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98-521: Defense Distributed is an online, open-source hardware and software organization that develops digital schematics of firearms in CAD files, or "wiki weapons", that may be downloaded from the Internet and used in 3D printing or CNC milling applications. Among the organization's goals is to develop and freely publish firearms-related design schematics that can be downloaded and reproduced by anyone with

196-545: A 3D printer or milling machine , facilitating the popular production of homemade firearms . The company is best known for developing and releasing the files for the Liberator , the world's first completely 3D printed gun. On May 5, 2013, Defense Distributed made these printable STL files public, and within days the United States Department of State demanded they be removed from the Internet, citing

294-455: A compass . The event was first held in March 1987. The organizers considered it a regional event and expected around 150 attendees to show up, but over 700 came, and according to Black "it was national almost immediately." Meyers left Austin and the festival in the early 1990s, but Black, Barbaro and Swenson remained the festival's key organizers as of 2010. Singer-songwriter Michelle Shocked

392-674: A copyright license may control the distribution of the source code or design documents, a patent license may control the use and manufacturing of the physical device built from the design documents. This distinction is explicitly mentioned in the preamble of the TAPR Open Hardware License : "... those who benefit from an OHL design may not bring lawsuits claiming that design infringes their patents or other intellectual property." Noteworthy licenses include: The Open Source Hardware Association recommends seven licenses which follow their open-source hardware definition . From

490-704: A federal judge in Washington State enjoined the settlement in Defense Distributed I . On April 27, 2021, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated the injunction, and ordered the district court to dismiss the suit challenging the settlement. Shortly thereafter, Defense Distributed again released its library of files to the public domain. Multiple federal and state lawsuits are pending which challenge

588-549: A free and open 3D graphics chip set and reference graphics card, Timothy Miller suggested the creation of an organization to safeguard the interests of the Open Graphics Project community. Thus, Patrick McNamara founded the Open Hardware Foundation (OHF) in 2007. The Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation (TAPR), founded in 1982 as a non-profit organization of amateur radio operators with

686-471: A hub of activity due to the emergence of several major open-source hardware projects and companies, such as OpenCores , RepRap ( 3D printing ), Arduino , Adafruit , SparkFun , and Open Source Ecology . In 2007, Perens reactivated the openhardware.org website, but it's currently (August 2023) inactive. Following the Open Graphics Project , an effort to design, implement, and manufacture

784-425: A keynote interview of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg by technology journalist Sarah Lacy that was considered by some observers to be a "train wreck" due to an audience perception that Lacy was asking uninteresting questions, as well as mocking or terse answers in response from Zuckerberg. In 2008, a comedy element was added to SXSW; it was held for one night. (By 2012, comedy performances occurred on all nights of

882-405: A larger range of product categories such as machine tools, vehicles and medical equipment. In that sense, hardware refers to any form of tangible product, be it electronic hardware, mechanical hardware, textile or even construction hardware. The Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Definition 1.0 defines hardware as "tangible artifacts — machines, devices, or other physical things". Electronics is one of

980-455: A local music festival, with the help of two other people at the Chronicle : editor and co-founder Louis Black , and publisher Nick Barbaro. Louis Meyers, a booking agent and musician, was also brought on board. Black came up with the name, as a play on the name of the 1959 Alfred Hitchcock film North by Northwest . It should not be confused with "southwest by south" (SWbS), a point on

1078-558: A musician and the sound editor on Mutual Appreciation , is credited with coining the term "mumblecore" at a bar while at the festival. The film Hooligans won both the Feature Film Jury Award and the Feature Film Audience Award for narrative feature, while The Puffy Chair won the Feature Film Audience Award in the "Emerging Visions" category. The documentary film Cowboy del Amor won

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1176-585: A particularly active area for open source ideas to move between them. Examples of open-source hardware products can also be found to a lesser extent in construction (Wikihouse), textile (Kit Zéro Kilomètres), and firearms ( 3D printed firearm , Defense Distributed ). Rather than creating a new license, some open-source hardware projects use existing, free and open-source software licenses. These licenses may not accord well with patent law . Later, several new licenses were proposed, designed to address issues specific to hardware design. In these licenses, many of

1274-597: A prior approval requirement on publication of Defense Distributed's files into the public domain, a legal position noted at the time to suffer from First and Second Amendment infirmities. On May 6, 2015, Defense Distributed filed a Constitutional challenge against the State Department in the Western District of Texas, suing agents of the DDTC and accusing the federal government of knowingly violating

1372-586: A proprietary license, and the Balloon Project wrote their own license. The adjective "open-source" not only refers to a specific set of freedoms applying to a product, but also generally presupposes that the product is the object or the result of a "process that relies on the contributions of geographically dispersed developers via the Internet ." In practice however, in both fields of open-source hardware and open-source software, products may either be

