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110-468: Denise " Dee " Barnes (stage names Sista D and D Zire ) is an American rapper and former Fox television personality who performed in the West Coast hip hop female duo Body & Soul and hosted a radio show on KDAY , prior to gaining wider fame as the host of Fox 's hip hop show Pump It Up! , a weekly FOX TV rap music series on air from 1989-1992, according to IMDb. On January 27, 1991, she

220-482: A Google Doodle as a narrator, which observed the 44th anniversary of DJ Kool Herc 's pioneering use of the hip-hop break . In 2019, coinciding with the release of his Netflix film Grass Is Greener , Freddy served as creative director for the full-size hip hop photography and culture exhibit entitled, Contact High: A Visual History of Hip-Hop , based on the 2018 book of the same name created and written by Vikki Tobak (published by Clarkson Potter ). The exhibit

330-561: A brick wall near the stairway" as his bodyguard held off the crowd with a gun. After Dr. Dre tried to throw her down the stairs and failed, he began kicking her in the ribs and hands. She escaped and ran into the women's restroom. Dr. Dre followed her and "grabbed her from behind by the hair again and proceeded to punch her in the back of the head". Finally, Dre and his bodyguard ran from the building. N.W.A. promoter Doug Young claims that he attempted to intervene to restrain Dr. Dre , but that he

440-527: A guerilla style . At the time she was seeking a record deal, she also was attending journalism school. Barnes later said she felt a responsibility to document the developing history of rap and hip-hop. After an episode aired in November 1990 which featured interviews with both N.W.A and Ice Cube, Dr. Dre physically beat Barnes at a party in January 1991 in front of hundreds; the show ended later in 1991. This

550-539: A $ 22.75 million lawsuit against Dr. Dre and several members of N.W.A., as reported by the Los Angeles Times , accusing Dr. Dre of assault and battery and emotional distress; the others were accused of libel, slander, and emotional distress. She provided a deposition of that night's events that July. The lawsuit was settled out of court in 1993, reportedly for "six figures". The other members of N.W.A. defended Dr. Dre. In September 1991, Eazy-E made light of

660-551: A Jamaican immigrant, started delivering simple raps at his parties, which some claim were inspired by the Jamaican tradition of toasting . However, Kool Herc himself denies this link (in the 1984 book Hip Hop ), saying, "Jamaican toasting? Naw, naw. No connection there. I couldn't play reggae in the Bronx. People wouldn't accept it. The inspiration for rap is James Brown and the album Hustler's Convention ". Herc also suggests he

770-484: A better person, become a better man. In the end, I've hurt people that I care about. And for that, I'm really sorry. Rapper Rapping (also rhyming , flowing , spitting , emceeing , or MCing ) is an artistic form of vocal delivery and emotive expression that incorporates " rhyme , rhythmic speech, and [commonly] street vernacular ". It is usually performed over a backing beat or musical accompaniment. The components of rap include "content" (what

880-492: A biography of her life, according to a 2019 VIBE Magazine article. Barnes grew up in New York City and became interested in hip-hop after hearing older children practicing in the park and attending concerts at the local roller rink, including a performance by Davy D . She began working in radio as an intern for The DJ Red Alert show on 98.7 Kiss FM ; after graduating from high school, Barnes moved to Los Angeles in

990-413: A cameo role painting graffiti art in the background. ( Grandmaster Flash , who was also name-checked in the song, did not show up on the day of the shoot, so Basquiat took his place behind the turntables). "Rapture" was the first hip hop video to be shown on MTV . Freddy connected with New York underground filmmaker Charlie Ahearn , who he had met at The Times Square Show , and they began production on

1100-463: A cappella , meaning without accompaniment of any sort. When a rap or hip-hop artist is creating a song, "track", or record, done primarily in a production studio, most frequently a producer provides the beat(s) for the MC to flow over. Stylistically, rap occupies a gray area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing . The word, which predates the musical form, originally meant "to lightly strike", and

1210-424: A command". The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning "to utter (esp. an oath) sharply, vigorously, or suddenly". Wentworth and Flexner 's Dictionary of American Slang gives the meaning "to speak to, recognize, or acknowledge acquaintance with someone", dated 1932, and a later meaning of "to converse, esp. in an open and frank manner". It

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1320-470: A door." Barnes sued in February 1991, telling reporter Alan Light: "They've grown up with the mentality that it's okay to hit women, especially black women. Now there's a lot of kids listening and thinking it's okay to hit women who get out of line." Some others condemned the incident. Jerry Heller , then manager of N.W.A, called the incident "disgraceful" in his book and said that he was "left to clean up

1430-487: A few weeks before the Sugarhill Gang in 1979. In another interview Curtis said: "There was rapping in the Bronx and the cats there had been doing it for a while...Fatback certainly didn't invent rap or anything. I was just interested in it and I guess years later we were the first to record it. At the time you could already see cats rapping everywhere in the streets and doing stuff." With the decline of disco in

1540-501: A few" as artists who exemplify this progression. Kool Moe Dee adds, "in 2002 Eminem created the song that got the first Oscar in Hip-Hop history [Lose Yourself] ... and I would have to say that his flow is the most dominant right now (2003)". There are many different styles of flow, with different terminology used by different people – stic.man of Dead Prez uses the following terms – Alternatively, music scholar Adam Krims uses

