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66-451: Decena is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Arturo Guzmán Decena (1976–2002), Mexican officer Eduardo Decena (1926–2002), Filipino basketball player Edwin Decena , American film director [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Decena . If an internal link intending to refer to

132-627: A port city but also as an industrial and commercial center. The railroad allowed goods to flow quickly from the mines and cities of the interior and the Texas border to Tampico for processing and shipment. This, in turn, caused significant growth in towns such as Matamoros and Nuevo Laredo. Since the revolution of 1910 , successive governments have dedicated themselves to building industry and infrastructure in Tamaulipas, including communications and educational systems. Norberto Treviño Zapata founded

198-465: A border with Texas on the Rio Grande. Its capital was kept at Aguayo, which later was renamed Ciudad Victoria in honor of Guadalupe Victoria , first President of Mexico . In the wake of the war, Tamaulipas remained an object of interest to American expansionists . The climate was considered suitable for the spread of slavery by Southerners who desired the admission of new territory to shift

264-550: A bullet into Gómez Herrera's head. Investigators later found Herrera's decaying dead body at the outskirts of the city of Matamoros, Tamaulipas . For killing Gómez Herrera, Cárdenas Guillén earned his nickname, the Mata Amigos ("Friend Killer"), and Guzmán Decena, the trust of his boss. Guzmán Decena was shot dead by Mexican soldiers inside a restaurant on 22 November 2002 in Matamoros , Tamaulipas after being spotted by

330-670: A la voz de libertad. Chorus: Long live Tamaulipas, proud and heroic, The region that slumbers on the banks of the river. Blood pounds in my chest At the glorious memory of her heroes and honor. Long live Tamaulipas, the beloved land That in the dire times gave her blood and life. Let us sing a hymn of love and loyalty And let all Tamaulipas vibrate to the voice of freedom. Estrofa I: Fuiste cuna de nobles varones que con la luz de su saber iluminaron, y al pasar por la tierra dejaron con sus obras su nombre inmortal. Hoy la historia, canta la gloria de tus héroes en marcha triunfal. Verse I: Thou wert

396-715: A large part of the deserters. The members were given a codename with the letter Z , starting with Guzmán Decena with Z-1. Within some months, Guzmán Decena commanded a mercenary army of 38 defected soldiers enticed by salaries substantially higher than those paid by the Mexican government. The GAFE soldiers that went to work with the Gulf cartel took with them a number of the Mexican Army's most sophisticated machine guns, assault rifles, pistols, bazookas, grenades, and telecommunications and surveillance equipment. The role of Los Zetas

462-460: A major general and bulk cargo port. Also of importance are the tourism and fishing industries, as well as much commercial shipping, based in Tampico and Altamira. The little village of La Pesca , in the municipality of Soto La Marina , about midway between Brownsville, Texas and Tampico, is a rapidly growing tourist area with lovely beaches and excellent fishing both in the Gulf of Mexico and

528-476: A professional degree. Institutions of higher education include: Tamaulipas is served by 5 international airports and one national airport. Newspapers of Tamaulipas include: El Bravo , El Diario de Ciudad Victoria , El Mañana , El Mañana de Reynosa , El Mercurio de Tamaulipas , El Sol de la Tarde , El Sol de Tampico , Hora Cero Tamaulipas , La Razón , La Tarde , La Verdad de Tamaulipas , Milenio , Periódico Valle del Norte , and Siempre con la verdad

594-480: A specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decena&oldid=1251528213 " Categories : Surnames Spanish-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Arturo Guzm%C3%A1n Decena Guzmán Decena

660-489: A state finally acceded to Maximilian's rule, and the last French soldiers left the state in 1866, leading up to Maximilian's execution and fall of the Second Mexican Empire in 1867. However, the years after Maximilian's defeat were ones of rebuilding and great growth in Tamaulipas. International trade began to blossom, especially with the coming of the railroad to Tampico, which was developing as not only

726-602: A tiempo. The current anthem of the state of Tamaulipas is Himno a Tamaulipas  [ es ] , composed in 1926 by Rafael Antonio Pérez Pérez , set to music by Alfredo Tamayo Marín . Normally, only the chorus, first verse and chorus are sung in public. Coro: Viva Tamaulipas altiva y heroica, la región que dormita en la margen del río. La sangre palpita en el pecho mío, al recuerdo glorioso de sus héroes y su honor. Viva Tamaulipas la tierra querida que en las horas aciagas dio su sangre y su vida. Cantemos un himno de amor y lealtad y todo Tamaulipas vibre