1470-955: A scientific journal HardwareX . It has featured many examples of applications of open-source hardware for scientific purposes. Further, Vasilis Kostakis  [ et ] et al have argued that open-source hardware may promote values of equity, diversity and sustainability. Open-source hardware initiative transcend traditional dichotomies of global-local, urban-rural, and developed-developing contexts. They may leverage cultural differences, environmental conditions, and local needs/resources, while embracing hyper-connectivity, to foster sustainability and collaboration rather than conflict. However, open-source hardware does face some challenges and contradictions. It must navigate tensions between inclusiveness, standardization, and functionality. Additionally, while open-source hardware may reduce pressure on natural resources and local populations, it still relies on energy- and material-intensive infrastructures, such as

1568-512: A small show at the 2004 SXSW Music festival, and was signed to Perry's Custard Records soon thereafter, where he would go on to release all three of his subsequent albums. The 2005 SXSW Film is considered by some to be the origin of the mumblecore film genre. A number of films now classified as mumblecore, including The Puffy Chair , Kissing on the Mouth , Four Eyed Monsters and Mutual Appreciation , were screened, and Eric Masunaga ,

1666-707: A specific open-source electronic component such as the Arduino electronics prototyping platform. There are many examples of specialty open-source electronics such as low-cost voltage and current GMAW open-source 3-D printer monitor and a robotics-assisted mass spectrometry assay platform. Open-source electronics finds various uses, including automation of chemical procedures. Open Standard chip designs are now common. OpenRISC (2000 - LGPL / GPL), OpenSparc (2005 - GPLv2), and RISC-V (2010 - Open Standard, free to implement for non-commercial purposes), are examples of free to use instruction set architecture . OpenCores

1764-584: A suit challenging the ATF 's 2021 "Frame or Receiver" rule, ATF2021R-05F. On March 3, 2023, Judge Reed O'Connor of the Northern District of Texas granted Defense Distributed injunctive relief against the ATF, and on June 30, 2023, he granted the company's motion for summary judgment against the agency. Despite the years of legal challenges, Defense Distributed's and other firearms CAD files have always been on

1862-678: A team to confiscate the printer the next day. Wilson was subsequently questioned by the ATF when visiting an ATF field office in Austin , Texas to inquire about legalities and regulations relating to the Wiki Weapons project. Defense Distributed's efforts have prompted renewed discussion and examination of the Undetectable Firearms Act . The Liberator pistol was cited in White House and Congressional calls to renew

1960-591: A trade show, speakers, parties, and a startup accelerator. In July 1986, the organizers of the New York City music festival New Music Seminar contacted Roland Swenson, a staffer at the alternative weekly The Austin Chronicle , to talk about organizing an extension of that festival into Austin. They thereafter announced they were going to hold a "New Music Seminar Southwest". The plans did not materialize, however, so Swenson decided to instead co-organize

2058-631: A violation of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations . On May 6, 2015, Defense Distributed, joined by the Second Amendment Foundation (SAF), filed Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State in the Western District of Texas, leading the State Department to eventually offer a settlement in 2018. On July 27, 2018, Defense Distributed released ten CAD files to the public domain at DEFCAD before

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2156-430: Is a large library of standard chip design subcomponents which can be combined into larger designs. Complete open source software stacks and shuttle fabrication services are now available which can take OSH chip designs from hardware description languages to masks and ASIC fabrication on maker-scale budgets. Purely mechanical OSH designs include mechanical components, machine tools, and vehicles. Open Source Ecology

2254-757: Is a large project which seeks to develop a complete ecosystem of mechanical tools and components which aim to be able to replicate themselves. Open-source vehicles have also been developed including bicycles like XYZ Space Frame Vehicles and cars such as the Tabby OSVehicle. Most OSH systems combine elements of electronics and mechanics to form mechatronics systems. A large range of open-source mechatronic products have been developed, including machine tools, musical instruments, and medical equipment. Examples of open-source machine tools include 3D printers such as RepRap , Prusa , and Ultimaker , 3D printer filament extruders such as polystruder XR PRO as well as

2352-538: Is accepted as of 2016 by dozens of organizations and companies. In July 2011, CERN ( European Organization for Nuclear Research ) released an open-source hardware license, CERN OHL . Javier Serrano, an engineer at CERN's Beams Department and the founder of the Open Hardware Repository, explained: "By sharing designs openly, CERN expects to improve the quality of designs through peer review and to guarantee their users – including commercial companies –

