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76-523: In 1998, Greg Fryer undertook the job of trying to make three copies of the Deacy Amp with May's full backing with the help of UK amplifier specialist Dave Petersen. These amplifiers produced a similar compressed and saturated sound but lacked the tonal characteristics that were so crucial to the unique Deacy sound. In 2003, Nigel Knight became involved in the amplifier's development. Several prototype amplifiers were built that were continually edging closer to

152-524: A bowling alley , fitness centre, a 15-screen Odeon multiplex cinema and a few restaurants. The ancient market is still held daily in the Market Place, including such produce as fish, jewellery, exotic foods, local foods and flowers. Kingston's civic buildings include Kingston Museum , public library , modern Crown Court , smaller County Court and the Guildhall . The Guildhall is located by

228-538: A royal manor . From 1836 until 1965 the town formed the Municipal Borough of Kingston-upon-Thames . From 1893 to 2020 Kingston was the seat of Surrey County Council . The town became part of Greater London in 1965, when the modern borough was also created as one of the 32 London boroughs . Kingston is identified as a metropolitan centre in the London Plan and is one of the biggest retail centres in

304-451: A clamped edge, its conical paper diaphragm was strengthened with strips of Chinese bamboo (British Patent No. 245,704, filed 24 October 1925, issued 14 January 1926). Cyril French became the driving force of the endeavour to start manufacturing it in his company. The first housed loudspeaker, Celestion , was launched in early 1925. Customers had a choice of oak, walnut or mahogany for the enclosure. One of French's brothers, Ralph, devised

380-515: A clothing company in 1970, and the result was now named Celestion Industries, which in turn became Celestion International Ltd. in 1979. In 1992 the loudspeaker part of the business (Celestion International) was sold to Kinergetics Holdings (UK) Ltd., which also bought the company KEF . Today Celestion International and KEF together form Gold Peak Acoustics UK. In 2006 Celestion ceased to manufacture finished professional audio systems and consumer hi-fi / home cinema products, and now focuses on

456-512: A cone-shaped bass unit of PVC with integrated dustcap. Both speaker drivers designed with the help of laser interferometry . Afterwards followed the model SL600 , which won worldwide awards in the audiophile hi-fi scene. Instead of wood for the loudspeaker enclosure a rigid honeycomb alloy called Aerolam was chosen, a material previously used only in the aerospace industry. Then followed versions with aluminium dome tweeter, designated as SL6s in standard cabinets ( MDF and wood veneer ), and

532-402: A detailed mid and bass range. Their tweeters produced very clear voices, good especially for vocal and classical music recordings. But the copper dome versions were also known for a somewhat "depressed" sounding high-frequency range, due to the relatively heavy material. Later versions used an aluminium diaphragm dome. This lighter and more efficient driver provided an output now more balanced with

608-555: A large number of bus stops, with destinations across Greater London and Surrey including links directly to Heathrow Airport . The Kingston Bypass passes to the south and east of Kingston. The bypass carries the A3 , which links the area to Merton , Wandsworth , Clapham and the City of London to the north. To the south, the A3 runs to Portsmouth via Guildford and Petersfield . A portion of

684-538: A market town from the Saxon period, with goods transported on the Thames and over land via the crossing point. Rights to hold markets were amongst the liberties granted by the royal charter of 1208 and the market formally established in 1242. A horse fair was held at a site on the downstream side of the river north of the bridge and a market extended from there to around the church by the 17th century and further south towards

760-543: A shopping mall, " The Bentall Centre ", containing the Bentalls department store and large branches of chain stores found in many British high streets. There is a large branch of the John Lewis department store group, with a Waitrose supermarket in the basement. A smaller 1960s shopping centre called Eden Walk exists nearby. The Rotunda, in a former Bentalls furniture depository building (a local landmark), includes

836-592: A two-year period. Custom transformers were produced to exact winding and laminate specs, obsolete components were sourced and made RoHS compliant and bespoke cabinets were constructed from Sapele veneered chipboard, exactly as the original. In 2010, some 12 years after the project commenced, The Brian May Deacy Amp replica was given the official approval and blessing of both Brian May and John Deacon . The first production run of KAT Deacy Amp replicas were shipped in March 2011 and sold out within one month. Production of