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792-401: Is 780 mm (31 in), mostly concentrated between June and September. State agencies include: Northern Tamaulipas shares its economic culture with that of Texas , and is primarily characterized by agriculture and strong growth in all industrial sectors. This region is home to many of the maquiladoras , factories owned by foreign companies but worked by Mexicans, primarily by women. In

858-582: Is a common interpretation. Another explanation of the state name is that it is derived from Ta ma ho'lipam ("place where the Lipan Apache prey"). The area known as Tamaulipas has been inhabited for at least 8,000 years. Several different cultures (north coastal, south coastal, lowlands, and mountains) have come and gone during that period. Tamaulipas was originally populated by the nomad Chichimec and sedentary Huastec , in addition to non-Chichimec hunter-gatherer and fishing tribes. A gradual process

924-472: Is a state in Mexico ; one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City , comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 43 municipalities . It is located in northeast Mexico and is bordered by the states of Nuevo León to the west, San Luis Potosí to the southwest, and Veracruz to the southeast. To the north, it has a 370 km (230 mi) stretch of the U.S.–Mexico border with

990-480: Is approximately 240 pesos per day, $ 2.00 to $ 3.00 an hour. There is a large number of people (around 200 000 only in the city of Reynosa) born in the southern neighboring state of Veracruz who are economic immigrants that end up working in the maquila industry. Tamaulipas enjoys standards slightly higher than the national averages, since illiteracy has been reduced to 5% for those over 15 years of age, average schooling reaches 7.8 years, and as many as 11% have earned

1056-407: Is still unclear why Guzmán Decena defected from the army to become a "narco-mercenary." A common explanation is that Guzmán Decena left the military in search of a higher payment, seeing that many cartel members lived ostentatiously and earned more in a year than a GAFE member earned in a lifetime. Nonetheless, he would have also lived comfortably as a successful GAFE member in the army. And by joining

1122-486: Is the flower of dreams That the worker strives to achieve. And if he reaches it, a hope Is to know death or victory. . This state is known to be the site of a territorial struggle between the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas . The resulting deaths and unresolved kidnappings from the gang violence have been described as a "humanitarian tragedy". The state of Tamaulipas is one of the most affected by violence in

1188-590: The Colombian Conflict , leading to the rise of illicit criminal organizations like the Cali Cartel and Medellín Cartel led by drug traffickers like Pablo Escobar and Fabio Ochoa Vásquez . In Mexico, there had already existed various illicit organizations doing drug trafficking like the Gulf Cartel , Milenio Cartel , Juaréz Cartel , Guadalajara Cartel , and a new group of vigilante drug traffickers called La Familia Michoacana . The Gulf Cartel

1254-480: The Gulf Cartel . But in mid-1999, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén , after his daughter's baptism ceremony, ordered Guzmán Decena to execute Gómez Herrera, the godfather of Cárdenas Guillén's baby. Gómez Herrera was cordially invited to ride in Cárdenas Guillén's Dodge Durango after the ceremony. They exchanged laughs and talked for a few minutes. Guzmán Decena, who was riding in the back seat of the truck, fired

1320-547: The Lopez Expedition , which was desired for the same reason as Tamaulipas. The French occupation and reign of Emperor Maximilian during the 1860s was difficult for Tamaulipas, at least on the borders and in the city of Tampico. Portions of Tamaulipas supported the republican forces led by President Benito Juarez in resisting the French, especially in the north. Two years after French occupation began, Tamaulipas as

1386-602: The Mexican Army Special Forces in the border city of Matamoros, Tamaulipas . Guzmán Decena was born in a poor village in Puebla , Mexico on 13 January 1976, and finished middle school and high school before joining the Mexican military to escape poverty. His talents and aggressive behavior earned him a position with an elite Mexican military group called Grupo Aeromóvil de Fuerzas Especiales (GAFE), originally trained in counter-insurgency tactics for

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1452-637: The Mexican drug war and Joint Operation Nuevo León-Tamaulipas . The Tropic of Cancer crosses the southern part of the municipality of Victoria. The coastal plains along the Gulf have a large presence in the state, whereas inland the landscape is adorned by cactus species and pasture . Predominant fauna in the region include the cougar ( Puma concolor ), long-tailed weasel ( Mustela frenata ), ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ), American badger ( Taxidea taxus ), North American beaver ( Castor canadensis ), plain chachalaca ( Ortalis vetula ) and quail . In