1650-604: A jazz poet/musician, has been cited as an influence on rappers such as Chuck D and KRS-One . Scott-Heron himself was influenced by Melvin Van Peebles , whose first album was 1968's Brer Soul . Van Peebles describes his vocal style as "the old Southern style", which was influenced by singers he had heard growing up in South Chicago . Van Peebles also said that he was influenced by older forms of African-American music : "... people like Blind Lemon Jefferson and

1760-479: A musical style for another decade. Rap was used to describe talking on records as early as 1970 on Isaac Hayes ' album ...To Be Continued with the track name "Monologue: Ike's Rap I". Hayes' "husky-voiced sexy spoken 'raps' became key components in his signature sound". Del the Funky Homosapien similarly states that rap was used to refer to talking in a stylistic manner in the early 1970s: "I

1870-533: A near-fatal accident. This caused great offense to Dr. Dre , who was a close friend of The DOC. On January 27, 1991, just before she turned 23, Dr. Dre encountered Barnes at a record release party for Bytches With Problems at the Po Na Na Souk club in Hollywood. According to Barnes, he picked her up by her hair, unprovoked, and "began slamming her head and the right side of her body repeatedly against

1980-518: A pause or emphasis on words in certain places.", and Aesop Rock says, "I have a system of maybe 10 little symbols that I use on paper that tell me to do something when I'm recording." Hip-hop scholars also make use of the same flow diagrams: the books How to Rap and How to Rap 2 use the diagrams to explain rap's triplets, flams, rests, rhyme schemes, runs of rhyme, and breaking rhyme patterns, among other techniques. Similar systems are used by PhD musicologists Adam Krims in his book Rap Music and

2090-465: A rapper to master, and a must for any MC. An MC with poor breath control cannot deliver difficult verses without making unintentional pauses. Raps are sometimes delivered with melody. West Coast rapper Egyptian Lover was the first notable MC to deliver "sing-raps". Popular rappers such as 50 Cent and Ja Rule add a slight melody to their otherwise purely percussive raps whereas some rappers such as Cee-Lo Green are able to harmonize their raps with

2200-634: A regular guest on Glenn O'Brien 's public access cable show TV Party . As a frequent attendant at the Mudd Club and a participant in seminal The Times Square Show , Freddy was a bridge between the New York uptown graffiti and early rap scene and the downtown No Wave art scene. "I was bringing the whole music, hip-hop, art, break dancing, and urban cultural thing to the downtown table", he said. In late 1980, Glenn O'Brien cast Freddy, along with fellow Lower East Side graffiti writer Quiñones, in

2310-399: A sense, there's a whole network to keep me hidden." According to Barnes, a producer for Pump It Up! combined interviews with N.W.A and Ice Cube in the same episode that first aired in November 1990; at the time, N.W.A and Cube were feuding over his 1989 departure from the group. Barnes had conducted an interview with N.W.A that October, and was interviewing Yo-Yo on the set of Boyz N

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2420-458: A separate essay that "It's only after the drink is thrown that the Dre character retaliates with physical violence. That is a fabrication intended to excuse his actions." However, she added that "Dre stepped up and performed his social responsibility by finally taking accountability for his actions. Who cares why he apologized? The point is that he did." In The Defiant Ones (2017), Dre elaborated on

2530-412: A shift in the way MCs rhymed: "Up until Rakim, everybody who you heard rhyme, the last word in the sentence was the rhyming [word], the connection word. Then Rakim showed us that you could put rhymes within a rhyme ... now here comes Big Daddy Kane — instead of going three words, he's going multiple". How to Rap explains that "rhyme is often thought to be the most important factor in rap writing ... rhyme

2640-414: A significant role in expressing social and political issues, addressing topics such as racism, poverty, and political oppression. By the 21st century, rap had become a global phenomenon, influencing music, fashion, and culture worldwide. The English verb rap has various meanings; these include "to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow", as well "to utter sharply or vigorously: to rap out

2750-543: A special wedding guest in the film Rachel Getting Married , along with other notable musicians, as conceived by producer Jonathan Demme to enhance the expansive and varied soundtrack and wedding members, in contrast with the normal duality of a traditional wedding. In 2016, he played the role of Atticus Howard in " Mob Rules " the fourth episode of the seventh season of the CBS police procedural drama Blue Bloods . On August 11, 2017, an animated version of Freddy appeared in

2860-401: A striking resemblance to the evolution of jazz both stylistically and formally". Boxer Muhammad Ali anticipated elements of rap, often using rhyme schemes and spoken word poetry, both for when he was trash talking in boxing and as political poetry for his activism outside of boxing, paving the way for The Last Poets in 1968, Gil Scott-Heron in 1970, and the emergence of rap music in

2970-644: A successful black man. Excusing pop culture icons from scrutiny over their history of violence against women because they are elevated to "hero" status is wrong on so many levels. Creating notable, brilliant art does not absolve you of your faults. In the past, great art was enough to exalt men of their bad behavior, but in 2015 it's no longer the case. Survivors have a right and an obligation to speak up (#NoSilenceOnDomesticViolence). We are too loud, too correct, too numerous to be ignored.   — Dee Barnes, Gawker (August 24, 2015) On February 14, 1991, Barnes co-hosted The Motherlode with Fab 5 Freddy ; it

3080-512: Is a primary ingredient of hip-hop music , and so commonly associated with the genre that it is sometimes called "rap music". Precursors to modern rap music include the West African griot tradition, certain vocal styles of blues and jazz , an African-American insult game called playing the dozens (see Battle rap and Diss ), and 1960s African-American poetry. Stemming from the hip-hop cultural movement , rap music originated in