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912-623: A variation of the aluminium tweeter with an updated faceplate. The Celestion Kingston was introduced in 1995 as an evolution of the SL family. The innovative speaker case is made from Alphacrystal , a stone/resin mould. It tapers to the rear in a way that there is no traditional back panel anymore. In 1989 the Celestion 3 with metal dome tweeter was introduced. It set new performance standards for low-cost quality hi-fi loudspeakers, highly acclaimed by both public and critics. The later 3 Mark II model

988-638: Is a tree lined river bank fronting the expanse of Hampton Court Park. Kingston has many pubs and restaurants and several public houses in the centre have become restaurants or bars. The more traditional pubs tend to be in the northern part of the town (Canbury) and include The Canbury Arms, Park Tavern, The Wych Elm and Willoughby Arms. Further south are found the Druid's Head , the Spring Grove, The Cricketers, The Albion Tavern, The Duke of Buckingham, and several small local pubs around Fairfield. The Druid's Head

1064-488: Is also served by South Western Railway trains from Waterloo. Southbound services link Surbiton to destinations in Surrey and Hampshire , such as Hampton Court , Guildford , Woking and Basingstoke . The station building at Surbiton was built in 1937, designed in an Art Deco style by James Robb Scott . It has been Grade II listed since 1983. Kingston is served by two bus stations, Cromwell Road and Fairfield , and

1140-529: Is no longer administered by Surrey. Kingston's main open space is the River Thames , with its lively frontage of bars and restaurants. Downstream there is a walk through Canbury Gardens towards Teddington Lock . Upstream there is a promenade crossing the Hogsmill river and reaching almost to Surbiton. Eagle Brewery Wharf is a council-owned public space located on the riverside. Across Kingston Bridge

1216-614: Is notable as one of the first taverns to make syllabub , the famous dessert, in the 18th century. There are several Chinese, Indian, Thai and Italian restaurants. The local newspapers are the weekly Surrey Comet , which celebrated its 150th year in 2004, and the Kingston Guardian . In 2010 retail footprint research, Kingston ranked 25th in terms of retail expenditure in the UK at £810 million, equal to Covent Garden and just ahead of Southampton . This puts it as generating

1292-541: Is represented by Sarah Olney of the Liberal Democrats , and the area south of the railway line (including the ancient town centre) is part of Kingston and Surbiton which is represented by Ed Davey of the Liberal Democrats. Central Kingston is a busy, largely pedestrian and predominantly retail centre, with a small number of commercial offices and civic buildings. The shopping centre includes

1368-430: Is situated on the River Thames , 10 miles (16 km) south-west of Charing Cross . It is an ancient market town , notable as the place where some Saxon kings were crowned. Historically in the county of Surrey , the ancient parish of Kingston covered both the town itself and a large surrounding area. The town was an ancient borough , having been formally incorporated in 1441, with a long history prior to that as

1444-688: The Kingston loop line towards Teddington, Strawberry Hill , Twickenham and Richmond , after which trains continue towards Waterloo. From Waterloo, trains to Kingston are advertised towards "Shepperton" and "Strawberry Hill". A nearby station in Norbiton (in fare zone 5 ) is on the same lines. Nearby Surbiton station – originally named Kingston when it opened in 1838 – is on the South West Main Line in London fare zone 6. Surbiton

1520-615: The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 , becoming the Municipal Borough of Kingston-upon-Thames . It had been long been known as a royal borough through custom; its right to the title was formally confirmed by George V in 1927. Kingston upon Thames was the seat of Surrey County Council from 1893, when it moved from Newington to a new headquarters at County Hall . The county council remained based at County Hall until 2020, despite Kingston having been removed from its administrative area in 1965. In 1965, Greater London

1596-526: The Rose Theatre , which opened in 2008 with Sir Peter Hall as the director. Also, in 2001, the old Kingston bus garage and bus station, closed the previous year, was demolished and the site redeveloped as the Rotunda complex, with an Odeon Cinema , restaurants and tenpin bowling. Kingston straddles two Parliamentary constituencies: the area north of the railway line is part of Richmond Park , which

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1672-639: The SL6si with an improved audio crossover and woofer surround. Aluminium-domed models using the Aerolam cabinet were the models SL700 , and SL700SE with dual inputs. Another of the copper-domed versions, with Aerolam cabinet, dual inputs and improved crossover elements, was marketed as the SL600si . The speakers of the SL model range were generally well regarded for their natural sound and wide sound dispersion, and