2450-530: Is an essential factor facilitating product replication and collaboration in hardware development projects. Practical guides have been developed to help practitioners to do so. Another option is to design products so they are easy to replicate, as exemplified in the concept of open-source appropriate technology . The process of developing open-source hardware in a community-based setting is alternatively called open design , open source development or open source product development . All these terms are examples of

2548-426: Is an ethical imperative for open-source hardware – specifically with respect to open-source appropriate technology for sustainable development . In 2014, he also wrote the book Open-Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs , which details the development of free and open-source hardware primarily for scientists and university faculty . Pearce in partnership with Elsevier introduced

2646-512: Is described as a founder and spokesperson. In September 2018, Wilson briefly resigned from the company while under indictment for sexual assault, returning to his role in late 2019. According to the Defense Distributed website, the nonprofit was founded as "the first private defense contractor in service of the general public," in order to "[advance] the state of the art in small scale, digital, personal gunsmithing." In court records

2744-568: Is now known as open-source hardware). In a 2015 article in Wired Magazine, he modified this attitude; he acknowledged the importance of free hardware, but still saw no ethical parallel with free software. Also, Stallman prefers the term free hardware design over open source hardware , a request which is consistent with his earlier rejection of the term open source software (see also Alternative terms for free software ). Other authors, such as Professor Joshua Pearce have argued there

2842-825: Is the scientific community. There has been considerable work to produce open-source hardware for scientific hardware using a combination of open-source electronics and 3-D printing . Other sources of open-source hardware production are vendors of chips and other electronic components sponsoring contests with the provision that the participants and winners must share their designs. Circuit Cellar magazine organizes some of these contests. A guide has been published ( Open-Source Lab (book) by Joshua Pearce ) on using open-source electronics and 3D printing to make open-source labs . Today, scientists are creating many such labs. Examples include: Open hardware companies are experimenting with business models . For example, littleBits implements open-source business models by making available

2940-687: The Academy Award for Best Picture in 2010. The winners of the feature jury awards were, for documentary feature, 45365 , and for narrative feature, Made in China . The 2010 music festival, which took place March 12–21, was dedicated to Alex Chilton , who died shortly before he was to perform with Big Star . A tribute concert was performed in his honor on March 20, 2010. At the 2010 festival, nearly 2,000 bands were officially scheduled to perform, and festival reps estimated that over 13,000 industry representatives attended. Though traditionally

3038-484: The Austin Convention Center , where it is still held. In 1994, SXSW added a component for film and other media, named the "SXSW Film and Multimedia Conference". Johnny Cash was the keynote speaker. That year, the three brothers of the band Hanson were brought to SXSW by their father in order to perform impromptu auditions for music executives, in the hopes of getting industry attention. Among

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3136-614: The Four Freedoms . The term hardware in open-source hardware has been historically used in opposition to the term software of open-source software. That is, to refer to the electronic hardware on which the software runs (see previous section). However, as more and more non-electronic hardware products are made open source (for example WikiHouse , OpenBeam or Hovalin), this term tends to be used back in its broader sense of "physical product". The field of open-source hardware has been shown to go beyond electronic hardware and to cover

3234-546: The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , which rejected the case in July 2020, ruling the organization lacked the standing to appeal a decision directed at the State Department. On April 27, 2021, however, the Ninth Circuit vacated an injunction in a related case, holding that Congress had expressly prohibited judicial review of the agency decisions in question. Defense Distributed again released its full library of files to

3332-1004: The Open Source Definition , co-founder of the Open Source Initiative , and a ham radio operator . He launched the Open Hardware Certification Program, which had the goal of allowing hardware manufacturers to self-certify their products as open. Shortly after the launch of the Open Hardware Certification Program, David Freeman announced the Open Hardware Specification Project (OHSpec), another attempt at licensing hardware components whose interfaces are available publicly and of creating an entirely new computing platform as an alternative to proprietary computing systems. In early 1999, Sepehr Kiani, Ryan Vallance and Samir Nayfeh joined efforts to apply

3430-499: The SXSW Interactive festival, Wilson announced a repurposed and expanded DEFCAD as a separate entity that would serve as a 3D search engine and development hub, while maintaining the spirit of access endemic to Defense Distributed. DEFCAD has been called "The Pirate Bay of 3D Printing" and "the anti-Makerbot." In October 2014, Defense Distributed began selling to the public a miniature CNC mill for completing receivers for

3528-475: The open-source model applicable for the development of any product, including software, hardware, cultural and educational. Does open design and open-source hardware design process involves new design practices, or raises requirements for new tools? is the question of openness really key in OSH?. See here for a delineation of these terms. A major contributor to the production of open-source hardware product designs

