer to: Psalm 130 In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint version of the Bible, and in the Latin Vulgate , this psalm is Psalm 129 . The New American Bible Revised Edition (2010) divides
82-620: A movement of his Requiem . The following table shows the Hebrew and Latin text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain ). Fiant aures tuæ intendentes in vocem deprecationis meæ. Sustinuit anima mea in verbo eius: A marginal note in the Masoretic Text tradition indicates that Psalm 130:2 is the middle of
123-687: A conspiracy against the church. The pope condemned both the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and supported a league against the revolution. He issued two briefs – Quod aliquantum (1791) and Caritas (1791) – to condemn the ecclesiastical reforms that were proposed. 1791 marked the end of diplomatic relations with France and
164-572: A major center of Pontifical trade. Pius was a great patron of the arts and humanities; he also added a new sacristy to Saint Peter's Basilica . At the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, Pius VI witnessed the suppression of the old Gallican Church as well as the confiscation of pontifical and ecclesiastical possessions in France. He saw the events as a sign of opposition against the social order ordained by God and also viewed it as
205-568: A martyr on 17 June 1793 in a meeting with cardinals, giving hope to a potential possibility of sainthood. In 1820, two decades following the death of Pius VI, the Congregation of Rites put an end to the possible sainthood since it was impossible to prove the king died for religious reasons rather than political ones. Pius VI argued that the main thrust of the revolution was against the Catholic religion and Louis XVI himself. He also wrote that
246-635: A reward system to encourage agriculture. Upon his election, Pius VI ordered the release of Lorenzo Ricci , Superior General of the Society of Jesus , who was held prisoner in the Castel Sant'Angelo , but Ricci died before the decree of liberation arrived. It is perhaps due to Pius VI that the Jesuits managed to escape dissolution in White Ruthenia and Silesia . In 1792, the pope considered
287-496: A way of influencing appointments within the Catholic hierarchy, were seen as such a threat touched to papal authority that Pius VI adopted the exceptional course of travelling in person to Vienna . The Pope set out from Rome on 27 February 1782 and, though magnificently received by the Emperor, his mission proved a failure. Nevertheless, not many years later he did succeed in curbing the attempts of several German archbishops at
328-611: Is best remembered in connection with the expansion of the Pio-Clementine Museum , which was begun at the suggestion of his predecessor Clement XIV ; and with an attempt to drain the Pontine Marshes , but Pius VI did successfully drain the marshes near Città della Pieve , Perugia , and Spoleto . He also restored the Via Appia . Pius VI also deepened and expanded the harbors of Terracina and Porto d'Anzio,
369-635: Is one of the 15 Songs of Ascents recited after the Shabbat afternoon prayer in the period between Sukkot and Shabbat HaGadol (the Shabbat prior to Passover ). In some congregations, it is said on every weekday. In Hebrew, it is often referred to as " Shir HaMa'alot MiMa'amakim " after its opening words. It is recited during the Tashlikh prayer. It is one of the psalms traditionally recited "in times of communal distress". Verses 3-4 are part of
410-520: The Congress of Ems in 1786 to win greater independence. In the Kingdom of Naples the liberal minister Bernardo Tanucci agitated for certain concessions regarding feudal homage due to the papacy and some concessions were made. More serious disagreements arose with Leopold II , later emperor, and Scipione de' Ricci , bishop of Pistoia and Prato , upon the questions of proposed liberal reforms to
451-620: The Vatican Grottoes . His remains were placed in an ancient marble sarcophagus. The inscription on the wall above the container reads: "The mortal remains of Pius VI, consumed in unjust exile, by order of Pius XII were placed fittingly here and decorated by a marble ornament most excellent for its art and history in 1949". A long audience with Pius VI is one of the most extensive scenes in the Marquis de Sade 's narrative Juliette , published in 1798. Juliette shows off her learning to