1748-549: The SR (Sound Reinforcement) loudspeaker series with integral aluminium dome followed. A number of companies use Celestion speakers, including Orange Music Electronic Company , Fender Musical Instrument Corporation , Vox , and Marshall Amps . In June 2019, Celestion selected Sensey Electronics as its distribution partner in Mexico, to represent its entire range of pro audio and MI products. In September 2019, Celestion announced

1824-719: The treble was accepted by the treble unit and the bass by the bass unit, being essentially a two-way, crossover-less splitting system. In 1932 Celestion brought the Ppm Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Speaker to market. The business was hit hard by the Great Depression , like so many. Furthermore, in 1934 the British Rola Company , a dependance of the U.S. Rola Company of Cleveland, Ohio, opened in London. Rola being another loudspeaker manufacturer with similar products,

1900-688: The "High Street Investment Ranking", only bettered by Cambridge , Bath , Chichester and Reading . In 2013 Kingston became the location for a local currency scheme, designed to boost and strengthen the local economy in Kingston, as part of the Transition towns initiative. The Kingston pound began as a digital currency , and from 2018 existed in paper format, with denominations of K£1;K£5;K£10;and K£20 designed by graphic design students from Kingston University . These were taken out of circulation in 2021, but have been sold to many collectors all over

1976-605: The 3rd highest in London. A notable dramatic arts venue is the Rose Theatre , opened on 16 January 2008 and seating about 900 people. The audience are arranged around the semi-circular stage. All Saints Church is host to classical choral and music concerts mostly on Saturdays and houses a Frobenius organ. There are a number of choral societies including the Kingston Orpheus Choir and the Kingston Choral Society , an amateur symphony orchestra

2052-496: The C10 and C12 were highly praised. For many years Celestion advertising would carry the phrase "The very Soul of Music". In 1929 Celestion Ltd. moved across the Thames to Kingston upon Thames , now listed as "Gramophone Works". In 1931 the C range of loadspeakers were supplemented by the new models D10, D12 and D50. Technological improvements meant Celestion had to stay up to date. The first electrical disc-playing machines appeared on

2128-558: The Domesday Book it was held by William the Conqueror . Its domesday assets were: a church, five mills , four fisheries worth 10s, 27 ploughs , 40 acres (16 ha) of meadow , woodland worth six hogs . It rendered £ 31 10s (£31.50). In 1730, the chapel containing the royal effigies collapsed, burying the sexton , who was digging a grave, the sexton's daughter and another person. The daughter survived this accident and

2204-655: The KAT Deacy Amp was later discontinued. In 2003, Vox released the VBM-1 Brian May Special amplifier. This mains-powered unit combined a treble booster with the sound of the Deacy amp circuit with a 10W amplifier pushing an integrated 1 × 6.5" twin cone speaker. Brian May had allowed the Vox engineers to study the original Deacy amp to enable them to develop the circuitry required to accurately reproduce

2280-834: The Kingston Philharmonia, and the Kingston and District Chamber Music Society. A number of annual festivals are organised by the Council and Kingston Arts Council including Kingston Readers' Festival, Think-in-Kingston and the Festival of the Voice. Kingston University runs the Stanley Picker Gallery and Kingston Museum has a changing gallery on the first floor. A regular singing group at the Rose Theatre caters to schools and families. John Galsworthy

2356-484: The Kingston Relief Road was constructed in Kingston town centre in the late 1980s. Commonly known as the "Kingston one-way system", the road encircles the town centre, allowing for major shopping streets such as Clarence Street to be pedestrianised . On the western side of the town centre, the road passes underneath John Lewis Kingston before crossing the River Thames via Kingston Bridge. As part of

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2432-684: The Market Place. Nipper , the famous "His Master's Voice" ( HMV ) dog, is buried in the town under Lloyds Bank. His owners lived nearby in Fife Road. Kingston Green Fair was held annually from 1987 to 2008 in Canbury Gardens, next to the river, on the Spring Bank Holiday . The word "Green" in the title refers to the ethos of the fair as promoting sustainable development . For instance no meat or other products derived from dead animals were allowed to be sold, and no electricity

