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78-684: It is independent from daylight saving time , which was introduced in the USSR much later, in 1981. In fact, with both time shifts in effect, summer time was two hours ahead of standard time in the USSR. From 1982 to 1986, decree time was gradually abolished by the Soviet government in 30 oblasts and autonomous republics of the Russian SFSR . In 1989, it was further abolished in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Ukraine and Moldavia , followed by

156-541: A city in April 1907. The City of Port Arthur ceased to exist at the end of December 1969. In 2006, Prince Arthur's Landing was adopted as the name for a mix-use waterfront redevelopment district incorporating a marina, parkland and trails, public art, restored heritage buildings, and a future hotel. Structures include the Baggage Building Arts Centre public gallery, a restored circa-1900 building,

234-489: A jail and court house in 1876, and located a Crown Lands Agent , a Crown Timber Agent, and an Inspector of Colonization Roads in the town. The federal Indian Agent was also usually located in the town. A large new courthouse was erected by the province in 1924. Attempts from 1901 to 1914 to secure manufacturing industries generally came to naught. But the Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company , later called

312-466: A large part of a summer day. Willett also was an avid golfer who disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer, and he published the proposal two years later. Liberal Party member of parliament Robert Pearce took up the proposal, introducing the first Daylight Saving Bill to the British House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee

390-674: A long and ultimately successful competition with Port Arthur to secure all the operations of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which moved to Fort William later in the century. Prospering from the CPR railway construction boom of 1882–1885, Port Arthur was incorporated as a town in March 1884. The CPR erected Thunder Bay's and western Canada's first terminal grain elevator on the bay in 1883, later leasing it to Joseph Goodwin King . In

468-634: A man healthy, wealthy, and wise", and published a letter in the Journal de Paris when he was an American envoy to France (1776–1785) suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks required

546-490: A marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime. Later sunsets from DST are thought to affect behavior; for example, increasing participation in after-school sports programs or outdoor afternoon sports such as golf, and attendance at professional sporting events. Advocates of daylight saving time argue that having more hours of daylight between the end of a typical workday and evening induces people to consume other goods and services. In 2022,

624-453: A more in-depth evaluation examining the disruption of the human body's circadian rhythms which provided evidence suggesting the existence of an association between DST clock-shifts and a modest increase of occurrence of acute myocardial infarction, especially in the first week after the spring shift. However a Netherlands study found, against the majority of investigations, contrary or minimal effect. Year-round standard time (not year-round DST)

702-610: A paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch ; he followed up with an 1898 paper. Many publications credit the DST proposal to prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett , who independently conceived DST in 1907 during a pre-breakfast ride when he observed how many Londoners slept through

780-453: A point of contention between the religious and secular, resulting in fluctuations over the years, and a shorter DST period than in the EU and US. Religious Jews prefer a shorter DST due to DST delaying scheduled morning prayers , thus conflicting with standard working and business hours . Additionally, DST is ended before Yom Kippur (a 25-hour fast day starting and ending at sunset, much of which

858-434: A publication of three replicating studies of individuals, between individuals, and transecting societies, demonstrated that sleep loss affects the human motivation to help others, which in its fMRI findings is "associated with deactivation of key nodes within the social cognition brain network that facilitates prosociality." Furthermore, they detected, through analysis of over three million real-world charitable donations, that

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936-476: A similar declaration. (The Soviet Union had operated under permanent "summer time" from 1930 to at least 1982.) Russia's plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of winter-time mornings, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to standard time ( UTC+3:00 ) on 26 October 2014, intending to stay there permanently. In the United States, Arizona (with the exception of

1014-519: A small variation in daylight over the course of the year. After synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of standard time in spring in anticipation of longer daylight hours, individuals following a clock-based schedule will be awakened an hour earlier in the solar day than they would have otherwise. They will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier; in most cases, they will have an extra hour of daylight available to them after their workday activities. The clock shift

1092-658: A social cost of $ 275 million annually", primarily by increasing sleep deprivation. A correlation between clock shifts and increase in traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. Four reports have found that this effect is smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. In 2018, the European Parliament , reviewing a possible abolition of DST, approved