1518-794: The Pánuco River near Tampico and west to the Sierra Madre Mountains. The area became a haven for rebellious Indians who fled there after increased Spanish settlements in Nuevo León and Coahuila. In 1784 Nuevo Santander (Tamaulipas) led by Escandón, annexed San Antonio de los Llanos and its dependencies on the Purificación lagoon together with a certain number of ranches on the right bank of the Río Grande that belonged to Nuevo León. New settlements were then founded and

1584-568: The Sierra de San Carlos are isolated mountain ranges in eastern Tamaulipas. In terms of hydrology, the Bravo, Purificacion, and Guayalejo Rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico after crossing the state from the western inland. On their way, their basins and zones of influence naturally correspond to the areas destined for agricultural use. The Rio Grande, known to Mexicans as the Río Bravo , represents

1650-630: The U.S. Special Forces and the Israel Defense Forces . He began to take bribes from the Gulf Cartel while still serving in the military, but eventually defected to work full-time for the criminal organization in 1997. For years he recruited other members of the Mexican Armed Forces to form Los Zetas. He served as the right-hand man of Cárdenas Guillén until 21 November 2002, when he was gunned down and killed by

1716-513: The Zapatista uprising in 1994 and for locating and apprehending members of Mexico's drug trafficking organizations. Guzmán Decena reportedly received military training from the Israeli special forces . His training came into practice after more than 3,000 Zapatista rebels seized several towns across the southern state of Chiapas in 1994. The rebellion was a symbolic rising against poverty and

1782-479: The state of Texas , and to the east it is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico . In addition to the capital city, Ciudad Victoria , the state's largest cities include Reynosa , Matamoros , Nuevo Laredo , Tampico , and Mante . The name Tamaulipas is derived from Tamaholipa , a Huastec term in which the tam- prefix signifies "place (where)". No scholarly agreement exists on the meaning of holipa , but "high hills"

1848-664: The Federal Police and the Navy, launched an operation around the north of the state of Tamaulipas, allowing hundreds of families to return to their homes after months of exile in other states, mainly in municipalities like Mier, where around 4,000 people returned. According to INEGI, in 2012 Tamaulipas contained 9 municipalities with a homicide rate higher than 100 per 100,000 inhabitants: Cruillas (106), San Fernando (175), Llera (159), Mier (156), Güémez (141), Hidalgo (135), Nuevo Laredo (134), González (109) and Soto la Marina (100). On

1914-537: The GAFE, Guzmán Decena was sent to the northern state of Tamaulipas . While operating as the security chief in the city of Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas , he was recruited by Cárdenas Guillén's cartel. Investigators say that Guzmán Decena first worked with the Gulf Cartel by taking bribes from Osiel Cárdenas Guillén and turning a blind eye on the drug shipments of the cartel. Such payments were typical among military commanders, but while soldiers had often accepted bribes from

1980-448: The Gulf cartel, he was becoming a fugitive and increasing his chances of being arrested or killed. Hence, a crucial factor in his defection may have been the seismic change of Mexico's transition to democracy and the tearing rule of the PRI. The "new Mexico" and the democracy that came with it was feared by many soldiers who had made abuses during the old regime. Mounting pressures arose from

2046-553: The Mexican military captured the Gulf cartel's kingpin, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén , on 14 March 2003. The second-in-command in Los Zetas, Rogelio González Pizaña (a.k.a.: Z2 ), was captured in October 2004 and so Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano (a.k.a.: Z3 ) ascended to the leadership of the paramilitary gang, and who will become the infamous ruthless leader of the, now independent, Zetas Drug Cartel. The death of Guzmán Decena marked

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2112-409: The Mexican military. Another account written by Jesús Blancornelas indicates that Guzmán Decena went to a restaurant, had a few strong drinks, snorted a line of cocaine, and then decided to visit his mistress Ana Bertha González Lagunes, who lived a few blocks away. In order to not be interrupted, Guzmán Decena reportedly ordered his henchmen to block the street and direct traffic. Nonetheless, one of

2178-615: The Regional Technical Institute of Ciudad Victoria, the University of Valle de Bravo, and other institutions of learning. As of the 1990 Mexican census, 13 percent of the homes had only dirt floors, nearly 19 percent had no running water, and over 15 percent of the homes had no electricity. This was better than the national average but was skewed because of the high rate of development in the urban centers. In rural communities in Tamaulipas, access to running water

