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95-452: It is located on the left bank approximately in the middle between the Danube cities of Regensburg and Passau. The Danube forms the town's natural border towards the south. Towards the west, north and east the town is surrounded by the foothills of the central Bavarian Forest. Near the southwestern rim of the town, the railway bridge crosses the Danube at river-kilometer 2286. Directly south of

190-459: A Pennsylvania Dutchman named Andrew Pontius moved his family to neighboring Snyder County to farm. When his farm prospered, he decided to hire a tenant farmer to help. On his way to Lancaster to hire a German immigrant, he stopped in Harrisburg for the night where he met a young Englishman named Archibald Hunter, who was offered the job. The contract that was drawn for employment contained

285-687: A Benedictine monastery, is located in Weltenburg near the town of Kelheim . The abbey is situated on a peninsula of the Danube, by what are known as the "Weltenburg Narrows" or " Danube Gorge ". The monastery, founded by Irish or Scottish monks in about 620, is said to be the oldest monastery in Bavaria. To the east of Regensburg lies the Bavarian Forest and its National Park , one of the most visited protected areas in Germany. Regensburg

380-465: A blackberry bush, cursing the fruit as he fell. According to an old legend, blackberries should not be picked after this date (see above). In Yorkshire , it is said that the devil spat on them. According to Morrell (1977), this old legend is well known in all parts of Great Britain , even as far north as the Orkney Islands . In Cornwall, a similar legend prevails; however, the saying goes that

475-443: A church parade with the magic hosts in a monstrance constituted the highlight of the pilgrimage. In 1962, a vespertine church parade was added to the programme in order to increase the pilgrimage's appeal. The pilgrimage concluded with a sermon at 4pm on 4 October and the ritualistic barring of the basilica's church door. In 1973, the vespertine church parade was rescheduled from 30 September to 4 October, and from then on combined with

570-550: A clause specifying their accounts were to be settled each year on the traditional day to do so, 29 September. When that day came, Hunter appeared at Pontius' door with his accounts and a goose, explaining that in England, eating a goose on 29 September brought good luck. The tradition spread to nearby Lewistown, Pennsylvania , where it is still honored today with many local restaurants and civics groups offering goose dinners, local festivals, and other county-wide activities. In honor of

665-462: A drink from the holy water from the well. The greeting "May Michaelmas féinín on you" was traditional. Boys born on this day were often christened Michael or Micheál. In Tramore , County Waterford, a procession with an effigy of St Michael, called the Micilín, was brought through the town to the shore to mark the end of the fishing season. In Irish folklore, clear weather on Michaelmas was a portent of

760-518: A greenfield site to innovate, develop and produce turbine machinery components with a new manufacturing casting technology. Amazon.com located its first German customer service centre in Regensburg. The hidden champions Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen (MR) and Krones are both headquartered in or close to Regensburg and are among the major employers. Michaelmas Michaelmas ( / ˈ m ɪ k əl m ə s / MIK -əl-məs ; also known as

855-404: A heated topic in the press – abroad as well as domestic – it took until 1968 for the first four of the sixteen oil paintings to finally be removed, which was the first concession. The debate quickly polarized. While some saw the "Deggendorfer Gnad" as anti-Semitism in its purest form, others thought it just a piece of Bavarian folklore. The diocesan chapter of Regensburg invoked the long tradition of

950-423: A long winter, "Michaelmas Day be bright and clear there will be two 'Winters' in the year." A traditional meal for the day includes goose known as a stubble-goose (one prepared around harvest time, fattened on the stubble fields ) also known as an embling or rucklety goose. There was a saying that "if you eat goose on Michaelmas Day you will never lack money all year". Tenant farmers sometimes presented

1045-709: A number of localities (Ortsteile), which can have historic roots in older municipalities that became urbanized and incorporated into the city. Regensburg is twinned with: Regensburg's economy counts among the most dynamic and fastest growing in Germany. Focus is on manufacturing industries, such as automotive , industrial and electrical engineering . There are several multinational corporations located in Regensburg, such as BMW , Continental , E.ON , General Electric , Infineon , Osram , Schneider Electric , Siemens , Telekom , Vitesco Technologies and Toshiba as well as hidden champions ( Krones , MR ). BMW operates an automobile production plant in Regensburg;