1170-786: A standardization of clocks unknown in Franklin's day. In 1810, the Spanish National Assembly Cortes of Cádiz issued a regulation that moved certain meeting times forward by one hour from 1 May to 30 September in recognition of seasonal changes, but it did not change the clocks. It also acknowledged that private businesses were in the practice of changing their opening hours to suit daylight conditions, but they did so of their volition. New Zealand entomologist George Hudson first proposed modern DST. His shift-work job gave him spare time to collect insects and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895, he presented

1248-404: A study conducted in one place may not be relevant to another country or climate. A 2017 meta-analysis of 44 studies found that DST leads to electricity savings of 0.3% during the days when DST applies. Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption, but a 2008 United States Department of Energy report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to

1326-435: A weekend, in order to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour change is usual, but twenty-minute and two-hour changes have been used in the past. Notable exceptions today include Lord Howe Island with a thirty-minute change, and Troll (research station) that shifts two hours directly between CEST and GMT since 2016. In all countries that observe daylight saving time seasonally (i.e., during summer and not winter),

1404-653: Is not usually observed near the Equator , where sunrise and sunset times do not vary enough to justify it; conversely, it is often not observed in places at high latitudes where a one-hour clock shift would provide little benefit because of the wide variations in sunrise and sunset times. Consequently, only 34 percent of the world's countries use DST. Some countries observe it only in some regions: in Canada, Yukon, most of Saskatchewan, as well as parts of Nunavut, Ontario, British Columbia and Quebec do not observe DST; in addition, it

1482-500: Is observed by four Australian states and one territory; and in the United States, it is observed by all states except Hawaii and Arizona (within the latter, however, the Navajo Nation does observe it). Historically, several ancient societies adopted seasonal changes to their timekeeping to make better use of daylight; Roman timekeeping even included changes to water clocks to accommodate this. However, these were changes to

1560-622: Is partly motivated by practicality. At the summer solstice, in American temperate latitudes, for example, the sun rises around 4:30 standard time and sets around 19:30. Since most people are asleep at 04:30, it is seen as practical to treat 04:30 as if it were 05:30, thereby allowing people to wake closer to the sunrise and be active in the evening light, as the sun under DST sets an hour later (20:30). The longer evening daylight hours are attractive to golfers, for example, while farmers traditionally expressed dislike for having to be out working while dew

1638-419: Is proposed by some to be the preferred option for public health and safety. Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. DST hurts prime-time television broadcast ratings, drive-ins and other theaters. Artificial outdoor lighting has

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1716-579: Is spent praying in synagogue until the fast ends at sunset) since DST would result in the day ending later, which many feel makes it more difficult. In the US, Orthodox Jewish groups have opposed extensions to DST, as well as a 2022 bipartisan bill that would make DST permanent, saying it will "interfere with the ability of members of our community to engage in congregational prayers and get to their places of work on time." Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in

1794-436: Is still heavy. Proponents of daylight saving time argue that most people prefer more daylight hours after the typical " nine to five " workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed. For evaluation, it is required to go beyond considering only energy demand for lighting and also consider

1872-492: Is the practice of advancing clocks to make better use of the longer daylight available during summer so that darkness falls at a later clock time. The typical implementation of DST is to set clocks forward by one hour in spring or late winter, and to set clocks back by one hour to standard time in the autumn (or fall in North American English, hence the mnemonic : "spring forward and fall back"). DST

1950-691: The Canadian Department of Public Works (DPW) to construct a road and route from Thunder Bay on Lake Superior to the Red River Colony (now Manitoba ). DPW's depot and settlement on the lake, where it landed and stored its supplies, acquired its first name in May 1870, after a fierce fire. Colonel Garnet Wolseley named the tiny fire-ravaged settlement as Prince Arthur's Landing, in honor of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1850–1942), son of Queen Victoria . Prince Arthur

2028-540: The Canadian Northern Railway was constructed to serve the port, and it built numerous grain silos to supply lakers. This rail and grain trade diminished in the latter half of the 20th century. The government of the Province of Canada determined in the late 1850s to begin the exploration and settlement of Canada west of Ontario. With Confederation in 1867, Simon James Dawson was employed by