3626-442: The photovoltaic industry has experimented with partnerships, franchises, secondary supplier and completely open-source models. Recently, many open-source hardware projects have been funded via crowdfunding on platforms such as Indiegogo , Kickstarter , or Crowd Supply . Richard Stallman , the founder of the free software movement, was in 1999 skeptical on the idea and relevance of free hardware (his terminology for what

3724-548: The "hub" of the festival; most events associated with the festival take place at venues in and around Downtown Austin. In April 2021, Penske Media Corporation purchased a 50% stake in SXSW. SXSW Music is the largest music festival of its kind in the world, with more than 2,000 acts as of 2014. SXSW Music offers artist-provided music and video samples of featured artists at each festival via their official YouTube channel. The music event has grown from 700 registrants in 1987,

3822-501: The 2012 SXSW Interactive was generally stated to be " social discovery " mobile apps, which let users locate other nearby users. Social discovery apps that had a presence at SXSW included Highlight , Glancee, Sonar and Kismet. SXSW Film saw the premiere of two major Hollywood films: The Cabin in the Woods and 21 Jump Street . Two films obtained distribution deals: Girls Against Boys and The Tall Man . Another film, Gimme

3920-746: The AR-15 semi-automatic rifle. For a review of the machine in Wired , Andy Greenberg manufactured a series of lowers and called the machine "absurdly easy to use." Since 2016 the Ghost Gunner has been recognized as the most popular machine tool for the production of privately made firearms . Defense Distributed once sought 501(c)(3) federal tax exemption, but its application was denied by the IRS. The organization operates to publish intellectual property and information developed by licensed firearms manufacturers and

4018-594: The Act in 2013. On May 9, 2013, The United States Department of State Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) directed Defense Distributed to remove the download links to its publicly accessible CAD files. The State Department's letter, likely prompted by the Liberator Pistol , referenced § 127.1 of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), interpreting the regulations to impose

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4116-536: The Austin Music Awards kick off the festival, that year organizers slated it as the closing act. Local musician Bob Schneider earned 6 awards, including Song of the Year, Singer of the Year, and Band of the Year (with Lonelyland .) The 2010 festival was also notable for appearances by the surviving members of the band Moby Grape . At the 2010 Film festival, Magnolia Pictures bought the film rights to

4214-677: The First Amendment. U.S. District Judge Robert Lasnik issued a temporary restraining order against the State Department on July 31, 2018, and granted a permanent injunction on November 12, 2019, ruling the State Department failed to give an adequate explanation of its settlement with Defense Distributed as required by the Administrative Procedure Act , a controversial decision since the department's designations are typically deemed unable to be judicially reviewed. Defense Distributed appealed Lasnik's injunction to

4312-746: The Internet. Despite these complexities, Kostakis et al argue, the open-source hardware framework can serve as a catalyst for connecting and unifying diverse local initiatives under radical narratives, thus inspiring genuine change. OSH has grown as an academic field through the two journals Journal of Open Hardware (JOH) and HardwareX . These journals compete to publish the best OSH designs, and each define their own requirements for what constitutes acceptable quality of design documents, including specific requirements for build instructions, bill of materials, CAD files, and licences. These requirements are often used by other OSH projects to define how to do an OSH release. These journals also publish papers contributing to

4410-706: The Loot , which won the SXSW Narrative Feature Grand Jury Prize, got a distribution deal a week after the festival. Bay of All Saints received the Audience Award for Best Feature Documentary. 2012 was also the first year the music portion was expanded to Tuesday. The musical festival included rappers such as Talib Kweli and Lil' Wayne , along with surprise appearances by Big Sean and Kanye West ; indie bands that appeared included MENEW and The Shins . Bruce Springsteen

4508-962: The OSHW Definition and the concerted efforts of those involved with it. Openhardware.org, led by Bruce Perens, promotes and identifies practices that meet all the combined requirements of the Open Source Hardware Definition, the Open Source Definition, and the Four Freedoms of the Free Software Foundation Since 2014 openhardware.org is not online and seems to have ceased activity. The Open Source Hardware Association (OSHWA) at oshwa.org acts as hub of open-source hardware activity of all genres, while cooperating with other entities such as TAPR, CERN, and OSI. The OSHWA

4606-495: The SXSW Competition Award and the Audience Award. A secret concert at the 2006 SXSW Music by the band The Flaming Lips was called one of the "Top 10 Music-Festival Moments" of all time by Time magazine in 2010. The 2006 SXSW Interactive featured a keynote panel of Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales and Craigslist founder Craig Newmark . That year, "Screenburn at SXSW", a component for video games ,