2508-741: The Martians in H. G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds are positioned on Kingston Hill; in The Rainbow by D. H. Lawrence the youngest Brangwen dreams of a job in Kingston upon Thames in a long, lyrical passage; Mr. Knightly in Emma by Jane Austen regularly visits Kingston, although the narrative never follows him there. Fine art is also a prominent feature in the history of Kingston. Both John Hoyland and Jeremy Moon worked from permanent studios in Kingston and many artists and designers have studied at

2584-552: The Old English words cyning and tun . It belonged to the king in Saxon times and was the earliest royal borough. There was historically some variation between authorities as to whether Kingston was 'on' or 'upon' Thames, and whether the name should be hyphenated or not. The Post Office initially adopted 'Kingston-on-Thames', the Ordnance Survey used 'Kingston upon Thames', and the old borough council preferred

2660-522: The Saxon king on the Coronation Stone. He was a pioneer in the photography of the moving image. R. C. Sherriff the playwright is also associated with Kingston, writing his first play to support Kingston Rowing Club. An earlier writer born in Kingston was John Cleland . Kingston has been covered in literature, film and television. It is where the comic Victorian novel Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome begins; cannons aimed against

2736-459: The UK, receiving 18 million visitors a year. It is also home to Kingston University . The Kingston upon Thames post town corresponds to the KT1 and KT2 postcodes . The wider borough also includes the post towns of New Malden and Surbiton , parts of Worcester Park and peripheral parts of several other post towns based outside the borough. The Kingston upon Thames post town roughly corresponds to

2812-636: The Unready (978). There are certain other kings who are said to have been crowned there, but for whom the evidence (including the writings of Florence of Worcester and Ralph de Diceto ) is less substantial: Edward the Elder (902), Edmund I (939), Eadred (946), Eadwig (956), Edgar the Peaceful ( c.  960 ) and Edward the Martyr (975). It was later thought that the coronations were conducted in

2888-408: The author was born on Kingston Hill and Jacqueline Wilson grew up, and went to school in Kingston and still lives there today. Both are commemorated at Kingston University – Galsworthy in the newest building and Wilson in the main hall. Also commemorated at the university is photographer Eadweard Muybridge who was born at Kingston and changed the spelling of his first name in reference to the name of

2964-582: The bypass carries the A309 to Thames Ditton , Hampton Court and the A308 . There are several radial routes including: In the 1960s, planners proposed a partially elevated ring road encircling the town centre, to alleviate congestion on major shopping streets and traffic heading towards Kingston Bridge . After objections from local residents, an interim one-way system was implemented in July 1963. Following this,

3040-467: The chapel of St Mary, which collapsed in 1730. Tradition dating to the 18th century holds that a large stone recovered from the ruins played a part in the coronations. It was initially used as a mounting block, but in 1850 it was moved to a more dignified place in the market before finally being moved to its current location in the grounds of the Guildhall . From Medieval times Shrovetide Football

3116-575: The course of the Hogsmill River. Goods traded included oats, wheat, rye, malt, apples and other fruit, flowers, wool, leather and cheese. Cattle, meat and fish were also traded. The regular Saturday market was supplemented by a Wednesday market in 1662. In addition to markets, regular fairs were held. Local industries included pottery, brick making, tanning, leather-working, fishing, milling, brewing and boat-building. The presence of fabric and wood-working craft skills associated with boat-building

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3192-546: The design and manufacture of lead guitar, bass guitar, professional audio and sound reinforcement speakers. Somewhere around 1969 the Celestion Ditton range of consumer stereo teak veneered floor speakers was unleashed on the British public. The range would go on to include smaller bookshelf models, but initially the lowest model was the very popular Ditton 15, to be renamed the 15XR (see the catalogue from 1978), and

3268-592: The fifth highest level of retail sales in Greater London , passing Croydon , with just four West End alternatives ahead. In 2005, Kingston was 24th with £864 million, and 3rd in London. In a 2015 study by CACI, Kingston was ranked 28th in the UK in the Hot 100 Retail Locations - and the second highest in Greater London after Croydon. In 2018, Kingston was ranked joint 5th in the UK by Knight Frank in