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1140-769: A period of six years. Both elections take place at the same time. The City Council is composed of 51 members and includes the mayor, two deputy mayors, five counsellors and the other council members. The municipal elections in Bavaria of 2020 delivered the following results: Regensburg is subdivided into 18 boroughs (Stadtbezirke): Innenstadt, Stadtamhof, Steinweg-Pfaffenstein, Sallern-Gallingkofen, Konradsiedlung-Wutzlhofen, Brandlberg-Keilberg, Reinhausen, Weichs, Schwabelweis, Ostenviertel, Kasernenviertel, Galgenberg, Kumpfmühl-Ziegetsdorf-Neuprüll, Großprüfening-Dechbetten-Königswiesen, Westenviertel, Ober- und Niederwinzer-Kager, Oberisling-Graß, Burgweinting-Harting. Each borough contains

1235-453: A redesign of the festivities in 1976 resulting in a slight increase in younger peoples’ attendance figures. The growing critique of the "Deggendorfer Gnad" can also be regarded as a reason for the decrease in attendance figures. The pilgrimage started with a ceremonial inauguration and the ritualized unbarring of the "Gnadenpforte," a.k.a. the church door of the basilica "Heilig-Grab-Kirche," on 29 September ( Michaelmas Day ). On 30 September,

1330-658: A special bread or cake, called Sruthan Mhìcheil ( Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [ˈs̪t̪ɾu.an ˈviːçal] ), St. Michael's bannock , or Michaelmas bannock , on the eve of the Feast of Saint Michael, the Archangel, probably originated in the Hebrides. The bread was made from equal parts of barley, oats, and rye without using any metal implements. In remembrance of absent friends or those who had died, special Struans , blessed at an early morning Mass, were given to

1425-774: Is Catholic . In 2020, about 48% of the city's inhabitants identified with the Catholic Church , 12.4% were registered Protestants and about 39.6% identified with other religions or had no registered religious affiliation. The city of Regensburg falls within the Regensburg electoral district , a constituency of the German federal parliament in Berlin (the Bundestag ). The mayor and the City Council are elected for

1520-562: Is considered ill-advised to eat them after 11 October (Old Michaelmas Day according to the Julian Calendar ), a Michaelmas pie is made from the last of the season. In Ireland, the soiling of blackberries is also attributed to a púca . In the Roman Catholic Church on 29 September three Archangels are celebrated: Saint Michael, Saint Gabriel, and Saint Raphael. Their feasts were unified in one common day during

1615-578: Is home to the famous Regensburger Domspatzen , the cathedral choir that specializes in liturgy but has toured internationally with a wide variety of music. The Regensburger Schlossfestspiele has been held in the inner courtyard of the St. Emmeram's Abbey every July from 2003, sponsored by the former princely house of Thurn und Taxis . Meanwhile, those were attracting musicians like Elton John , David Garrett , Tom Jones , or Plácido Domingo . Modern music styles, especially jazz , are presented every summer during

1710-476: Is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The city's most important cultural loss was that of the Romanesque church of Obermünster , which was destroyed in a March 1945 air raid and was not rebuilt (the belfry survived). Also, Regensburg's slow economic recovery after the war ensured that historic buildings were not torn down and replaced by newer ones. When the upswing in restoration reached Regensburg in

1805-657: Is on the designated heritage route, the Route of Emperors and Kings. There are 20 museums in Regensburg. The Regensburg Museum of History covers the history, culture and arts of Regensburg and Eastern Bavaria from the Stone Age to the present. The Imperial Diet Museum (Reichstagsmuseum) in the Old Town Hall presents life during the Holy Roman Empire . Its main attractions are an original torture chamber and

1900-678: Is roughly 120 hours above German average. The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January. Regensburg includes the largest medieval old town north of the Alps with nearly 1,500 listed buildings and a picturesque cityscape . Its most famous sights are located mainly in the Old Town, such as: Near Regensburg there are two very imposing classical buildings erected by Ludwig I of Bavaria as national monuments dedicated to German patriotism and greatness: Weltenburg Abbey (Kloster Weltenburg),

1995-663: Is surrounded completely by a green belt . Numerous inner-city parks like the City Park ( Stadtpark ), the Herzogspark , the Dörnbergpark , the Villapark or the university's botanical garden are a source for recreation and leisure. The city of Regensburg has erected several memorials to combat racism , intolerance towards minorities, and all other forms of contempt for human dignity : Particular to Regensburg are

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2090-537: Is the capital of the Upper Palatinate subregion of the state. With more than 150,000 inhabitants, Regensburg is the fourth-largest city in the State of Bavaria after Munich , Nuremberg and Augsburg and the 8th largest of all cities on the Danube river . From its foundation as an imperial Roman river fort, the city has been the political, economic and cultural centre of the surrounding region. Later, under