4704-565: The SXSW Film Conference programmed over 250 sessions with 735 speakers. Past speakers included Jon Favreau , Mark Duplass , Ava DuVernay , Ryan Gosling , Nicolas Cage , Alejandro Jodorowsky , Tilda Swinton , Amy Schumer , Sally Field , Joss Whedon , Christine Vachon , RZA , Matthew McConaughey , Danny Boyle , Seth MacFarlane , Catherine Hardwicke , Richard Linklater , David Gordon Green , Harmony Korine , Henry Rollins , Sarah Green and Robert Rodriguez . Although

4802-598: The SXSW Film Festival programmed 150 feature films and 106 short films, selected from 7,361 submissions. Past world premieres included Furious 7 , Neighbors , Chef , 21 Jump Street , The Cabin in the Woods , Dance of the Dead , Bridesmaids and Insidious , and the TV series Girls , Silicon Valley , and Penny Dreadful . SXSW Interactive focuses on emerging technology. The festival includes

4900-814: The SXSW Sydney festival (from 2023, in Sydney , Australia) and co-runs North by Northeast in Toronto . It has previously run or co-run the events North by Northwest (1995–2001), West by Southwest (2006–2010), SXSW Eco (2011–2016), SXSW V2V (2013–2015), and the me Convention (2017–2019). In addition, a large number of other events, past and present, sometimes collectively referred to as "four-letter festivals", have been inspired by SXSW. The Austin Convention Center in Downtown Austin functions as

4998-647: The TAPR Open Hardware License, Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 and GPL 3.0 license. Organizations tend to rally around a shared license. For example, OpenCores prefers the LGPL or a Modified BSD License , FreeCores insists on the GPL , Open Hardware Foundation promotes " copyleft or other permissive licenses", the Open Graphics Project uses a variety of licenses, including the MIT license , GPL , and

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5096-563: The US system of government. However, critics have also noted that Defense Distributed has merely offered the means of production back to the masses in a way not too dissimilar from the effect the printing press had on the spread of information and the decentralization of power in societies. Open-source hardware It is not enough to merely use an open-source license ; an open source product or project will follow open source principles, such as modular design and community collaboration. Since

5194-455: The award for Best Narrative Feature. The 2010 Interactive festival had an estimated 12–13,000 paying attendees, which represented a 40% jump over the previous year. This was the first year in which the interactive festival's attendance surpassed the music festival's. The keynote presentation was an interview of then-Twitter CEO Evan Williams by Umair Haque , an interview that many in the audience found disappointingly superficial. Also during

5292-410: The band The Polyphonic Spree at the 2002 SXSW Music festival helped bring them to national attention before they had signed with a major label. At the 2002 SXSW Film Festival, the film Manito won the jury award for narrative feature, while the documentary Spellbound won the jury award for documentary feature. British singer James Blunt was discovered by producer Linda Perry while playing

5390-494: The big leagues of film festivals around the world." That festival was also notable for having the premiere of the film Bridesmaids . The March 15 screening of the Foo Fighters documentary Back and Forth was followed by a surprise live performance by the band itself, with a setlist that included the entirety of the then-upcoming album Wasting Light . SXSW 2012 ran from March 9 to 18. The standout technology of

5488-547: The camera. Festival programming categories include: Special Events, Headliners, Narrative Spotlight, Documentary Spotlight, Narrative Competition, Documentary Competition, Visions, Midnighters, 24 Beats Per Second, SXGlobal, Episodic, Festival Favorites, and Short Film Programs. The SXSW Film Awards , which occur on the last day of the Film Conference, honor films selected by the Feature and Short Film Juries. In 2015,

5586-555: The circuit designs in each electronics module, in accordance with the CERN Open Hardware License Version 1.2. Another example is Arduino , which registered its name as a trademark ; others may manufacture products from Arduino designs but cannot call the products Arduino products. There are many applicable business models for implementing some open-source hardware even in traditional firms. For example, to accelerate development and technical innovation,

5684-794: The claims against the AG to the District of New Jersey was a clear abuse of discretion. In its opinion, the Fifth Circuit made the rare request to the district court in New Jersey to transfer the 3D gun case back to Texas, which this court has so far refused, creating an unprecedented judicial "turf fight". In late 2022, Defense Distributed, joined by the Second Amendment Foundation, intervened in VanDerStok v. Garland ,

5782-477: The company's First, Second, and Fifth amendment liberties. Defense Distributed was joined in its suit by the Second Amendment Foundation . After three years of procedural wrangling, on July 10, 2018, Wired magazine reported Defense Distributed and SAF had accepted a settlement offer from the Department of State. Cody Wilson explained his intention to immediately relaunch DEFCAD and release 3D gun files into

5880-403: The debate about how OSH should be defined and used. SXSW South by Southwest ( SXSW ) is an annual conglomeration of parallel film , interactive media , and music festivals and conferences organized jointly that take place in mid-March in Austin, Texas . It began in 1987 and has continued growing in both scope and size every year. In 2017, the conference lasted for 10 days with