2106-678: The Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into the Queensland parliament on 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, calling for a referendum at the next state election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time-zone arrangement. The Queensland parliament rejected Wellington's bill on 15 June 2011. Russia declared in 2011 that it would stay in DST all year long ( UTC+4:00 ) and Belarus followed with

2184-642: The German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, both starting on 30 April 1916. Since then, many countries have adopted DST at various times, particularly since the 1970s energy crisis . Industrialized societies usually follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit , for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian society 's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by

2262-495: The German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary commencing on 30 April 1916, as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies , and many European neutrals soon followed. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year, and the United States adopted daylight saving in 1918. Most jurisdictions abandoned DST in the years after the war ended in 1918, with exceptions including Canada,

2340-526: The Gregorian calendar ), the country's civil clocks observe Western European Time (UTC+00:00, which geographically overlaps most of the nation). At the close of that month, its clocks are turned forward to Western European Summer Time (UTC+01:00). The time at which to change clocks differs across jurisdictions. Members of the European Union conduct a coordinated change, changing all zones at

2418-682: The McKinley Tariff , cutting off profitable exports to the US. The town was in dire economic straits until 1897–1899, when the entrepreneurs William Mackenzie and Donald Mann acquired the Ontario and Rainy River Railway and the Port Arthur, Duluth and Western Railway . They chose Port Arthur as the Lake Superior headquarters for the Canadian Northern Railway . Port Arthur thrived as a transhipment and grain handling port for

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2496-869: The Port Arthur Pulp and Paper Company , later a division of Provincial Paper Mills Ltd , and in 1920 the Kaministiquia Pulp and Paper Company at Current River. This was sold in 1922 to the Consolidated Water Power and Paper Company of Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin . The absorption of the Canadian Northern Railway into the Canadian National Railways meant the loss of many CNoR facilities. The Canadian Northern route through Port Arthur

2574-577: The Port Arthur Shipbuilding Company or PASCO, was a major industrial employer for many years. The forest products industry was important to the town's economic life. In the 1880s, Herman Finger established the Pigeon River Lumber Company , but dissolved the company and moved his operations to The Pas by 1906. In 1917, two sawmills were added the pulp and paper industry , with the establishment of

2652-482: The Wellington Philosophical Society , but this was not implemented until 1928 and in another form. In 1907, William Willett proposed the adoption of British Summer Time as a way to save energy; although seriously considered by Parliament, it was not implemented until 1916. The first implementation of DST was by Port Arthur (today merged into Thunder Bay ), in Ontario, Canada, in 1908, but only locally, not nationally. The first nation-wide implementations were by

2730-441: The 2007 United States extension of DST. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting , once a primary use of electricity. It has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency and that in 2000, the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $ 31 billion on US stock exchanges. Others have asserted that the observed results depend on methodology and disputed

2808-519: The CNR after the railway line was opened to Winnipeg, Manitoba in December 1901. From 1871 onward, Port Arthur was designated as the administrative centre for Thunder Bay District (created 1871 by the Ontario government). A provincial stipendiary magistrate dispensed justice until 1884, when the government created a judicial district and appointed a federal judge to lead the court. The province erected

2886-735: The Navajo Nation), Hawaii , and the five populated territories ( American Samoa , Guam , Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the US Virgin Islands ) do not participate in daylight saving time. Indiana only began participating in daylight saving time as recently as 2006. Since 2018, Florida Republican Senator Marco Rubio has repeatedly filed bills to extend daylight saving time permanently into winter, without success. Mexico observed summertime daylight saving time starting in 1996. In late 2022,

2964-538: The Thunder Bay District's first municipality, the Municipality of Shuniah in March 1873. This early form of regional government covered an area that reached from Sibley Peninsula to the United States (US) border. The residents of Prince Arthur dominated Shuniah, which was resented by the few residents of Fort William, Ontario . In 1881, they established their own Municipality of Neebing. They began