2185-534: Is used in the extended sense of autumn, as the name of the first term of the academic year, which begins at this time, at various educational institutions in the United Kingdom, Ireland and those parts of the Commonwealth in the northern hemisphere. These include the universities of Cambridge , Durham , Lancaster , Oxford , Swansea , and Dublin . However, the ancient Scottish universities used

2280-578: The Christian angelology of some traditions, the Archangel Michael is considered as the greatest of all the angels; being particularly honored for defeating the devil in the war in heaven . The name Michaelmas comes from a shortening of "Michael's Mass", in the same style as Christmas (Christ's Mass) and Candlemas (Candle Mass, the Mass where traditionally the candles to be used throughout

2375-884: The Dachau concentration camp . During World War II , many Jews emigrated to various countries, and in 1942, over 200 Jews were deported either to Piaski in German-occupied Poland or the Theresienstadt Ghetto in German-occupied Czechoslovakia . In the final months of World War II, in March and April 1945, the Regensburg subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp was located in the city, with 460 forced laborers of various nationalities, 40 of whom died. Regensburg

2470-897: The Diocese Museums (Bistumsmuseen) of Regensburg and a branch of the Bavarian National Museum located in St. Emmeram's Abbey, which contains the Princely Treasure Chamber of the Thurn und Taxis family. The Domschatzmuseum where church treasures, monstrances and tapestries are displayed is in St. Peter's Cathedral . Other museums include the Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerie, the Naturkundemuseum Ostbayern,

2565-642: The Feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael , the Feast of the Archangels , or the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels ) is a Christian festival observed in many Western Christian liturgical calendars on 29 September, and on 8 November in the Eastern Christian traditions. Michaelmas has been one of the four quarter days of the English and Irish financial, judicial, and academic year. In

2660-488: The Köppen climate classification . While the average temperature of 8.5 °C (47.3 °F) in the period from 1971 to 2000 is slightly above the German average (7.8 °C or 46.0 °F), still only 5 of the 80 cities in Germany above 100,000 inhabitants are colder. The average precipitation of 636 millimetres (25.0 inches ) per year ranges slightly below the German average (approximately 700 millimetres or 28 inches). For

2755-786: The Principality of Regensburg . It was handed over to the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz and Archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire Carl von Dalberg in compensation for the territory of the Electorate of Mainz located on the left bank of the Rhine which had been annexed by France under the terms of the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801. The Archbishopric of Mainz was formally transferred to Regensburg. Dalberg united

2850-559: The South Tyrolean region of northern Italy . More specifically, the dialect attributed to Regensburg is called Central Bavarian ( Mittelbairisch ). A 2019 report estimates that about half of Bavaria's 12 million inhabitants speak a variation of the Bavarian dialect. The first dictionary of a German dialect was Johann Ludwig Prasch's Glossarium Bavaricum . Published in Regensburg in 1689, it contains 500 words from

2945-488: The American Allied Occupation Zone , Regensburg and other DP camps organised their own camp postal service. In Regensburg, the camp postal service began operation on December 11, 1946. At the beginning of the 1960s, Regensburg invested heavily in technical and social infrastructure to attract industry. Siemens was the first multinational company to come to Regensburg, a significant step in

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3040-555: The Bavarian Jazz weekend during which over a hundred bands, combos, and soloists perform in the Old Town. In 2015, the House of Music was opened, giving a home to skilled musicians and their education. The international short film season is hosted annually in Regensburg. It is a non-profit event and takes place every March, being one of the most important of its type in Germany. Aside, there are several cinemas, such as CinemaxX ,

3135-401: The Bavarian variation spoken in Regensburg. Regensburg's Bauerntheater , a type of farmers' or folk theater, has staged plays delivered in Bavarian for over 90 years. Moreover, premiering in 2011, Joseph Berlinger's play "Mei Fähr Lady," a story about three "students" taking a crash course in Bavarian dialect, has been performed at Regensburg's Turmtheater over 300 times. In fact, the role of

3230-785: The Czech lands, as they were consequently part of the Roman Catholic and not the Slavic-Orthodox world . On 8 December 899 Arnulf of Carinthia , a descendant of Charlemagne , died at Regensburg. By the High Middle Ages in the year 1000, the population increased to 40,000 from 23,000 inhabitants in 800. In 1096, on the way to the First Crusade , Peter the Hermit led a mob of crusaders who attempted to force