5978-491: The district court. After remand to Texas, and after Andrew Bruck succeeded Gurbir Grewal as Attorney General of his state, the district court severed Defense Distributed's claims against New Jersey and transferred them to a federal court there. Defense Distributed again appealed the district court to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, who again reversed the lower court and held its order severing and transferring

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6076-490: The early to mid 2000s, FreeIO was a focus of free/open hardware designs released under the GNU General Public License . The FreeIO project advocated the concept of Free Hardware and proposed four freedoms that such hardware provided to users, based on the similar freedoms provided by free software licenses. The designs gained some notoriety due to Martin's naming scheme in which each free hardware project

6174-516: The festival.) The 2009 festival was held March 13–22. The Interactive section of SXSW in particular drew larger attendance levels; the influx strained the networks of providers such as AT&T (primarily due to heavy iPhone usage). Also new was the founding of an international organization for those not attending, dubbed NotAtSXSW. Coordinating through Twitter and other online tools, notatsxsw events were held in London, New York, Wisconsin, Portland, Oregon and Miami. The 2009 SXSW Interactive saw

6272-419: The film festival highlights independently produced films and emerging directing talent with unique visions, the festival has long served studios as a barometer for their comedies, with enthusiastic fans indicating how they might play in wide release. The SXSW Film Festival runs nine days, simultaneously with the SXSW Film Conference, and celebrates raw innovation and emerging talent both behind and in front of

6370-627: The first year of the conference, to over 161,000 attendees in 2018. SXSW Film and SXSW Interactive events have grown every year, bringing over 32,000 registrants to Austin in March 2013. Bands must cover their own expenses for travel and lodging at the event. All performers are offered a cash payment or a wristband package that allows access to all music events. SXSW Film Conference spans five days of conference panels and sessions, and welcomes filmmakers of all levels. Programming consists of keynote speakers, panels, workshops, mentor sessions and more, with expert filmmakers and industry leaders. In 2015,

6468-455: The freedom to study, modify and manufacture them, leading to better hardware and less duplication of efforts". While initially drafted to address CERN-specific concerns, such as tracing the impact of the organization's research, in its current form it can be used by anyone developing open-source hardware. Following the 2011 Open Hardware Summit, and after heated debates on licenses and what constitutes open-source hardware, Bruce Perens abandoned

6566-534: The fundamental principles expressed in open-source software (OSS) licenses have been "ported" to their counterpart hardware projects. New hardware licenses are often explained as the "hardware equivalent" of a well-known OSS license, such as the GPL , LGPL , or BSD license . Despite superficial similarities to software licenses , most hardware licenses are fundamentally different: by nature, they typically rely more heavily on patent law than on copyright law, as many hardware designs are not copyrightable. Whereas

6664-409: The general copyleft licenses the GNU General Public License (GPL) and Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license, from the hardware-specific copyleft licenses the CERN Open Hardware License (OHL) and TAPR Open Hardware License (OHL) and from the permissive licenses the FreeBSD license , the MIT license , and the Creative Commons Attribution license. Openhardware.org recommended in 2012

6762-441: The goals of supporting R&D efforts in the area of amateur digital communications, created in 2007 the first open hardware license, the TAPR Open Hardware License . The OSI president Eric S. Raymond expressed some concerns about certain aspects of the OHL and decided to not review the license. Around 2010 in context of the Freedom Defined project, the Open Hardware Definition was created as collaborative work of many and

6860-481: The hardware itself as well as the information on communication protocols that the software (usually in the form of device drivers ) must use in order to communicate with the hardware (often called register documentation, or open documentation for hardware ), whereas open-source-friendly proprietary hardware would only include the latter without including the former. The first hardware-focused " open source " activities were started around 1997 by Bruce Perens , creator of

6958-565: The idea of zero cost and the freedom to use and modify information. While open-source hardware faces challenges in minimizing cost and reducing financial risks for individual project developers, some community members have proposed models to address these needs Given this, there are initiatives to develop sustainable community funding mechanisms, such as the Open Source Hardware Central Bank. Extensive discussion has taken place on ways to make open-source hardware as accessible as open-source software . Providing clear and detailed product documentation

7056-494: The interactive festival, the first-ever (and so far only) "Hive Awards For the Unsung Heroes of the Internet" were held. The 2011 SXSW festival ran from March 11 to 20. The keynote presenter for SXSW Interactive was Seth Priebatsch, founder and CEO of the mobile-gaming platform SCVNGR . The 2011 Interactive festival was by far the largest it had ever been, with an estimated 20,000 attendees. Also in attendance at SXSW