3042-562: The US with the Standard Time Act of 1918, a wartime measure for seven months during World War I in the interest of adding more daylight hours to conserve energy resources. Year-round DST, or " War Time ", was implemented again during World War II. After the war, local jurisdictions were free to choose if and when to observe DST until the Uniform Time Act which standardized DST in 1966. Permanent daylight saving time

3120-635: The United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests—led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland—soon began lobbying for DST, but railroads opposed the idea. The US' 1917 entry into the war overcame objections, and DST started in 1918. The end of World War I brought a change in DST use. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it—like Germany itself, which dropped DST from 1919 to 1939 and from 1950 to 1979. Britain proved an exception; it retained DST nationwide but adjusted transition dates over

3198-465: The United Kingdom, France, Ireland, and the United States. It became common during World War II (some countries adopted double summer time), and was standardized in the US by federal law in 1966, and widely adopted in Europe from the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis . Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. It is a common myth in the United States that DST

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3276-830: The United States' period of daylight saving time observation as lasting six months (it was previously declared locally); this period was extended to seven months in 1986, and then to eight months in 2005. The 2005 extension was motivated in part by lobbyists from the candy industry, seeking to increase profits by including Halloween (31 October) within the daylight saving time period. In recent history, Australian state jurisdictions not only changed at different local times but sometimes on different dates. For example, in 2008 most states there that observed daylight saving time changed clocks forward on 5 October, but Western Australia changed on 26 October. The concept of daylight saving has caused controversy since its early proposals. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for

3354-634: The Water Garden Pavilion, a skateboard park, running and cycling trails, as well as public art. In 1963 Port Arthur acquired a new coat of arms from the College of Arms in London. The original crest depicted a wooden fort with wide-open gate with the motto "Gateway to the West." The new coat of arms, designed by J.P. Brooke-Little, Bluemantle Pursuivant of Arms, featured a heraldic gateway in

3432-563: The capital city decided to switch to daylight saving time, while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST. Both senators from Idaho , Larry Craig and Mike Crapo , voted for it based on the premise that fast-food restaurants sell more French fries (made from Idaho potatoes) during DST. A referendum on

3510-550: The city of Thunder Bay . Port Arthur had been the district seat of Thunder Bay District . It is historically notable as a temporary (1882–1885) eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). It served as a major transshipment point for lakers that carried cargo to Port Arthur from across the Great Lakes . CPR's completion to the east did little to affect the city's importance for shipping;

3588-652: The clock is advanced from standard time to daylight saving time in the spring, and it is turned back from daylight saving time to standard time in the autumn. For a midnight change in spring, a digital display of local time would appear to jump from 23:59:59.9 to 01:00:00.0. For the same clock in autumn, the local time would appear to repeat the hour preceding midnight, i.e. it would jump from 23:59:59.9 to 23:00:00.0. In most countries that observe seasonal daylight saving time, clocks revert in winter to " standard time ". An exception exists in Ireland, where its winter clock has

3666-543: The energy used for heating or cooling buildings. The effect of daylight saving time also varies according to how far east or west the location is within its time zone , with locations farther east inside the time zone benefiting more from DST than locations farther west in the same time zone. In spite of a width spanning thousands of kilometers, all of China is located within a single time zone per government mandate, minimizing any potential benefit of daylight saving time there. Ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to

3744-656: The entire territory of the Soviet Union in March 1991 (nine months before its dissolution ). On 23 October 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR ruled to restore decree time in Russia. It was restored on 19 January 1992 at 02:00, with the following exemptions: Most of these exemptions are equivalent to abolition of decree time in corresponding territories. At present, all these federal subjects use

3822-413: The evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime or is good for business. Opponents argue the actual energy savings are inconclusive. Although energy conservation goals still remain, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, so the results of

3900-567: The exemptions. In 1992 decree time was only restored in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Kazakhstan, with further changes after 1992 (see the corresponding page in the Russian Misplaced Pages). Daylight saving time Daylight saving time ( DST ), also referred to as daylight saving(s) , daylight savings time , daylight time ( United States and Canada ), or summer time ( United Kingdom , European Union , and others),