3325-582: The Danube; it corresponds to what is today the core of Regensburg's Old City or Altstadt east of the Obere and Untere Bachgasse and west of the Schwanenplatz. It is believed that as early as the late Roman period the city was the seat of a bishop. From the early 6th century, Regensburg was the seat of a ruling family known as the Agilolfings . From about 530 to the first half of the 13th century, it

3420-529: The Deggendorf Dollar. Many of the camp's residents were survivors of the concentration camp at Theresienstadt . The displaced persons camp closed on 15 June 1949. Deggendorf is twinned with: Regensburg Regensburg (historically known in English as Ratisbon ) is a city in eastern Bavaria , at the confluence of the Danube , Naab and Regen rivers, Danube's northernmost point. It

3515-672: The Holy Roman Empire, meaning that they were granted a seat and a vote at the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ). So there was the unique situation that the town of Regensburg comprised five independent "states" (in terms of the Holy Roman Empire): the Protestant city itself, the Roman Catholic bishopric, and the three monasteries . In addition, it was seen as the traditional capital of the region Bavaria (not

3610-588: The Regensburg BMW plant produces 3 Series , 1 Series and (previously) Z4 vehicles. Continental AG , with the headquarters of its car component business, Osram Opto-Semiconductors, SGB-SMIT Group transformers and Siemens as well as Infineon , the former Siemens semiconductor branch, provide a high level of innovation and technical development in Regensburg. Other well known international companies, such as AREVA , Schneider Electric and Toshiba, have built plants in or near Regensburg. GE Aviation founded

3705-544: The Regensburg Spectaculum, a medieval market, near the Stone Bridge . Every December, there are several Christmas markets all over the city. With over 500 bars, restaurants, clubs, and other venues in the inner city alone, Regensburg provides a rich and diverse nightlife due to its young population. In 2023, Regensburg had 178,577 inhabitants , making it the fourth largest city in Bavaria. Over

3800-406: The Regensburg area date from the Stone Age . The oldest Celtic name given to a settlement near Regensburg was Radasbona , a site where a Roman fort was built around AD 90. In 179, a major new Roman fort, called Castra Regina ("fortress by the river Regen"), was built for Legio III Italica during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius . It was an important camp at the most northerly point of

3895-624: The Reichssaal, the rooms occupied by the Imperial Diet from 1663 to 1806. The Kepler Memorial House (Keplergedächtnishaus) illustrates the life of the famous astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler . The Municipal Art Gallery (Leerer Beutel) houses art collections, film events and cultural festivals. The city has also added several outdoor museums, known as "Document" sites, which give an overview of specific topics such as Roman , Jewish and Bavarian history . In addition, there are

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3990-919: The Reptile Zoo, the Regensburg Museum of Danube Shipping (Donau-Schiffahrts-Museum), the Public Observatory Regensburg as well as the Watch Museum (Uhrenmuseum), the Golf Museum, the Post Museum and the Dinoraeum. To celebrate its centenary in 2018, the State of Bavaria opened the Museum of Bavarian History in Regensburg. In 2023 a Dackelmuseum (Dachshund museum) opened. There are also guided tours of most of

4085-952: The Theater Regensburg also has four other stages with programmes that complement each other. In the Neuhaussaal of the theater on the Bismarckplatz, concerts by the Philharmonic Orchestra Regensburg take place. The Velodrom Theater presents musicals and plays. In the Haidplatz Theater it is mainly literary and modern plays that are performed, whereas the Turmtheater at the Goliathplatz puts on cabarets, musicals and plays for children as well as modern plays. Regensburg

4180-414: The United Kingdom, the United States and Ireland, a Red Mass is traditionally convened on the Sunday closest to Michaelmas, in honor of and to bless lawyers and judges. While terms are not used by most courts in the United States, where court calendars are usually continuous and year-round, the U.S. Supreme Court operates on an annual term and roughly follows the English custom by beginning that term on

4275-554: The act so that in the 15th century the stereotypical legend took on its own life. In the years following the economic downturn and the aforementioned massacre, Deggendorf regained some of its former wealth. Thus, the construction of the basilica ("Heilig-Grab-Kirche") could be completed by 1400. By the beginning of the 15th century the fully formed legend had already spread far enough to encourage more and more people to pilgrimage to Deggendorf. An average of 40.000 people per year traveled to Deggendorf and its famous hosts. The development of