2244-606: The Rio Soto La Marina. The central zone contains the capital, Ciudad Victoria , and is home to much forestry and farming, as well as some industrial development. About 30% of the population lives here, both in the capital and in Ciudad Mante . Ciudad Victoria is a significant educational center, home to the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (which also has campuses in other cities in the state),

2310-624: The Tamaulipecan home . Your daughters are virtuous women That adorn the courtyard garden! Today the story, sings the glory With the myrtle, olive and laurel. Estrofa IV: Los que duermen eterno descanso, los que por ti con fe y valor su vida dieron, por hacerte feliz sucumbieron bajo el fuego que te hizo inmortal. Hoy la historia, canta la gloria de tus heroes en marcha triunfal. Verse IV: Those who sleep in eternal rest , That for you with faith and courage gave his life , Succumbed to make you happy Under

2376-477: The area unstable and weakened colonial interest in the region. What is now Tamaulipas was first incorporated as a separate province of New Spain in 1746 with the name Nuevo Santander . The local government capital during this time moved from Santander to San Carlos, and finally to Aguayo. The territory of this time spanned from the San Antonio River to the northeast to the Gulf of Mexico, then south to

2442-627: The balance in Congress back towards the slave states . Senator Albert Gallatin Brown declared "I want Tamaulipas, Potosi , and one or two other Mexican states; and I want them all for the same reason - for the plantation and spreading of slavery". In the 1850s José María Jesús Carbajal led several incursions into Tamaulipas before being indicted for violating the Neutrality Act . Filibustering efforts were also directed towards Cuba with

2508-411: The centre, north, and towards southwest, an arid and semi-arid climate predominate (both of these account for 38% of the state). A temperate subtropical climate is found in the extreme southwest of the state while in the extreme southeast, such as Tampico , there is a tropical savanna climate . Mean annual temperature in the state is around 23.5 °C (74.3 °F) while mean annual precipitation

2574-423: The country, mainly caused by organized crime. In February 2010, an armed conflict broke out between the criminal groups known as the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas, resulting in many border cities becoming "ghost towns"; such is the case of the border strip known as "La Frontera Chica" made up of the cities of Miguel Alemán , Mier , Camargo and Nueva Ciudad Guerrero . In November 2010, the Mexican army, together with

2640-554: The cradle of noble men Who by the light of their knowledge illuminated, And who in passing through the world left By their works their immortal name. Today history sings the glory Of your heroes in triumphal march. Estrofa II: En los tiempos de duelo y de guerra con tu valor fuiste el honor de nuestro suelo. Defendiste heroica la tierra y tu espada fue siempre inmortal. Hoy la historia, canta la gloria de tus heroes en marcha triunfal. Verse II: In times of grief and war , With your courage you were

2706-673: The creation of the Republic of Texas in 1836. The new republic claimed as part of its territory northern Tamaulipas. In 1840, it became a part of the short-lived Republic of the Rio Grande . In 1848, after the Mexican–American War , Tamaulipas lost more than a quarter of its territory via the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo . American president James K. Polk had desired to annex Mexican territory as far south as Tampico although his negotiator Nicholas Trist disregarded this and settled on

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2772-475: The drug lords, it was not common for them to defect from the army and join their ranks. Bribes were seen by soldiers as "benefits" to their job, and officers stood firm to the idea that they were protectors of the Mexican people. Guzmán Decena, however, shattered that model and left the military in 1997 to work full-time with a drug trafficking organization. According to the British journalist, Ioan Grillo , it

2838-491: The families of the "disappeared" who made marches in Mexico City , and many military officers were found guilty in courts-martial for human right abuses and corruption. For years, some military generals took bribes from the cartels; amid the turmoil, Guzmán Decena acknowledged that he was better off outside the system and as a leader of Los Zetas . Cárdenas Guillén then asked Guzmán Decena to help him recruit and set up

2904-436: The fire that made you immortal . Today the story, sings the glory Of your heroes' triumphal march . Estrofa V: Ya la aurora de tiempos mejores iluminó con su fulgor nuestros albores; y en los surcos que abre el arado va sembrando la fraternidad. Y su anhelo, protege el cielo floreciendo en la santa hermandad. Verse V: Since the dawn of better times Illuminated by his splendor our dawn ; And in