7154-531: The interactive track lasting for five days, music for seven days, and film for nine days. There was no in-person event in 2020 and 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Austin ; in both years there was a smaller online event instead. SXSW is run by the company SXSW, LLC, which organizes conferences, trade shows, festivals, and other events. In addition to SXSW, the company runs the conference SXSW EDU and

7252-598: The internet. The files remain available on mirror websites, Twitter , Reddit , Thingiverse , and GitHub , and have been downloaded millions of times on Odysee and via peer-to-peer torrent services. The company has been supported by the Gun Owners of America (GOA). Open-source software advocate Eric S. Raymond has endorsed the organization and its efforts, calling Defense Distributed "friends of freedom" and writing "I approve of any development that makes it more difficult for governments and criminals to monopolize

7350-425: The issue of proprietary device drivers for the free and open-source software community, however, it is not a pre-requisite for it, and should not be confused with the concept of open documentation for proprietary hardware, which is already sufficient for writing FLOSS device drivers and complete operating systems. The difference between the two concepts is that OSH includes both the instructions on how to replicate

7448-429: The laser cutter Lasersaur . Examples of open source medical equipment include open-source ventilators , the echostethoscope echOpen, and a wide range of prosthetic hands listed in the review study by Ten Kate et.al. (e.g. OpenBionics' Prosthetic Hands). Open source robotics combines open source hardware mechatronics with open source AI and control software. Due to the mixture of hardware and software it serves as

7546-603: The launch of the Foursquare application, which was called "the breakout mobile app " of the event by the Mashable blog. In 2009 the first Indian classical music artists performed at SXSW: Canadians Cassius Khan and Amika Kushwaha. The 2009 SXSW Film screened 250 films, including 54 world premieres. The event was notable for having the United States premiere of the film The Hurt Locker , which went on to win

7644-458: The legality and of this settlement, and the protected speech content of 3D printable gun files. After raising US$ 2,000 via a suspended crowd-funding appeal, suffering the confiscation of its first 3D printer, and partnering with private manufacturing firms, the organization began live fire testing of the first generation of printable firearms in December 2012. In its first year of operation

7742-475: The most popular types of open-source hardware. PCB based designs can be published similarly to software as CAD files, which users can send directly to PCB fabrication companies and receive a build from them in the mail. Or users can obtain components and solder them together themselves. There are many companies that provide large varieties of open-source electronics such as Sparkfun , Adafruit , and Seeed. In addition, there are NPOs and companies that provide

7840-488: The open-source philosophy to machine design applications. Together they established the Open Design Foundation (ODF) as a non-profit corporation and set out to develop an Open Design Definition. However, most of these activities faded out after a few years. A "Free Hardware" organization, known as FreeIO, was started in the late 1990s by Diehl Martin, who also launched a FreeIO website in early 2000. In

7938-493: The organization as interested in inspiring libertarian forms of social organization and technologically driven inversions of authority. In December 2012, as a response to Makerbot Industries ' decision to remove firearms-related 3D printable files at the popular repository Thingiverse , Defense Distributed launched a companion site at defcad.org to publicly host the removed 3D printable files and its own. Public and community submissions to DEFCAD rose rapidly, and in March 2013, at

8036-585: The organization claims "to publish and distribute... such information and knowledge in promotion of the public interest". The organization's motivations have been described as "less about [a] gun... than about democratizing manufacturing technology," In an interview with Slashdot , Cody Wilson described the Wiki Weapon project as a chance to "experiment with Enlightenment ideas… to literally materialize freedom.” At Bitcoin 2012 in London , Wilson explained

8134-532: The organization produced a durable printed receiver for the AR-15 , the first printed standard capacity AR-15 magazine , and the first printed magazine for the AK-47 . These 3D printable files were available for download at the organization's publishing site DEFCAD , but are now largely hosted on file sharing websites. The organization has been predominantly represented in public since July 2012 by Cody Wilson , who

8232-577: The people who heard them was A&R executive Christopher Sabec , who became their manager, and would soon afterward get them signed to Mercury Records . In 1995, the SXSW Film and Multimedia Conference was split into two separate events, "SXSW Film" and "SXSW Multimedia". In 1999, SXSW Multimedia was renamed "SXSW Interactive". Singer-songwriter John Mayer 's performance at the 2000 SXSW Music festival led to his signing soon thereafter with Aware Records , his first record label . A performance by

8330-442: The project, ensure continuity in a context of fickle participation of voluntary project members, among others. One of the major differences between developing open-source software and developing open-source hardware is that hardware results in tangible outputs, which cost money to prototype and manufacture. As a result, the phrase "free as in speech, not as in beer", more-formally known as gratis versus libre , distinguishes between