3978-614: The findings, though the original authors have refuted points raised by disputers. There are measurable adverse effects of clock-shifts on human health. It has been shown to disrupt human circadian rhythms , negatively affecting human health in the process, and that the yearly DST clock-shifts can increase health risks such as heart attacks and traffic accidents. A 2017 study in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics estimated that "the transition into DST caused over 30 deaths at

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4056-646: The introduction of daylight saving took place in Queensland, Australia , in 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving. It was defeated with a 54.5% "no" vote, with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, and those in the metropolitan southeast in favor. In 2003, the United Kingdom's Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supported a proposal to observe year-round daylight saving time, but it has been opposed by some industries, by some postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in

4134-639: The last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observed DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. Moreover, the beginning and ending dates are roughly reversed between the northern and southern hemispheres because spring and autumn are displaced six months. For example, mainland Chile observes DST from

4212-502: The late 19th century, Port Arthur was greatly affected by changes in the economy. The CPR completed its construction along the north shore of Lake Superior and decided to centralize its operations along the lower Kaministiquia River . This abruptly reduced business in Port Arthur. In addition, silver mining had been the mainstay of the economy since the 1870s, but the boom in silver mining ended in October 1890. The U.S. Congress passed

4290-515: The length of daylight hours and by solar time , which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt . North and south of the tropics , daylight lasts longer in that hemisphere's summer and is shorter in that hemisphere's winter , with the effect becoming greater the farther one moves away from the equator . DST is of little use for locations near the Equator, because these regions see only

4368-505: The loss of sleep inflicted by the transition to daylight saving time reduces altruistic giving compared to controls (being states not implementing DST). They conclude that the effects on civil society are "non-trivial". Port Arthur, Ontario Port Arthur was a city in Northern Ontario , Canada, located on Lake Superior . In January 1970, it amalgamated with Fort William and the townships of Neebing and McIntyre to form

4446-608: The managing director of Harrods , and the manager of the National Bank Ltd. However, the opposition proved stronger, including Prime Minister H. H. Asquith , William Christie (the Astronomer Royal ), George Darwin , Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre-owners. After many hearings, a parliamentary committee vote narrowly rejected

4524-412: The nation's clocks "fell back" for the last time, in restoration of permanent standard time. Some religious groups and individuals have opposed DST on religious grounds. For religious Muslims and Jews it makes religious practices such as prayer and fasting more difficult or inconvenient. Some Muslim countries, such as Morocco, have temporarily abandoned DST during Ramadan. In Israel, DST has been

4602-477: The next time zone (until it adjusts its clock, one hour later, at 2 am there). For example, Mountain Time is for one hour in the spring two hours ahead of Pacific Time instead of the usual one hour ahead, and instead of one hour in the autumn, briefly zero hours ahead of Pacific Time. The dates on which clocks change vary with location and year; consequently, the time differences between regions also vary throughout

4680-689: The northern regions of the UK. In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST. In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time-zone arrangement for daylight saving in South East Queensland , while

4758-563: The proposal in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. People in the US demonstrated even more skepticism; Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee. Germany and its allies led the way in introducing DST during World War I on 30 April 1916, aiming to alleviate hardships due to wartime coal shortages and air-raid blackouts. The political equation changed in other countries;

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4836-646: The pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Retailing, sports, and tourism interests have historically favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening-entertainment interests (and some religious groups ) have opposed it; energy crises and war prompted its initial adoption. Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues. It attracted many supporters, including Arthur Balfour , Churchill, David Lloyd George , Ramsay MacDonald , King Edward VII (who used half-hour DST or " Sandringham time " at Sandringham),

4914-431: The rest of the state maintained standard time. DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland state election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote , equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested. After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed. Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington introduced

4992-424: The same instant, at 01:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which means that it changes at 02:00 Central European Time (CET), equivalent to 03:00 Eastern European Time (EET). As a result, the time differences across European time zones remain constant. North America coordination of the clock change differs, in that each jurisdiction changes at each local clock's 02:00, which temporarily creates an imbalance with

5070-499: The same offset ( UTC+00:00 ) and legal name as that in Britain ( Greenwich Mean Time )—but while its summer clock also has the same offset as Britain's ( UTC+01:00 ), its legal name is Irish Standard Time as opposed to British Summer Time . Since 2019, Morocco observes daylight saving time every month but Ramadan . During the holy month (the date of which is determined by the lunar calendar and thus moves annually with regard to