3190-450: Is an excuse for what I did. I've been married for 19 years and every day I'm working to be a better man for my family, seeking guidance along the way. I'm doing everything I can so I never resemble that man again. [...] I apologize to the women I've hurt. I deeply regret what I did and know that it has forever impacted all of our lives." However, neither apology mentions Barnes or his ex-girlfriend, musician Michel'le , directly. The incident

3300-409: Is being said, e.g., lyrics ), "flow" ( rhythm , rhyme ), and "delivery" ( cadence , tone ). Rap differs from spoken-word poetry in that it is usually performed off-time to musical accompaniment. It also differs from singing , which varies in pitch and does not always include words . Because they do not rely on pitch inflection, some rap artists may play with timbre or other vocal qualities. Rap

3410-453: Is bigger than me, and bigger than hip-hop. This is about respect and awareness. As a result of speaking on my personal experience with violence, I have been vilified. Women survivors of violence are expected neither to be seen nor heard, and the pressure increases when it involves celebrities. No one wants to see their heroes criticized. And if they are African American, the community at large becomes suspicious of an underlying motive to tear down

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3520-671: Is commonly referred to as the "Migos Flow" (a term that is contentious within the hip-hop community). Mitchell Ohriner in "Flow: The Rhythmic Voice in Rap Music" describes seven "groove classes" consisting of archetypal sixteen-step accent patterns generated by grouping notes in clusters of two and/or three. These groove classes are further distinguished from one another as "duple" and "nonduple". Groove classes without internal repetition can occur in any of sixteen rhythmic rotations, whereas groove classes with internal repetition have fewer meaningful rotations. The standard form of rap notation

3630-443: Is featured in rapper Eminem 's 1999 song " Guilty Conscience ", in which Eminem references the incident as a humorous put-down. Dre reportedly fell out of his chair laughing at it. Twenty-four years later, Dr. Dre made apologies in 2015 "to the women I've hurt", just before the release of the film Straight Outta Compton . Rolling Stone published a cover article in which he said "I made some fucking horrible mistakes in my life. I

3740-532: Is now used to describe quick speech or repartee. The word has been used in the English language since the 16th century. In the 1960s the word became a slang term meaning "to converse" in African American vernacular , and very soon after that came to denote the musical style. The word "rap" is so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. Rap music has played

3850-516: Is said to be the very first co-production of Punk and Hip Hop. In 1988, Freddy became the first hip hop VJ by hosting the MTV music video show entitled Yo! MTV Raps . He later went on to be an associate producer on the 1991 film New Jack City in which he also made an appearance. That year he was the subject of an extensive profile by Susan Orlean in The New Yorker which began with

3960-468: Is still the rhyme foundation all emcees are building on". Artists and critics often credit Rakim with creating the overall shift from the more simplistic old school flows to more complex flows near the beginning of hip hop's new school – Kool Moe Dee says, "any emcee that came after 1986 had to study Rakim just to know what to be able to do. Rakim, in 1986, gave us flow and that was the rhyme style from 1986 to 1994. From that point on, anybody emceeing

4070-459: Is the flow diagram, where rappers line-up their lyrics underneath "beat numbers". Different rappers have slightly different forms of flow diagram that they use: Del the Funky Homosapien says, "I'm just writing out the rhythm of the flow, basically. Even if it's just slashes to represent the beats, that's enough to give me a visual path.", Vinnie Paz states, "I've created my own sort of writing technique, like little marks and asterisks to show like

4180-416: Is these meanings from which the musical form of rapping derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of repartee . A rapper refers to a performer who "raps". By the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to H. Rap Brown , rap was a slang term referring to an oration or speech, such as was common among the "hip" crowd in the protest movements, but it did not come to be associated with

4290-534: Is what gives rap lyrics their musicality. Many of the rhythmic techniques used in rapping come from percussive techniques and many rappers compare themselves to percussionists . How to Rap 2 identifies all the rhythmic techniques used in rapping such as triplets , flams , 16th notes , 32nd notes , syncopation , extensive use of rests , and rhythmic techniques unique to rapping such as West Coast "lazy tails", coined by Shock G . Rapping has also been done in various time signatures , such as 3/4 time . Since

4400-600: The 2000s , rapping has evolved into a style of rap that spills over the boundaries of the beat, closely resembling spoken English. Rappers like MF Doom and Eminem have exhibited this style, and since then, rapping has been difficult to notate. The American hip-hop group Crime Mob exhibited a new rap flow in songs such as " Knuck If You Buck ", heavily dependent on triplets. Rappers including Drake , Kanye West , Rick Ross , Young Jeezy and more have included this influence in their music. In 2014, an American hip-hop collective from Atlanta , Migos , popularized this flow, and

4510-527: The Global Impact Award and named it for him, she called him an abuser: "... to name an award after someone with that type of history in the music industry, you might as well call it the ' Ike Turner Award'. [... Dre] said it himself in the documentary The Defiant Ones : I'm a 'blemish' on who he is as a man. Well, what do you do with a blemish? There's a whole industry created—skincare lines and vitamins and rituals—to get rid of blemishes. And, in