3344-399: The hyphenated 'Kingston-upon-Thames'. As late as 1959 the borough council was petitioning the other bodies to standardise the name as 'Kingston-upon-Thames'. The London Borough created in 1965 used the form 'Kingston upon Thames' without hyphens, since when that form has been used by the council, Ordnance Survey, and as the post town. The first surviving record of Kingston is from AD 838 as

3420-559: The launch of the F12-X200 guitar loudspeaker, the first speaker designer specifically for use with profiling amps, modeling software, impulse responses and other technologies which are designed for emulating the tones from guitar amps and speaker cabinets. Kingston upon Thames Kingston upon Thames , colloquially known as Kingston , is a town in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames , south-west London, England. It

3496-797: The leading actor, was filmed by the toppled telephone boxes sculpture in Old London Road. The 1974 Doctor Who story " Invasion of the Dinosaurs " used several locations in the town for filming. The 2008 series of Primeval , shown on ITV1 in January, featured almost an entire episode filmed inside the Bentall Centre and John Lewis department stores. Kingston featured in Primeval again in May 2009 with several scenes shot in and around

3572-452: The market in the late 1920s. These electric " phonographs " (since the 1940s known as record players, or nowadays as turntables) became more widespread, later to be combined with a radio receiver. Also in the 1930s receivers became more sophisticated and smaller, loudspeakers now were being built into the receiver cabinet itself, thus a separate unit was not necessary anymore. Many ingenious ideas were incorporated in new designs in order to raise

3648-625: The mid-range part the woofer presented, which in the first version had lacked of bass to better connect to the tweeter frequencies. In 1986 Celestion introduced the System 6000 , a double-dipole subwoofer system with active audio crossover to complement and enhance the SL series. In 1992 the Model 100 , a final variation of the SL design, came to market. It featured a conventional, but highly refined MDF / wood veneer cabinet, dual inputs, updated mounted plates, improved audio crossover and woofer design, and

3724-626: The name of the new product. He was also in charge of the cabinet designs and advertising, the two other brothers continued the plating business. A complete range with the models A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 was introduced soon, and a subsidiary in Paris was formed, Constable-Celestion, to export first speakers. In 1927 the Celestion Radio Company and Celestion Ltd. were formed, which grew and became highly successful quickly. The new models C10, C12, C14 and C24 were brought to market, especially

3800-594: The new borough. Kingston was built at the first crossing point of the Thames upstream from London Bridge and a bridge still exists at the same site. It was this 'great bridge' that gave it its early importance in the 13th century. Kingston was occupied by the Romans , and later it was either a royal residence or a royal demesne . There is a record of a council held there in 838, at which Egbert of Wessex , King of Wessex, and his son Ethelwulf of Wessex were present. In

3876-584: The original sound. The amp featured a unique white vinyl covering on a traditional-looking Vox amplifier design with a Brian May 'Back to the Light' star logo in the lower right corner of the grille cloth. The top-mounted controls from left to right are: The three knobs were of a 'chickenhead' design. Vox discontinued the VBM-1 amp in 2005. Celestion Celestion is a British designer and exporter of professional loudspeakers . What became Celestion

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3952-629: The part- culverted mouth of the Hogsmill River , and houses Kingston Council and magistrates' court . A short distance away is the County Hall Building which houses the main offices of Surrey County Council . From 1893 to 1965, before Kingston became one of the 32 London boroughs of Greater London , it was the county town of Surrey following the period of 1791–1893 when Newington had this role. Guildford has officially reclaimed this ancient, now ceremonial title as Kingston

4028-407: The quality of sound reproduction, such as the Celestion Reetone and Reetone Dual matched speaker units. The former incorporated two equal-sized speakers with a transformer, the matched units were staggered. This eliminated the tendency to "boom" greatly, because the bass could be better suppressed. The latter had large and small speakers built in and a transformer. The two units were so coupled that

4104-449: The railway in the 1830s, there was much building development to the south of the town. Much of this became the new town of Surbiton , but the Surbiton Park estate, built in the grounds of Surbiton Place in the 1850s, remained part of Kingston during the period of the Municipal Borough of Kingston-upon-Thames . A permanent military presence was established in the borough with the completion of The Barracks in 1875. Kingston evolved as