4370-512: The actual events took place makes just one piece of evidence for this. Its content is schematic and clichéd. Stereotypically, Easter Day is given as the date and the accusation of well poisoning is added even though it had never been mentioned before in this context. Details that could be interpreted as specific to Deggendorf are left out. The only name given is that of Hartmann von Degenberg who could not be identified as an actual historical person. A complete deformation of reality becomes manifest in

4465-417: The area in 1002. Deggendorf is first mentioned as a town in 1212. Heinrich (d. 1290) of the Landshut branch of the ruling family of Bavaria made it the seat of a custom-house; and in 1331 it became the residence of Heinrich III of Natternberg (d. 1333), whose name derived from a castle in the neighbourhood. The ruins of Natternberg castle are still well preserved and a popular destination for hikers. In

4560-530: The battle from the French perspective, but is filled with historical errors. The Jewish community was persecuted after the Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933, many Jews fled in the following years, and some were also expelled to Poland ; thanks, however, to a Polish-German agreement they were allowed to return to the city. On November 9, 1938, during the Kristallnacht , the Regensburg Synagogue and several Jewish homes and stores were destroyed, and around 220 Jews were arrested, some were also deported to

4655-479: The bishopric, the monasteries, and the town itself, making up the Principality of Regensburg ( Fürstentum Regensburg ). Dalberg strictly modernized public life. Most importantly, he awarded equal rights to Protestants and Roman Catholics alike. In 1810 Dalberg ceded Regensburg to the Kingdom of Bavaria , he himself being compensated by the award of Fulda and Hanau to him under the title of " Grand Duke of Frankfurt ". Between April 19 and April 23, 1809, Regensburg

4750-427: The central towns of the Empire, attracting visitors in large numbers. A minority of the population remained Roman Catholic , and Roman Catholics were denied civic rights ( Bürgerrecht ). Although the Imperial city had adopted the Reformation, the town remained the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop and several abbeys . Three of these, St. Emmeram , Niedermünster and Obermünster , were free imperial estates within

4845-410: The centuries-long defamation of the Jews. In 2017, Richard Utz linked the tardy discontinuation (thirty years after the Second Vatican Council) of the pilgrimage tradition to a decision by Regensburg Bishop, Rudolf Graber . In the late 1960s, Graber replaced a chair in Judaic Studies with one in Dogmatic Theology at the newly founded University of Regensburg. A chair in Judaic Studies would have sped up

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4940-438: The city's development after World War II. In 1965, Regensburg University was founded; Regensburg University of Applied Sciences was established in 1971. The second multinational company, BMW , arrived in 1986 and set up a large production plant. Since the 1990s, several well-known hightech companies have been located in Regensburg, such as Infineon and OSRAM , contributing to the city's current wealth. In 1997, Regensburg

5035-423: The concluding rituals. It was not before the 1960s that the "Deggendorfer Gnad" attracted more and more criticism. It was demanded to remove all anti-Jewish depictions showing them in the middle of the alleged host desecration. Among these was a cycle of sixteen oil paintings, the hosts themselves and the "Judenstein" (an anvil with Jewish figures around it and floating hosts). Even though the debate quickly became

5130-481: The dialect professor is played by Ludwig Zehetner, professor emeritus in Bavarian dialectology at University of Regensburg. Manfred Rohm, whose pen name Sepp Grantelhauer takes on the Bavarian verb granteln for "to complain," writes a weekly satirical column solely in Bavarian for the Regensburger Rundschau . The Old Town of Regensburg with nearly 1,500 listed buildings offers a huge cultural diversity from Roman to modern times. The Old Town of Regensburg

5225-416: The early 1330s, Deggendorf was an expanding market town with commerce and trade. At the beginning of that decade, however, it was caught in the middle of a conflict between the Bavarian dukes. A fire damaged large parts of the town. It is presumed that this was one of the reasons for the massive indebtedness with the local Jewish community. that culminated in a massacre. The first reference to this murder of

5320-457: The first Monday in October, a few days after Michaelmas. Because Saint Michael is the patron of police officers, Michaelmas may also see a Blue Mass . Lutheran Christians consider it a principal feast of Christ. Michaelmas is still celebrated in Waldorf schools. Rudolf Steiner considered it the second most important festival after Easter . The celebration of this holiday teaches the importance of facing fears and strengthening resolve. As

5415-640: The first festival of the new school year, it is celebrated with an all-school play, in which each class assumes a role, such as peasants, townspeople, nobles, etc. Students assume a new role as they pass from grade to grade, and it becomes something of a rite of passage. In the City of London , Michaelmas is the day when the new Lord Mayor of London is elected, in the Common Hall . In Mifflin County, Pennsylvania , Michaelmas has been observed since 1786 as Goose Day. Local tradition holds that eating goose on 29 September will bring prosperity. The Juniata River Valley began celebrating this version of Michaelmas when