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4620-470: The acronym 's expansion may be considered evidence for its ubiquity: the full term "Master of Ceremonies" is very rarely used in the hip-hop scene. This confusion prompted the hip-hop group A Tribe Called Quest to include this statement in the liner notes to their 1993 album Midnight Marauders : Fab 5 Freddy In the late 1970s, Freddy became a member of the Brooklyn-based graffiti group

4730-470: The griots of West Africans were delivering stories rhythmically , over drums and sparse instrumentation. Such resemblances have been noted by many modern artists, modern day "griots", spoken word artists, mainstream news sources, and academics. Rap lyrics and music are part of the "Black rhetorical continuum", continuing past traditions of expanding upon them through "creative use of language and rhetorical styles and strategies". Blues , rooted in

4840-597: The work songs and spirituals of slavery , was first played by black Americans around the time of the Emancipation Proclamation . This way of preaching, unique to African-Americans, called the Black sermonic tradition influenced singers and musicians such as 1940s African-American gospel group The Jubalaires . The Jubalaire's songs "The Preacher and the Bear" (1941) and "Noah" (1946) are precursors to

4950-500: The '90s. Music scholar Adam Krims says, "the flow of MCs is one of the profoundest changes that separates out new-sounding from older-sounding music ... it is widely recognized and remarked that rhythmic styles of many commercially successful MCs since roughly the beginning of the 1990s have progressively become faster and more 'complex'". He cites "members of the Wu-Tang Clan , Nas , AZ , Big Pun , and Ras Kass , just to name

5060-513: The 1970s. An editor of the newspaper, The Fayetteville Observer interviewed Bill Curtis of the disco-funk music group the Fatback Band in 2020. Curtis noted that when he moved to the Bronx in the 1970s he heard people rapping over scratched records throughout the neighborhoods and radio DJs were rapping before the genre was released on retail recordings. The Fatback Band released the first rap recording, " King Tim III (Personality Jock) ",

5170-529: The 2010s as "rap", the source came from Manhattan. Pete DJ Jones said the first person he heard rap was DJ Hollywood , a Harlem (not Bronx) native who was the house DJ at the Apollo Theater . Kurtis Blow also said the first person he heard rhyme was DJ Hollywood. In a 2014 interview, Hollywood said: "I used to like the way Frankie Crocker would ride a track, but he wasn't syncopated to the track though. I liked [WWRL DJ] Hank Spann too, but he wasn't on

5280-518: The African-American community were items like schoolyard chants and taunts, clapping games , jump-rope rhymes , some with unwritten folk histories going back hundreds of years across many nationalities. Sometimes these items contain racially offensive lyrics. In his narration between the tracks on George Russell 's 1958 jazz album New York, N.Y. , the singer Jon Hendricks recorded something close to modern rap, since it all rhymed and

5390-444: The African-American community—"to discuss or debate informally." The early rapping of hip-hop developed out of DJ and master of ceremonies ' announcements made over the microphone at parties, and later into more complex raps. Grandmaster Caz stated: "The microphone was just used for making announcements, like when the next party was gonna be, or people's moms would come to the party looking for them, and you have to announce it on

5500-692: The Beat" for Celluloid Records would also lead to four other records, including a song about graffiti painting by Futura 2000 with music performed by The Clash , and all were released together first in France and was soon followed by the first hip hop tour in Europe billed as "New York City Rap", in 1982. The tour consisted of DJ Afrika Bambaataa , Grand Mixer D.ST and the Infinity rappers, The Rock Steady Crew, Futura 2000, Dondi, Phase Two, Fab 5 Freddy, Rammellzee and

5610-421: The Bronx , New York City , in the early 1970s and became part of popular music later that decade. Rapping developed from the announcements made over the microphone at parties by DJs and MCs , evolving into more complex lyrical performances. Rap is usually delivered over a beat , typically provided by a DJ , turntablist , or beatboxer when performing live. Much less commonly a rapper can decide to perform

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5720-485: The Bronx hip hop set that until then was composed of DJing and b-boying (or beatboxing ), with traditional "shout out" style rapping. The style that Hollywood created and his partner introduced to the hip hop set quickly became the standard. Before that time, most MC rhymes, based on radio DJs, consisted of short patters that were disconnected thematically; they were separate unto themselves. But by using song lyrics, Hollywood gave his rhyme an inherent flow and theme. This

5830-562: The Fabulous 5, known for painting the entire side of New York City Subway cars. Along with other Fabulous 5 member Lee Quiñones , under his direction they began to shift from street graffiti to transition into the art world and in 1979 they both exhibited in a prestigious gallery in Rome, Italy, Galleria LaMedusa. In 1980, he painted a subway train with cartoon style depictions of giant Campbell's Soup cans, after Andy Warhol . Freddy became

5940-452: The Funky Homosapien , Tech N9ne , People Under the Stairs , Twista , B-Real , Mr Lif , 2Mex , and Cage . MCs stay on beat by stressing syllables in time to the four beats of the musical backdrop. Poetry scholar Derek Attridge describes how this works in his book Poetic Rhythm – "rap lyrics are written to be performed to an accompaniment that emphasizes the metrical structure of

6050-492: The Hood a week later when Ice Cube interrupted the interview with some comments about N.W.A, and afterward, Barnes quipped on camera "Sister Dee, always in the middle of controversy right here on Pump It Up! ". The cameraman for that interview was F. Gary Gray , who went on to direct the N.W.A biopic Straight Outta Compton . This was shortly after N.W.A had dissed Ice Cube with their 100 Miles and Runnin' album. Portions of