4180-416: The right to hold markets and fairs, with the oldest surviving charter being from King John in 1208. A subsequent charter in 1441 formally incorporated the town as a borough. The borough covered a much smaller area than the ancient parish, although as new parishes were split off the borough and parish eventually became identical in 1894. The borough was reformed to become a municipal borough in 1836 under

4256-412: The site of a meeting between King Egbert of Wessex and Ceolnoth , Archbishop of Canterbury . Kingston lay on the boundary between the ancient kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia , until in the early tenth century when King Æthelstan united both to create the kingdom of England. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , two tenth-century kings were consecrated in Kingston: Æthelstan (925), and Æthelred

4332-421: The six wards of Canbury Gardens, Coombe Hill, Kingston Gate, Kingston Town, Norbiton and Tudor, which had a combined population of 54,925 at the 2021 census , while the borough overall counted 168,063. Kingston was called Cyninges tun in 838 AD, Chingestune in 1086, Kingeston in 1164, Kyngeston super Tamisiam in 1321 and Kingestowne upon Thames in 1589. The name means 'the king's manor or estate' from

4408-472: The sound of the original but all fell short of the mark when compared side by side with the real amplifier. It was only in 2008 when Knight was given permission to take the original Deacy Amp apart and test and analyse each individual component that he finally began to understand the intricate workings. With this new information in hand, Knight called on speaker manufacturers Celestion , who developed and produced nearly 30 prototypes for testing and analysis over

4484-571: The time, helped to define the electric guitar sound. It was rapidly adopted by pioneers of rock & roll and popular music throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s. In 1984 the Sidewinder range of guitar speakers were unveiled. These were endowed with a special edgewound aluminium voice coil – a process developed to maximise the ratio of motor strength to mass which resulted in very high efficiency designs. In 1986 Celestion introduced its B15 and B18 range of double suspension public address systems , with power ratings up to 1,000 Watts. In 1987

4560-442: The top of the range was the formidable and always rare Ditton 66. Most models, including these two, featured ported cabinets and passive full size Auxiliary Bass Radiators (ABRs) which gave out controlled low frequencies. The 15 had 8" drivers (1 regular and 1 ABR), and the 66 had 12" similarly. In 1981 Celestion built the hi-fi box model SL6 , a compact two-way loudspeaker with a single-piece metal dome tweeter made of copper and

4636-454: The town and examples of all of these aircraft can be seen today at the nearby Brooklands Museum in Weybridge . British Aerospace finally closed its Lower Ham Road factory in 1992; part of the site was subsequently redeveloped for housing but the riverside part houses a community centre and sports complex. Following the construction of the Kingston Relief Road (commonly known as the "Kingston one-way system") in 1989, major shopping streets in

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4712-412: The town centre and the historic Market Place were pedestrianised . Two major commercial developments were also built in Kingston town centre - with John Lewis Kingston department store opening in 1990 and the Bentall Centre shopping centre opening in 1992. In the early 2000s, the Charter Quay development south of Kingston Bridge completed the riverside walk , as well as adding bars, restaurants and

4788-406: The two companies began competing for home and export markets. In 1935 Cyril French resigned from the board of Celestion Ltd, Eric Mackintosh also left in the early 1930s. With the 1940s wartime restrictions forced Celestion and the British Rola to produce loudspeakers to the same specification, the utility "W" type. Micro Precision Products , later a camera maker, was formed as a subsidiary during

4864-403: The university including Fiona Banner , John Bratby , David Nash and Jasper Morrison . Early in his music career, the guitarist and singer-songwriter Eric Clapton spent time busking in Kingston upon Thames, having grown up and studied in the area. Rock band Cardiacs were formed in the town. Recently, a scene from Mujhse Dosti Karoge , a Bollywood film starring Hrithik Roshan as

4940-526: The war. British Rola bought Celestion in 1947 and moved production to Thames Ditton a year later. The name of the company now changed to Rola Celestion , with its products sold under the brand name Celestion . The company continued making radio, " high fidelity ", and television speakers in the postwar years. In 1949, Rola Celestion was bought by Truvox , a public address system manufacturer. In 1968 Celestion started production in Ipswich , Suffolk, moving all manufacturing there by 1975. The firm merged with