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#1732779532313492-537: The entrance antiphon on the 28th Sunday in Ordinary Time. The De Profundis bell is a slow, solemn and measured toll of the bell that marks the end of the day. In 1610, Pope Paul V established the custom of ringing the De Profundis bell on All Saints' Day . Pope Clement XII encouraged Christians through his brief Caelestes Ecclesiae thesauros promulgated on August 14, 1736, to pray daily for
533-789: The American clergy from the jurisdiction of the Vicar Apostolic in England, and erected the first American episcopal see, the Diocese of Baltimore in November 1789. Pius VI elevated 73 cardinals in 23 consistories. He canonized no saints during his pontificate but beatified a total of 39 individuals that included Lawrence of Brindisi and Amato Ronconi . The pope also set the Papal States' finances on much steadier ground. Pius
574-772: The Church in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . The papal bull Auctorem fidei , issued on 28 August 1794, is a condemnation of the Gallican and Jansenist propositions and tendencies of the Synod of Pistoia (1786). On 17 August 1775, Pope Pius VI promulgated with a Papal Decree the authenticity of Our Lady of Šiluva . Pius VI saw the development of the Catholic Church in the United States of America . He released
615-534: The French revolutionaries abolished "the monarchy, the best of all governments". In 1796, French Republican troops under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italy and defeated the Papal troops. The French occupied Ancona and Loreto . Pius VI sued for peace which was granted at Tolentino on 19 February 1797; but on 28 December 1797, in a riot blamed by papal forces on some Italian and French revolutionists,
656-447: The Jesuits and believed he would continue the policy of Clement XIV and maintain the provisions of Clement's brief Dominus ac Redemptor (1773) which had dissolved the order. On the other hand, the pro-Jesuit Zelanti faction believed him to be secretly sympathetic towards the order and expected him to remedy the wrongs the Jesuits suffered in the previous pontificate. These various expectations would face Braschi after his election with
697-464: The archbishop- elector of Mainz , wrote under the pseudonym of "Febronius", expounding Gallican ideas of national Catholic Churches. Although Hontheim was himself induced (not without public controversy) publicly to retract his positions, they were nevertheless adopted in Austria . There the social and ecclesiastical reforms which had been undertaken by Emperor Joseph II and his minister Kaunitz , as
738-729: The current Liturgy of the Hours , the psalm is recited or sung at vespers on the Saturday of the fourth week of the four-weekly cycle of liturgical prayers, and on Wednesday evenings. In the Liturgy of the Mass, Psalm 130 is read on the 10th Sunday of Ordinary Time in Year B, on the 5th Sunday of Lent in Year A, and on the Tuesday in the 27th Week in Ordinary Time on weekday cycle I. It is also used as
779-516: The death of Cardinal Ruffo, Benedict appointed Braschi one of his own secretaries. In 1755, the pope appointed him as a canon of St Peter's Basilica. In 1758, putting an end to an engagement to be married, Braschi was ordained to the priesthood. He was also appointed in 1758 Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura and held that position until the following year. He also became the auditor and secretary to Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico ,
820-577: The evening Angelus . According to the Rituale Romanum , the recitation of Psalm 130 accompanies the blessing of a new bell in a church or chapel, perhaps because the tolling of a church bell connotes a transition through death to life beyond. In the Church of England 's Book of Common Prayer , this psalm is appointed to be read on the evening of the twenty-seventh day of the month, as well as at Evensong on Ash Wednesday . De Profundis
861-430: The hymn " Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir " (Out of deep distress I cry to you), which has inspired several composers, including Bach ( cantatas Aus der Tiefen rufe ich, Herr, zu dir, BWV 131 and Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir, BWV 38 ), Mendelssohn and Reger . Pope Pius VI Pope Pius VI ( Italian : Pio VI ; born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi , 25 December 1717 – 29 August 1799)