5148-526: The second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at the local clock's 24:00 . In some countries, clocks are governed by regional jurisdictions within the country such that some jurisdictions change and others do not; this is currently the case in Australia, Canada, and the United States. From year to year, the dates on which to change clock may also move for political or social reasons. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 formalized

5226-485: The summer of 1922. Some businesses followed suit, though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated. Since Germany's adoption of DST in 1916, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals of DST, with similar politics involved. The history of time in the United States features DST during both world wars , but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota , kept different clocks for two weeks in May 1965:

5304-483: The sun more flexibly than DST does, often dividing daylight into 12 hours regardless of daytime, so that each daylight hour became progressively longer during spring and shorter during autumn. For example, the Romans kept time with water clocks that had different scales for different months of the year; at Rome's latitude, the third hour from sunrise ( hora tertia ) started at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at

5382-473: The time divisions of the day rather than setting the whole clock forward. In a satirical letter to the editor of the Journal de Paris in 1784, Benjamin Franklin suggested that if Parisians could only wake up earlier in the summer they would economize on candle and oil usage, but he did not propose changing the clocks. In 1895, New Zealand entomologist and astronomer George Hudson made the first realistic proposal to change clocks by two hours every spring to

5460-424: The winter solstice , but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. From the 14th century onward, equal-length civil hours supplanted unequal ones, so civil time no longer varied by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as monasteries of Mount Athos and in Jewish ceremonies. Benjamin Franklin published the proverb "early to bed and early to rise makes

5538-424: The year. For example, Central European Time is usually six hours ahead of North American Eastern Time , except for a few weeks in March and October/November, while the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could be five hours apart during the northern summer, three hours during the southern summer, and four hours for a few weeks per year. Since 1996, European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to

5616-418: The years for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. As of 2009 , summer time began annually on the last Sunday in March under a European Community directive, which may be Easter Sunday (as in 2016). In the US, Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson —an avid golfer like Willett—vetoed the repeal twice, but his second veto

5694-428: Was downgraded by the new CNR. But western Canadian grain companies preferred to build their large new terminal grain elevators on Thunder Bay rather than on Fort William's Kaministiquia River . Lakehead University was established on a site within the former city of Port Arthur, whose intercity area increasingly became a focus of industrial and commercial activity in the post-World War II period. Port Arthur became

5772-508: Was enacted for the winter of 1974, but there were complaints of children going to school in the dark and working people commuting and starting their work day in pitch darkness during the winter, and it was repealed a year later. Year-round daylight time has been adopted by the Canadian province of Saskatchewan , except Lloydminster and area. The relevant authorities usually schedule clock changes to occur at (or soon after) midnight and on

5850-406: Was first implemented for the benefit of farmers. In reality, farmers have been one of the strongest lobbying groups against DST since it was first implemented. The factors that influence farming schedules, such as morning dew and dairy cattle 's readiness to be milked, are ultimately dictated by the sun, so the clock change introduces unnecessary challenges. DST was first implemented in

5928-491: Was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally, including New York (so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London), and Chicago and Cleveland (to keep pace with New York). Wilson's successor as president, Warren G. Harding , opposed DST as a "deception", reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer. He ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 8 am rather than 9 am during

6006-480: Was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915. Port Arthur, Ontario , Canada, was the first city in the world to enact DST, on 1 July 1908. This was followed by Orillia , Ontario, introduced by William Sword Frost while mayor from 1911 to 1912. The first states to adopt DST ( German : Sommerzeit ) nationally were those of

6084-686: Was then serving with his regiment in Montreal. In 1871 the Ontario government surveyed the Prince Arthur's Landing Town Plot, thereby officially confirming the name and opening the land for legal possession. In May 1883 this unwieldy name was changed unilaterally by Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) officials in Winnipeg to Port Arthur . The namesake prince did not visit the settlement until May 1890, when he and his entourage briefly stopped there. The residents of Prince Arthur's Landing developed

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