6160-610: The McDonald's double Dutch jump rope champs. They played 10 cities in France and did two shows in London. Although at that time no other American hip hop music had been released in France, that now legendary tour sparked the hip hop movement there and France still is the 2nd biggest market for hip hop music outside of America. In 1983, Freddy produced a hip-hop version of " Eisgekühlter Bommerlunder " called " Hip Hop Bommi Bop " together with German punk rock band Die Toten Hosen which

6270-581: The Poetics of Identity and Kyle Adams in his academic work on flow. Because rap revolves around a strong 4/4 beat, with certain syllables said in time to the beat, all the notational systems have a similar structure: they all have the same 4 beat numbers at the top of the diagram, so that syllables can be written in-line with the beat numbers. This allows devices such as rests, "lazy tails", flams, and other rhythmic techniques to be shown, as well as illustrating where different rhyming words fall in relation to

6380-405: The beat. The Midwestern group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony was one of the first groups to achieve nationwide recognition for using the fast-paced, melodic and harmonic raps that are also practiced by Do or Die , another Midwestern group. Another rapper that harmonized his rhymes was Nate Dogg , a rapper part of the group 213. Rakim experimented not only with following the beat, but also with complementing

6490-534: The book How to Rap breaks flow down into rhyme, rhyme schemes , and rhythm (also known as cadence ). 'Flow' is also sometimes used to refer to elements of the delivery ( pitch , timbre , volume ) as well, though often a distinction is made between the flow and the delivery. Staying on the beat is central to rap's flow – many MCs note the importance of staying on-beat in How to Rap including Sean Price , Mighty Casey, Zion I , Vinnie Paz , Fredro Starr , Del

6600-408: The book How to Rap , where diagrams are used to show how the lyrics line up with the beat – "stressing a syllable on each of the four beats gives the lyrics the same underlying rhythmic pulse as the music and keeps them in rhythm ... other syllables in the song may still be stressed, but the ones that fall in time with the four beats of a bar are the only ones that need to be emphasized in order to keep

6710-414: The clips from that episode of Pump It Up! are shown in the second episode of The Defiant Ones . Dee Barnes said in the episode that there was a bad energy in the interview with N.W.A and every answer seemed to involve a diss to Ice Cube. In production, this was then combined with Barnes's subsequent interview with Ice Cube in which he dissed N.W.A and also cruelly mimicked The DOC 's voice, shortly after

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6820-476: The crowd'. Some use this word interchangeably with the term rapper , while for others the term denotes a superior level of skill and connection to the wider culture. MC can often be used as a term of distinction; referring to an artist with good performance skills. As Kool G Rap notes, "masters of ceremony, where the word 'M.C.' comes from, means just keeping the party alive" [sic] . Many people in hip hop including DJ Premier and KRS-One feel that James Brown

6930-435: The early 1980s rap became a new form of expression. Rap arose from musical experimentation with rhyming, rhythmic speech. Rap was a departure from disco. Sherley Anne Williams refers to the development of rap as "anti-Disco" in style and means of reproduction. The early productions of Rap after Disco sought a more simplified manner of producing the tracks they were to sing over. Williams explains how Rap composers and DJ's opposed

7040-516: The field hollers. I was also influenced by spoken word song styles from Germany that I encountered when I lived in France." During the mid-20th century, the musical culture of the Caribbean was constantly influenced by the concurrent changes in American music . As early as 1956, deejays were toasting over dubbed Jamaican beats. It was called "rap", expanding the word's earlier meaning in

7150-488: The film Wild Style (1983) in 1981, which showcased artist Quiñones in the Uptown, Manhattan , environment of the Bronx and the burgeoning hip-hop culture. The movie Wild Style , the first film to illustrate hip hop culture, grew from an idea Freddy had to refute the negative depiction of New York City's urban youth and to link for the first time break dancing, rapping, DJing and graffiti under one umbrella or branches from

7260-483: The film New York Beat (later released as Downtown 81 ). The film showcased artist Jean-Michel Basquiat in his Lower Manhattan environment and the culture that surrounded it. Blondie lead singer Debbie Harry also appeared in the film and in early 1981, Freddy made a cameo in the Blondie music video for " Rapture ." As recounted in the 1999 TV documentary The Hip Hop Years , the "Rapture" video featured Freddy in

7370-400: The following terms – MCs use many different rhyming techniques, including complex rhyme schemes, as Adam Krims points out – "the complexity ... involves multiple rhymes in the same rhyme complex (i.e. section with consistently rhyming words), internal rhymes , [and] offbeat rhymes". There is also widespread use of multisyllabic rhymes . It has been noted that rap's use of rhyme is some of

7480-423: The genre of rap music. The Jubalaires and other African-American singing groups during the blues, jazz, and gospel era are examples of the origins and development of rap music. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s. Wald went so far as to call hip hop "the living blues". A notable recorded example of rapping in blues

7590-440: The heavily orchestrated and ritzy multi-tracks of Disco for "break beats" which were created from compiling different records from numerous genres and did not require the equipment from professional recording studios . Professional studios were not necessary therefore opening the production of rap to the youth who as Williams explains felt "locked out" because of the capital needed to produce Disco records. More directly related to

7700-407: The incident during an interview with SPIN . N.W.A.'s MC Ren later said "bitch deserved it" and Eazy-E echoed with "yeah, bitch had it coming". As Dr. Dre explained the incident: "People talk all this shit, but you know, somebody fuck with me, I'm gonna fuck with them. I just did it, you know. Ain't nothing you can do now by talking about it. Besides, it ain't no big thing—I just threw her through