8428-575: The public domain. In July 2018, at the same time as State of Washington v. Department of State , Defense Distributed filed a civil lawsuit under section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act against New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir Grewal , who sent a cease and desist letter directing the firm to not publish the files subject to their settlement with the U.S. Department of State. Defense Distributed argued New Jersey law had no power over their settlement and its use to impede their file publication

8526-469: The public domain. These new public domain releases occurred on July 27, 2018, days before any court orders. A coalition of state attorneys general sued to enjoin the settlement in Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State in 2018, citing "...irreparable harm if the [firearm CAD files] are published on the internet." Defense Distributed joined the suit as a necessary party, claiming the states lacked Article III standing and protections of its activity under

8624-479: The public. Cody Wilson has had a Type 7 Federal Firearms License (FFL). Learning of Defense Distributed's plans in 2012, manufacturer Stratasys, Ltd threatened legal action and demanded the return of the 3D printer it had leased to Wilson. On September 26, before the printer was assembled for use, Wilson received an email from Stratasys suggesting that he might use the printer "...for illegal purposes..." Stratasys immediately canceled its lease with Wilson and sent

8722-461: The result of a development process performed by a closed team in a private setting or by a community in a public environment, the first case being more frequent than the second which is more challenging. Establishing a community-based product development process faces several challenges such as: to find appropriate product data management tools, document not only the product but also the development process itself, accepting losing ubiquitous control over

8820-553: The rise of reconfigurable programmable logic devices , sharing of logic designs has been a form of open-source hardware. Instead of the schematics, hardware description language (HDL) code is shared. HDL descriptions are commonly used to set up system-on-a-chip systems either in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) or directly in application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs. HDL modules, when distributed, are called semiconductor intellectual property cores , also known as IP cores. Open-source hardware also helps alleviate

8918-400: The science-fiction film Monsters on the night it screened, in what was the first-ever "overnight acquisition" at SXSW. Journalist Meredith Melnick of Time magazine called this purchase a turning point for SXSW, leading to a greater interest among film studio executives in attending the festival in person. That year also saw the premiere of the indie favorite Tiny Furniture , which won

9016-455: The use of force. As 3D printers become less expensive and more ubiquitous, this could be a major step in the right direction." Aaron Timms of Blouin News has written Defense Distributed has performed “...the greatest piece of political performance art of [the 21st] century.” For its activities, Defense Distributed has been accused of endangering public safety and attempting to frustrate and alter

9114-465: Was added to SXSW Interactive. The 2007 music festival took place from March 14 to 18, and more than 1,400 acts performed. Two of the top film premieres that year were Elvis and Anabelle and Skills Like This . The social media platform Twitter notably gained a good deal of early traction and buzz at the 2007 SXSW Interactive, though it did not launch at SXSW 2007 as is sometimes reported. The 2008 SXSW Interactive got media attention due to

9212-549: Was boxing legend Mike Tyson , promoting his new iPhone game with RockLive at the Screenburn Arcade. At least two films screened at the SXSW Film festival gained distribution deals: the documentary Undefeated (which went on to win the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature ) and the thriller The Divide . As a result, film critic Christopher Kelly wrote that in 2011, SXSW Film went from being "a well-regarded but fundamentally regional event" to having "joined

9310-749: Was established as an organization in June 2012 in Delaware and filed for tax exemption status in July 2013. After some debates about trademark interferences with the OSI, in 2012 the OSHWA and the OSI signed a co-existence agreement. The FOSSi Foundation is founded in 2015 as a UK -based non-profit to promote and protect the open source silicon chip movement, roughly a year after the official release of RISC-V architecture. The Free Software Foundation has suggested an alternative "free hardware" definition derived from

9408-410: Was given the name of a breakfast food such as Donut, Flapjack, Toast, etc. Martin's projects attracted a variety of hardware and software developers as well as other volunteers. Development of new open hardware designs at FreeIO ended in 2007 when Martin died of pancreatic cancer but the existing designs remain available from the organization's website. By the mid 2000s open-source hardware again became

9506-450: Was the keynote speaker at the 1992 South by Southwest. She caused controversy by delivering a speech, written by her then-husband Bart Bull , criticizing white musicians for stealing music from African American artists; and then later during the same conference when she tried to kick the band Two Nice Girls off of a benefit concert, a move that some called anti-gay, due to Two Nice Girls' overtly lesbian image. In 1993, SXSW moved into

9604-637: Was unconstitutional. The suit was originally dismissed in district court over a question of personal jurisdiction , but in August 2020 the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the lower court and allowed the lawsuit to proceed in Texas. On March 29, 2021, the Supreme Court denied Grewal's petition for a writ of certiorari, affirming the Fifth Circuit's decision, and remanding the case to

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