5016-440: The world. The Kingston Pound is a 'tagged' sterling that can be exchanged either way on a 1 for 1 basis without any penalty. As of 2011, Kingston upon Thames has the fourth highest retail turnover for comparison goods in Greater London, £432 million annually, only bettered by the West End , Shepherd's Bush and Stratford . As of 2012, Kingston has 276,438 square metres (2,975,550 sq ft) of total town centre floorspace,

5092-694: Was a factor in the choice of Kingston as the site chosen by Tommy Sopwith to expand production of early aircraft from Sopwith Aviation 's origins at Brooklands . Well known aviation personalities Sydney Camm , Harry Hawker and Tommy Sopwith were responsible for much of Kingston's achievements in aviation. For much of the 20th century, Kingston was a major military aircraft manufacturing centre specialising in fighter aircraft – first with Sopwith Aviation, H G Hawker Engineering, later Hawker Aircraft , Hawker Siddeley and eventually British Aerospace . The renowned Sopwith Camel , Hawker Fury , Hurricane , Hunter and Harrier jump jet were all designed and built in

5168-467: Was awarded the " 1994/95 European Loudspeaker of the Year " by the European Imaging and Sound Association . According to the company the Celestion Blue , the model G12 T530 driver, was the world's first dedicated guitar loudspeaker. The 1950s emergence of louder guitar amplifiers created a need for a rugged, reliable loudspeaker. Celestion responded by modifying their standard "G12" radio speaker. The tonal character, combined with valve amp circuits of

5244-421: Was building up new senders, public interest in radio broadcasting grew rapidly. But listeners still needed to connect either earphones or gramophone horns to the first radio receivers . Installing a loudspeaker sensitive enough in decorative cabinets quickly made these sought-after pieces of furniture in the roaring twenties . French and Mackintosh perfected the design, the modified French/Mackintosh model used

5320-444: Was created and the old municipal borough was abolished. Its former area was merged with that of the Municipal Borough of Surbiton and the Municipal Borough of Malden and Coombe , to form the London Borough of Kingston upon Thames . At the request of Kingston upon Thames London Borough Council another royal charter was granted by Queen Elizabeth II entitling it to continue using the title "Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames" for

5396-482: Was described by its creator as "anti-minimalist". Kingston is principally served by Kingston railway station , which opened in 1863. The station is in London fare zone 6 and is served by South Western Railway trains from London Waterloo . Trains to Waterloo link Kingston directly to destinations such as Wimbledon , Clapham Junction and Vauxhall . Eastbound trains travel to Shepperton via Teddington , Hampton and Sunbury . Eastbound trains also travel on

5472-471: Was her father's successor as sexton. Kingston sent members to early Parliaments , until a petition by the inhabitants prayed to be relieved from the burden. Another chapel, the collegiate chapel of St Mary Magdalene, The Lovekyn Chapel, still exists. It was founded in 1309 by a former mayor of London, Edward Lovekyn . It is the only private chantry chapel to survive the Reformation . With the coming of

5548-441: Was outlawed. Kingston upon Thames formed an ancient parish in the Kingston hundred of Surrey. The parish of Kingston upon Thames covered a large area including numerous chapelries and townships which subsequently became separate parishes, including Hook , Kew , New Malden , Petersham , Richmond , Surbiton , Thames Ditton and East Molesey . Kingston was a royal manor. It was granted various charters allowing it

5624-401: Was permitted on the site unless generated by wind, sun, or bicycle power. One of the more unusual sights in Kingston is Out of Order by David Mach , a sculpture in the form of twelve disused red telephone boxes that have been tipped up to lean against one another in an arrangement resembling dominoes. The work was commissioned in 1988 as part of the landscaping for the new Relief Road, and

5700-401: Was played annually at Kingston upon Thames and in surrounding towns including Richmond and Twickenham . The windows of the houses and shops were boarded up and from 12 noon the inhabitants would kick several balls around the town before retiring to the public houses. The last game was played in 1866, by which time the urban development of the town meant it caused too much damage and the custom

5776-694: Was started in Hampton Wick (suburban London) in 1924. Cyril French and his three brothers had taken over a plating works and established the Electrical Manufacturing and Plating Company. They were listed as "electrical instrument manufacturers". Eric Mackintosh approached Cyril French for assistance with improving a new loudspeaker he had already filed a patent for (British Patent No. 230,552 on 15 December 1923, issued 16 March 1925). The BBC had started their programme in November 1922 and

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