7810-429: The incident, admitting to excessive drinking at the time: This was a very low point in my life. I've done a lot of stupid shit in my life. A lot of things I wish I could go and take back. I've experienced abuse. I've watched my mother get abused. So there's absolutely no excuse for it. No woman should ever be treated that way. Any man that puts his hands on a female is a fucking idiot. He is out of his fucking mind and I

7920-505: The label showcase This Is Delicious – Eat to the Beat . The duo also appear on the 1990 soundtrack of Marked for Death with "Ya Get's None". Body & Soul's greatest recording would apparently be their last; they recorded the 1990 posse cut "We're All in the Same Gang" as part of the Dr. Dre -produced West Coast Rap All-Stars , which earned that group a Grammy Award nomination. Barnes recalled that Body & Soul struggled with

8030-559: The late 1970s, the term emcee, MC or M.C., derived from " master of ceremonies ", became an alternative title for a rapper, and for their role within hip-hop music and culture. An MC uses rhyming verses, pre-written or ad lib (' freestyled '), to introduce the DJ with whom they work, to keep the crowd entertained or to glorify themselves. As hip hop progressed, the title MC acquired backronyms such as 'mike chanter' 'microphone controller', 'microphone checker', 'music commentator', and one who 'moves

8140-668: The late 1980s and joined Greg Mack on 1580 KDAY . She formed the duo Body & Soul with her friend Rose Hutchinson (aka Rose Almight-T) in Los Angeles; the group's 1989 debut single "Dance to the Drummer's Beat", released on Los Angeles -based record label Delicious Vinyl , heavily sampled the Herman Kelly and Life song of the same name. Its b-side , "Hi-Powered", was produced by Def Jef . The same year, Body & Soul released "We Can Do This", also produced by Def Jef, on

8250-423: The lyrics in time with the music". In rap terminology, 16-bars is the amount of time that rappers are generally given to perform a guest verse on another artist's song; one bar is typically equal to four beats of music. Old school flows were relatively basic and used only few syllables per bar, simple rhythmic patterns, and basic rhyming techniques and rhyme schemes. Melle Mel is cited as an MC who epitomizes

8360-541: The mess" afterward. He claimed that Dr. Dre was generally non-violent and that the attack was a result of excess drinking. The New York rapper Tim Dog threatened Dr. Dre on the song Fuck Compton with the lyrics Dre, beating on Dee from Pump It Up / Step to the Dog and get fucked up . Chuck D called the assault "foul" in an interview with Greg Tate , published by The Village Voice in October 1991. Dr. Dre produced and

8470-440: The mic. Different DJs started embellishing what they were saying. I would make an announcement this way, and somebody would hear that and they add a little bit to it. I'd hear it again and take it a little step further 'til it turned from lines to sentences to paragraphs to verses to rhymes." One of the first rappers at the beginning of the hip hop period, at the end of the 1970s, was also hip hop's first DJ , DJ Kool Herc . Herc,

8580-501: The military ( United States Navy ). It was within the lyrics of a rap song called " This Wall " that Hammer first identified himself as M.C. Hammer and later marketed it on his debut album Feel My Power . The term MC has also been used in the genre of grime music to refer to a rapid style of rapping. Grime artist JME released an album titled Grime MC in 2019 which peaked at 29 on the UK Albums Chart . Uncertainty over

8690-402: The most advanced in all forms of poetry – music scholar Adam Bradley notes, "rap rhymes so much and with such variety that it is now the largest and richest contemporary archive of rhymed words. It has done more than any other art form in recent history to expand rhyme's formal range and expressive possibilities". In the book How to Rap , Masta Ace explains how Rakim and Big Daddy Kane caused

8800-402: The music. To successfully deliver a rap, a rapper must also develop vocal presence, enunciation , and breath control . Vocal presence is the distinctiveness of a rapper's voice on record. Enunciation is essential to a flowing rap; some rappers choose also to exaggerate it for comic and artistic effect. Breath control, taking in air without interrupting one's delivery, is an important skill for

8910-399: The old school flow – Kool Moe Dee says, "from 1970 to 1978 we rhymed one way [then] Melle Mel, in 1978, gave us the new cadence we would use from 1978 to 1986". He's the first emcee to explode in a new rhyme cadence, and change the way every emcee rhymed forever. Rakim, The Notorious B.I.G. , and Eminem have flipped the flow, but Melle Mel's downbeat on the two, four, kick to snare cadence

9020-587: The one. Guys back then weren't concerned with being musical. I wanted to flow with the record". And in 1975, he ushered in what became known as the "hip hop" style by rhyming syncopated to the beat of an existing record uninterruptedly for nearly a minute. He adapted the lyrics of Isaac Hayes ' "Good Love 6-9969" and rhymed it to the breakdown part of "Love Is the Message". His partner Kevin Smith, better known as Lovebug Starski , took this new style and introduced it to

9130-569: The party. Together they chose The Roxy roller rink in NYC, which gained national fame once used in the film Beat Street (1984). The A-side of the 1982 single " Change the Beat " featured Freddy rapping the song in both English and French, while the B-side was a shorter version of the same song, this time performed entirely in French by female rapper Beside, who was credited on the initial pressings of