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#1732779532313902-507: The less scrupulous. Left without any specific task, he retired to the Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco , of which he was commendatory abbot . Pope Clement XIV died in 1774 and in the ensuing conclave to choose a successor, Spain , France and Portugal dropped all objections to the election of Braschi, who was one of the more moderate opponents of the anti- Jesuit stance of the late pope. Braschi received support from those who disliked
943-435: The nephew of Pope Clement XIII . In 1766, Clement XIII appointed Braschi treasurer of the camera apostolica . Braschi was a conscientious administrator, which was not good news for some. The latter managed to convince Pope Clement XIV to curb his zeal by promoting him to the cardinalate and accordingly on 26 April 1773 he was made Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Onofrio . For a brief period of time this rendered him innocuous to
984-519: The opening paragraph of the long Tachanun recited on Mondays and Thursdays. According to the Rule of Saint Benedict established around 530, the psalm was used at the beginning of the vespers service on Tuesday, followed by Psalm 131 (130). Psalm 130 came to be associated with the seven penitential psalms which were recited after the hour of Lauds on Fridays in Lent in the medieval Christendom. In
1025-533: The papal nuncio , Antonio Dugnani, was recalled to Rome as a result. One of the reasons for the breach was the seizure by the revolutionaries of the Comtat Venaissin , ending 516 years of Papal rule in Avignon. King Louis XVI of France was executed via guillotine on 21 January 1793, and his daughter Marie Thérèse petitioned Rome for the canonization of her father. Pius VI hailed the late king as
1066-414: The popular brigadier-general Mathurin- Léonard Duphot , who had gone to Rome with Joseph Bonaparte as part of the French embassy, was killed and a new pretext was furnished for invasion. General Louis-Alexandre Berthier marched to Rome, entered it unopposed on 10 February 1798, and, proclaiming a Roman Republic , demanded of the pope the renunciation of his temporal authority. Upon his refusal, Pius
1107-548: The private secretary of papal legate Cardinal Tommaso Ruffo , Bishop of Ostia and Velletri . Cardinal Ruffo took him as his conclavist at the 1740 papal conclave and when the latter became the Dean of the College of Cardinals in 1740, Braschi was appointed as his auditor , a post he held until 1753. His skill in the conduct of a mission to the court of Naples won him the esteem of Pope Benedict XIV . In 1753, following
1148-519: The problem of corruption in the Papal States . He reprimanded Prince Potenziani, the governor of Rome, for failing to adequately deal with corruption in the city, appointed a council of cardinals to remedy the state of the finances and relieve the pressure of imposts , called to account Nicolò Bischi for the spending of funds intended for the purchase of grain, reduced the annual disbursements by denying pensions to many prominent people, and adopted
1189-673: The psalm into two parts: verses 1-4 are a cry for mercy; verses 5-8 are a model expression of trust in God. The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish , Catholic , Lutheran , Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. It is paraphrased in hymns such as Martin Luther 's " Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir " in German. The psalm has often been set to music, by composers such as Orlando di Lasso and Heinrich Schütz . John Rutter set it in English as
1230-501: The same title. In the novel Fires on the Plain by Shōhei Ōoka, the character Tamura makes reference to the psalm's first line "De profundis clamavi" in a dream sequence. This psalm has frequently been set to music. It was sometimes used for funeral services, especially under its Latin incipit "De profundis": Some other works named De profundis but with texts not derived from the psalm are: Martin Luther paraphrased Psalm 130 as
1271-482: The souls in Purgatory inviting all to kneel at the first hour of nightfall and devoutly recite Psalm 130 with a Requiem aeternam at the end of it. Pope Pius VI by a rescript of March 18, 1781, granted an equal indulgence to those who should pray the De Profundis in any place where no bell for the dead is sounded. The Catholic tradition became that the De profundis and the versicle Requiem æternam were said after