2970-510: The first significant success of the Mexican government against Los Zetas, but unconfirmed reports from within the organization claim that Guzmán Decena was killed by "his own men" on orders by Cárdenas Guillén, who feared Guzmán Decena's hegemony. Tamaulipas Tamaulipas ( Spanish pronunciation: [tamawˈlipas] ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Tamaulipas ),

3036-565: The following: "You will always be in our hearts. From your family, Los Zetas ." Similarly, memorials were placed in the state of Oaxaca to venerate Guzmán Decena. In an apparent revenge for Guzmán Decena's assassination, four members of the Office of the General Prosecutor were abducted and murdered near Reynosa, Tamaulipas in early 2003, allegedly by Cárdenas Guillén's men. Less than four months after Guzmán Decena's death,

3102-479: The honor of our soil . You heroically defended the land And your sword was always immortal . Today the story, sings the glory Of your heroes' triumphal march . Estrofa III: En tu seno de mirtos y rosas fuente de amor en el hogar tamaulipeco. ¡Son tus hijas mujeres virtuosas que engalanan el patio vergel! Hoy la historia, canta la gloria con el mirto, la oliva y laurel. Verse III: In your heart of myrtle and roses , Source of love in

3168-408: The line of towns along the Rio Grande would later be dubbed the "villas del norte," or northern towns (Laredo, Revilla [Guerrero], Mier, Camargo, and Reynosa) which were established as a key part of Escandón's plan for the pacification and colonization of the province. These settlements, from Laredo to Reynosa, served as a defensive line for larger centers of population in the Mexican interior. Moreover,

3234-452: The most ferocious hit squad possible for his cartel. Mexican federal agents later released the conversation between the two after an informant passed on the information of the new unit: Cárdenas Guillén – "I want the best men. The best." Guzmán Decena – "What type of people do you need?" Cárdenas Guillén – "The best armed men that there are." Guzmán Decena – "These are only in the army." Cárdenas Guillén – "I want them." Following

3300-524: The neighbors called an anti-organized crime agency which called on the Mexican Army . When the soldiers arrived, Guzmán Decena was unable to defend himself and was shot to death. After his death, flowers in his honor were placed on the sidewalk outside the restaurant and at his gravesite. According to the photos published by the local newspapers in Matamoros, a note accompanied the flowers and read

3366-606: The northern frontier shared with the United States. One of the tributaries of this natural border, the San Juan River , feeds the Marte R. Gómez Dam  [ es ] . Agricultural and cattle-raising activities are served by 14 other dams across the state, with a total capacity of 7,500 million m (260 billion cu ft) of water. About 58% of the state has a hot humid subtropical climate . In

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3432-425: The orders, Guzmán Decena recruited dozens of soldiers from the Mexican military . Some media outlets report that the formation of Los Zetas was the result of a "mass defection" of a single army unit. But military records show that this claim is false and inaccurate. Soldiers left their ranks and joined Los Zetas over some months and were from a number of different military units, but a number of GAFE soldiers made up

3498-472: The plow furrows opened Is sowing the fraternity . And his desire, protects the heavens Flourishing in the holy brotherhood . Estrofa VI: Nuestros hombres hoy luchan ufanos por mejorar su condición de ciudadanos. Igualdad es la flor del ensueño que el obrero pretende alcanzar. Y si alcanza, una esperanza es que sabe morir o triunfar. Verse VI: Our self-satisfied men today struggle To improve their status as citizens . Equality

3564-620: The pressure, combined and migrated north into the Central Texas highlands. In 1824, after the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, and the fall of the Mexican Empire , Tamaulipas was one of the 19 founder states of the new United Mexican States . Slavery was formally abolished by the 1824 Constitution . During the fights between centralists and federalists that after independence, the successful Texas Revolution led to

3630-593: The single-party rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and many rebels took arms; the Mexican government, however, sent in the GAFE to put down the Zapatistas. Within hours, 34 rebels were killed and three others were captured by Guzmán Decena's counter-insurgency group. Their bodies were then disposed on a riverbank – with their ears and noses sliced off. Now one of the brightest, highly trained, and bloodiest members in

3696-609: The southward push by the Lipan Apaches and were still hostile toward Apaches, linking arms with the local Spanish authorities against their common foe. By 1790, Europeans turned their attention from the aboriginal groups and focused on containing the Apache invaders. In northeastern Coahuila and adjacent Texas, Spanish and Apache displacements created an unusual ethnic mix. Here, the local Indians mixed with displaced groups from Coahuila and Chihuahua and Texas. Some groups, to escape