9240-505: The real world, in New York, what made graffiti what it is, was the marriage which was the placing of the individual's mark on that blank surface. But that blank surface that the individual graffiti person tags on, belongs to someone. In May 1981, Freddy was booked on Henry Chalfant 's "Graffiti Rock" performance with Rock Steady Crew at Common Ground gallery in SoHo (not to be confused with Holman's Graffiti Rock TV show pilot). The show

9350-617: The record as Fab 5 Betty. Freddy utilized a vocoder with a white noise carrier during the chorus and at the end of the B-side track. When the beat stops in Beside's version of the song, Freddy says "Ahhhhh, this stuff is really fresh", a line which is quite possibly the most scratched sample in the history of hip-hop music. It was first utilized as a scratch sample on the 1983 Herbie Hancock single " Rockit ", featuring scratching by legendary DJ and turntablist Grand Mixer DXT , and has been used in over 750 hip-hop tracks since. Freddy's "Change

9460-520: The record label for image and creative control, as the label "wanted us to be more body than soul" while they felt "sex, relationships and maybe heartbreak [are] not [exclusively] what women are about"; they had an unreleased album which was being produced by the Jungle Brothers . Also in 1989, at the age of 19, she was hired to host Pump It Up! for the new Fox television network, a show where she interviewed artists which she described as having

9570-410: The same time" and Allmusic writes, "rhymers like PE 's Chuck D , Big Daddy Kane , KRS-One , and Rakim basically invented the complex wordplay and lyrical kung-fu of later hip-hop". The golden age is considered to have ended around 1993–94, marking the end of rap lyricism's most innovative period. "Flow" is defined as "the rhythms and rhymes" of a hip-hop song's lyrics and how they interact –

9680-476: The same tree. Freddy created the film's original music, co-produced and ended up in one of the leading roles as the charismatic Bronx hip hop club promoter and former graffiti artist, Phade. In April 1981, Freddy co-curated with Futura 2000 the graffiti-related art show Beyond Words, at the Mudd Club which contained their own work along with Basquiat, Rammellzee , Keith Haring , Kenny Scharf and others. This

9790-497: The second episode of the television miniseries The Defiant Ones , which documented the lives and producing careers of Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine. In March 2019, it was reported that Barnes was facing financial difficulties and was "officially homeless". She stated on the Wendy Williams show on April 18, 2019, that she had raised $ 25,000 from a GoFundMe account. After the 65th Annual Grammy Awards , in which Dr. Dre won

9900-480: The sentence "The coolest person in New York at the moment is a man named Fred Brathwaite." In 1994, he directed the music video "One Love" by rapper Nas . In 2007, he played a murdered rap artist named Terrence 'Fulla T' Smith on the TV series " Law & Order: Criminal Intent " in the episode "Flipped". The same year, he made a small cameo in the film American Gangster directed by Ridley Scott . In 2008, he appears as

10010-501: The song's melody with his own voice, making his flow sound like that of an instrument (a saxophone in particular). The ability to rap quickly and clearly is sometimes regarded as an important sign of skill. In certain hip-hop subgenres such as chopped and screwed , slow-paced rapping is often considered optimal. The current record for fastest rapper is held by Spanish rapper Domingo Edjang Moreno, known by his alias Chojin, who rapped 921 syllables in one minute on December 23, 2008. In

10120-399: The verse". He says rap lyrics are made up of, "lines with four stressed beats, separated by other syllables that may vary in number and may include other stressed syllables. The strong beat of the accompaniment coincides with the stressed beats of the verse, and the rapper organizes the rhythms of the intervening syllables to provide variety and surprise". The same technique is also noted in

10230-468: The word". Kool Moe Dee states that Biggie introduced a newer flow which "dominated from 1994 to 2002", and also says that Method Man was "one of the emcees from the early to mid-'90s that ushered in the era of flow ... Rakim invented it, Big Daddy Kane, KRS-One, and Kool G Rap expanded it, but Biggie and Method Man made flow the single most important aspect of an emcee's game". He also cites Craig Mack as an artist who contributed to developing flow in

10340-468: Was physically assaulted by Dr. Dre at a rap industry party. Barnes pressed criminal charges and filed a lawsuit; Dre pled no contest to the charges and settled the suit out of court. He issued a public apology years later, but did not specifically direct it to the targets of his abuse, including artist Michel'le : "I apologize to the women I've hurt. I deeply regret what I did and know that it has forever impacted all of our lives." Barnes plans on writing

10450-710: Was a concert at the Los Angeles Sports Arena , the first to feature an all-woman rap revue. That fall, Barnes hosted the hip-hop special Sisters in the Name of Rap , a revue of live performances taped at The Ritz in New York on October 8, 1991, which aired on pay-per-view , then was released as a 75-minute VHS tape by PolyGram in 1992. The show also featured an all-female line up including the artists Queen Latifah and MC Lyte . Dr. Dre pleaded no contest to misdemeanor battery charges in August 1991; Pump It Up!