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1312-481: The universal re-establishment of the Society of Jesus as a bulwark against the ideas of the French Revolution , but did not carry this through. Besides facing dissatisfaction with this temporising policy, Pius VI also faced elements of Enlightenment thinking which sought to limit papal authority. Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim , since 1749 bishop of Myriophiri in partibus and auxiliary bishop and vicar-general to
1353-572: The virtual impossibility of satisfying either side. Cardinal Braschi was elected pope on 15 February 1775 and took the name "Pius VI". He was consecrated bishop on 22 February 1775 by Cardinal Gian Francesco Albani and was crowned that same day by the Cardinal Protodeacon Alessandro Albani . Pius VI first opened a jubilee his predecessor had already convoked, the 1775 Jubilee Year. The early acts of Pius VI gave fair promise of reformist rule and tackled
1394-533: The whole Ketuvim (Book of Writings) section in Hebrew. Psalm 130 is recited as part of the liturgy for the High Holidays , sung responsively before the open Torah ark during the morning service from Rosh Hashanah until Yom Kippur . The custom of reciting this psalm during these times had long lain dormant until it was revived in the Birnbaum and Artscroll siddurim in the 20th century. Psalm 130
1435-608: Was Countess Cornelia Zangheri Bandi . His uncle was Cardinal Giovanni Carlo Bandi . He was baptized in Cesena two days later on 27 December and was given the baptismal name of Angelo Onofrio Melchiorre Natale Giovanni Antonio. After completing his studies in the Jesuit college of Cesena and receiving his doctorate of both canon and civil law in 1734, Braschi continued his studies at the University of Ferrara . Braschi became
1476-540: Was embalmed, but was not buried until 30 January 1800 after Napoleon saw political advantage to burying the deceased Pope in efforts to bring the Catholic Church back into France. His entourage insisted for some time that his last wishes were to be buried in Rome, then behind the Austrian lines. They also prevented a Constitutional bishop from presiding at the burial, as the laws of France then required, so no burial service
1517-533: Was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to his death in August 1799. Pius VI condemned the French Revolution and the suppression of the Catholic Church in France that resulted from it. French troops commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Papal army and occupied the Papal States in 1796. In 1798, upon his refusal to renounce his temporal power, Pius
1558-565: Was held. This return of the investiture conflict was settled by the Concordat of 1801 . Pius VI's body was removed from Valence on 24 December 1801 and buried at Rome 19 February 1802, when Pius VI was given a Catholic funeral, attended by Pope Pius VII , his successor. By decree of Pope Pius XII in 1949, the remains of Pius VI were moved to the Chapel of the Madonna below St. Peter's in
1599-625: Was taken prisoner and transported to France. He died eighteen months later in Valence . His reign of more than twenty-four years is the fifth-longest in papal history. Giovanni Angelo Braschi was born in Cesena on Christmas Day in 1717 as the eldest of eight children to Count Marco Aurelio Tommaso Braschi and Anna Teresa Bandi . His siblings were Felice Silvestro, Giulia Francesca, Cornelio Francesco, Maria Olimpia, Anna Maria Costanza, Giuseppe Luigi and Maria Lucia Margherita. His maternal grandmother
1640-715: Was taken prisoner, and on 20 February was escorted from the Vatican to Siena , and thence to the Certosa near Florence . The French declaration of war against Tuscany led to his removal (he was escorted by the Spaniard Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador ) by way of Parma , Piacenza , Turin and Grenoble to the citadel of Valence , the chief town of Drôme where he died six weeks after his arrival, on 29 August 1799, having then reigned longer than any pope since Saint Peter . Pius VI's body
1681-563: Was used as the title of a poem by Spanish author Federico García Lorca in Poema del cante jondo. A long letter by Oscar Wilde , written to his former lover Lord Alfred Douglas near the end of Wilde's life while he was in prison, also bears the title " De Profundis ", although it was given the title after Wilde's death. Poems by Alfred Tennyson , Elizabeth Barrett Browning , Charles Baudelaire , Christina Rossetti , C. S. Lewis , Georg Trakl , Dorothy Parker and José Cardoso Pires bear