3762-636: The state there are important industrial parks such as the Oradel Industrial Center , located in the border city of Nuevo Laredo . Southern Tamaulipas' economy is primarily based on the petrochemical industries. There are petrochemical production plants around Altamira as well as a principal Gulf coast container port, refinery facilities in Ciudad Madero and many oil-industry support service companies in Tampico , as well as

3828-399: The state university system, as well as reformed the state oil industry. Marte Gómez provided increased farm sizes for private family farmers. And more recently, Emilio Martínez Manautou led industrial growth. Lately, a push has been to strengthen fishing , including efforts to increase the price of fish and shellfish on the international market. During the 1970s, Colombia was experiencing

3894-616: The villas functioned as a means to introduce Spanish "civilization" to the indigenous groups of the area. The Tamaulipas-Nuevo Leon border likely runs along old Mesquite Posts. In the mid-17th century, various Apache bands from the Southern Plains, after acquiring horses from Europeans in New Mexico, moved southeastward into the Edwards Plateau , displacing the native hunting and gathering groups. One of these groups

3960-811: The western part of the state, the Sierra Madre Oriental displays warm valleys and high sierras with peaks reaching 3,280 m (10,760 ft) in the Pedragoso Sierra; 3,240 m (10,630 ft) in the Borregos Sierra; 3,220 m (10,560 ft) in La Gloria Sierra; 3,180 m (10,430 ft) in Cerro el Nacimiento; and 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level in the Sierra el Pinal. The Sierra de Tamaulipas and

4026-459: Was available in less than 40 percent of homes. As of 2005, Tamaulipas's economy represents 3.3% of Mexico's total gross domestic product or 21,664 million USD. Tamaulipas's economy has a strong focus on export oriented manufacturing (i.e. maquiladora / IMMEX ). As of 2005, 258,762 people are employed in the manufacturing sector. Foreign direct investment in Tamaulipas was 386.2 million USD for 2005. The average wage for an employee in Tamaulipas

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4092-514: Was born in a poor family in Puebla and joined the military as a teenager to escape from poverty. While in the military, he was a talented and bright soldier, earning a position in the Special Forces of the Mexican military by the mid-1990s. During his military career, Guzmán Decena received counter-insurgency training, acquired skills in explosives, and learned how to track down and apprehend his enemies from an elite combat group trained by

4158-752: Was in charge of the State of Tamaulipas and other gulf coast states, leading to the drug trafficking rates going high in the 1990s. Around that time, a group of defectors from the Mexican Special Forces that participated in the Chiapas conflict defected as Osiel Cárdenas Guillén made them promises that they would receive better wages if they worked as the enforcer group of the Gulf Cartel called Los Zetas . They did incursions in states like Michoacán and merged La Familia Michoacana as an enforcer group from 2004 to 2006. In 2006, their crimes resulted in

4224-599: Was known as Lipan (see Hodge 1907 Vol. I:769 for a confusing list of synonyms). After 1750, when most Apache groups of the Central Texas highlands were displaced by Comanche and moved into the coastal plain of southern Texas, the Europeans of the San Antonio area began referring to all Apache groups in southern Texas as Lipan or Lipan Apache. Many Indian groups of missions in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico had recently been displaced from their territory through

4290-461: Was needed for Spain to subjugate the inhabitants of Tamaulipas in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first permanent Spanish settlement in the area was Tampico in 1554. Further settlement was done by Franciscan missionaries; widespread cattle and sheep ranching by the Spanish bolstered the area's economy while forcing native populations from their original lands. Repeated indigenous rebellions kept

4356-828: Was soon expanded by "collecting debts, securing cocaine supply and trafficking routes known as 'plazas,' and executing its foes – often with grotesque savagery." Once Juan García Ábrego , the founder of the Gulf cartel, was imprisoned in 1996, Ángel Salvador Gómez Herrera (a.k.a. El Chava ) sought to take over the assets of the criminal organization along with Cárdenas Guillén. At first, both of them functioned well together: they bought off police officers, bribed politicians and soldiers, and managed to take control of major drug shipments coming in from Guatemala . Although supposedly Cárdenas Guillén's equal, Gómez Herrera's manipulative personality annoyed Guillén, especially after Herrera's constant requests for money loans. Such behavior offended Cárdenas Guillén, who assembled his own faction within

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