10560-453: Was born in '72 ... back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—you're trying to convince somebody. That's what rapping is, it's in the way you talk." Rap is sometimes said to be an acronym for ' R hythm A nd P oetry', though this is not the origin of the word and so may be a backronym . Similarities to rapping can be observed in West African chanting folk traditions. Centuries before hip-hop music existed,

10670-621: Was cancelled due to violence, but was rescheduled in October at another venue called The Kitchen. After the Rock Steady Crew and Afrika Bambaataa were booked as the opening act for Bow Wow Wow at The Ritz nightclub in September 1981, Ruza Blue decided to book them at Negril and begin a night called "Wheels of Steel". That became so popular that it was closed down by the fire department for over-capacity, and Freddy helped Blue (whom he dubbed "Kool Lady Blue") find another home for

10780-514: Was cancelled shortly after that. Unsubstantiated allegations were made that Barnes had filed the civil lawsuit because Dre refused to promote Body & Soul, and she had difficulty resuming both her music and journalism careers. In 2017, she recounted "I called the police on Mr. Fuck the Police. But little by little the work started drying up. It was as if I had ruined his career by being that disturbing footnote in his legacy." In 2017, she appeared in

10890-708: Was delivered in a hip, rhythm-conscious manner. Art forms such as spoken word jazz poetry and comedy records had an influence on the first rappers. Coke La Rock , often credited as hip-hop's first MC cites the Last Poets among his influences, as well as comedians such as Wild Man Steve and Richard Pryor . Comedian Rudy Ray Moore released under the counter albums in the 1960s and 1970s such as This Pussy Belongs to Me (1970), which contained "raunchy, sexually explicit rhymes that often had to do with pimps, prostitutes, players, and hustlers", and which later led to him being called "The Godfather of Rap". Gil Scott-Heron ,

11000-400: Was forced to focus on their flow". Kool Moe Dee explains that before Rakim, the term 'flow' was not widely used – "Rakim is basically the inventor of flow. We were not even using the word flow until Rakim came along. It was called rhyming, it was called cadence, but it wasn't called flow. Rakim created flow!" He adds that while Rakim upgraded and popularized the focus on flow, "he didn't invent

11110-475: Was not included in the film; the draft screenplay did include a fictionalized version of it, wherein a visibly drunk Dr. Dre argues with and beats Barnes after she throws a drink in his face. When asked about the "glaring omission" of the assault on Barnes, director Gray said "We had to focus on the story that was pertinent to our main characters." Barnes criticized the film for depicting N.W.A and its members as "trying to stay hard, and look like good guys", noting in

11220-481: Was not on lyrical technique, but simply on good times", one notable exception being Melle Mel , who set the way for future rappers through his socio-political content and creative wordplay. Golden age hip hop (the mid-1980s to early '90s) was the time period where hip-hop lyricism went through its most drastic transformation – writer William Jelani Cobb says "in these golden years, a critical mass of mic prodigies were literally creating themselves and their art form at

11330-439: Was out of my fucking mind at the time. I fucked up. I paid for it. I'm sorry for it and I apologized for it. I have this dark cloud that follows me and it's gonna be attached to me forever. It's a major blemish on who I am as a man. And every time it comes up, it just makes me feel fucked up. So it's just like, what do I do? What do I do to get rid of this dark cloud? I don't know what else to do. I'm learning. I'm trying to become

11440-454: Was punched in the mouth by Dr. Dre's bodyguard. In February 1991, Barnes pressed criminal charges against Dr. Dre, who pleaded no contest to misdemeanor battery in August 1991; he was fined US$ 2,513 (equivalent to $ 5,620 in 2023) and sentenced to 240 hours of community service by Judge Frederick Wapner, with two years probation. In addition, he was ordered to produce an anti-violence public service announcement . That June, Barnes filed

11550-541: Was quickly noticed, and the style spread. By the end of the 1970s, artists such as Kurtis Blow and the Sugarhill Gang were starting to receive radio airplay and make an impact far outside of New York City, on a national scale. Blondie 's 1981 single, " Rapture ", was one of the first songs featuring rap to top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Old school rap (1979–84) was "easily identified by its relatively simple raps" according to AllMusic , "the emphasis

11660-436: Was the 1950 song "Gotta Let You Go" by Joe Hill Louis . Jazz , which developed from the blues and other African-American and European musical traditions and originated around the beginning of the 20th century, has also influenced hip hop and has been cited as a precursor of hip hop. Not just jazz music and lyrics but also jazz poetry . According to John Sobol, the jazz musician and poet who wrote Digitopia Blues , rap "bears

11770-481: Was the first MC. James Brown had the lyrics, moves, and soul that greatly influenced a lot of rappers in hip hop, and arguably even started the first MC rhyme. For some rappers, there was a distinction to the term, such as for MC Hammer who acquired the nickname "MC" for being a "Master of Ceremonies" which he used when he began performing at various clubs while on the road with the Oakland As and eventually in

11880-439: Was the first time the many members of the Bronx hip hop scene had appeared in the downtown New York City art world. On his relationship with art dealers, Freddy said, They didn't know me, but they had heard of graffiti. But they didn't understand the importance and the significance of what happened because, see, really what this comes down to is that my background basically is that of a vandal. I vandalize public property ... . In

11990-456: Was too young while in Jamaica to get into sound system parties: "I couldn't get in. Couldn't get in. I was ten, eleven years old," and that while in Jamaica, he was listening to James Brown: "I was listening to American music in Jamaica and my favorite artist was James Brown. That's who inspired me. A lot of the records I played were by James Brown." However, in terms of what was identified in

12100-460: Was young, fucking stupid. I would say all the allegations aren't true—some of them are. Those are some of the things that I would like to take back. It was really fucked up. But I paid for those mistakes, and there's no way in hell that I will ever make another mistake like that again." In The New York Times , he added "Twenty-five years ago I was a young man drinking too much and in over my head with no real structure in my life. However, none of this

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