5510-411: The geese to their landlords, as could be stipulated in their tenancy agreements. The custom dates to at least the 15th century, and was easily continued as geese are in their prime at Michaelmas time. One association of geese with Michaelmas comes from a legend in which the son of an Irish king choked on a goose bone he had eaten, and was then brought back to life by St. Patrick . The king ordered

5605-411: The historical monuments in Regensburg, as well as organized tours of the city available in several languages. The Theater Regensburg on the Bismarckplatz was established in 1804 and is the city's most important theater. Operas, operettas, musicals and ballets are performed there. In the summer open-air performances also take place. While the theater on the Bismarckplatz is the city's oldest and largest,

5700-399: The holiday, painted fiberglass goose statues can be found throughout the county all year long. Old Michaelmas Day falls on 11 October (10 October according to some sources – the dates are the result of the shift from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar so the gap widens by a day every century except the current one). It is said that the Devil fell out of Heaven on this date, and fell into

5795-412: The largest one showing blockbusters and arthouse films , and smaller independent cinemas such as Garbo, Ostentor Kino and Regina Filmtheater. Regensburg has two open air cinemas as well. Although the German language is Germany's official language, Regensburg is considered a part of the Bavarian dialect language area ( bairischer Sprachraum ) which encompasses much of Bavaria , Austria , and

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5890-480: The last hundred years, the city's population has grown rapidly, exceeding 100,000 in 1945 due to the influx of Germans who were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries at the end of the war . Today Regensburg is one of the fastest growing cities in Germany. [REDACTED] Just over 20% of the total population are foreigners. As of 2019, most come from the Middle East and Southeastern Europe : A relative majority of Regensburg's population

5985-406: The late 1960s, the prevailing mindset had turned in favour of preserving the city's heritage. Between 1945 and 1949, Regensburg was the site of the largest displaced persons (DP) camp in Germany. At its peak in 1946–1947, the workers' district of Ganghofersiedlung housed almost 5,000 Ukrainian and 1,000 non-Ukrainian refugees and displaced persons. With the approval of U.S. Military Government in

6080-401: The local Jews is found in an official document by Duke Heinrich XIV originating from 1336. In this document, the duke pardoned the citizens of Deggendorf and spared them any kind of punishment for killing the Jews. He even granted them the right to keep every item they looted from their victims. Further clues to the murders are found, for example, in the annals of some important monasteries of

6175-444: The major factors of the Deggendorf economy. Yet, after its peak, attendances decreased steadily until 1927. In 1970, only about 10.000 pilgrims, mainly from the Deggendorf area, took part in the festivities. The supra-regional significance of the "Deggendorfer Gnad" had been lost. In addition, only older people seemed to keep participating in the Gnad. Due to these developments the town pursued a thorough advertising campaign combined with

6270-410: The mass conversion of Jews in Regensburg, they then killed all those who resisted. Between 1135 and 1146, the Stone Bridge across the Danube was built at Regensburg. This bridge opened major international trade routes between northern Europe and Venice , and this began Regensburg's golden age as a residence of wealthy trading families. Regensburg became the cultural centre of southern Germany and

6365-444: The name Martinmas for their autumn term, following the old Scottish term days. The Inns of Court of the English Bar and the Honorable Society of King's Inns in Ireland also have a Michaelmas term as one of their dining terms. It begins in September and ends towards the end of December. The term is also the name of the first of four terms into which the legal year is divided by the courts of Ireland and England and Wales. In

6460-401: The newer period from 1981 to 2010 the average temperature and precipitation rose up to 8.9 °C (48.0 °F) respectively 658 millimetres (25.9 inches ). As this increase in the average temperature can also be seen in the other cities, Regensburg still ranks fifth place (shared with Ingolstadt and Kiel) in the above-mentioned ranking. With a total of 1670 sunshine hours per year, Regensburg

6555-439: The origin of the Michaelmas goose is that Queen Elizabeth I was eating a goose on the holiday when she heard of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and thus proclaimed that geese should be eaten by everyone each year in commemoration of the victory. This falls apart when the date (geese and Michaelmas were connected at least a century earlier, if not longer) and the timing of the battle (August) are considered. The custom of baking

6650-419: The partition of the Carolingian Empire in 843, the city became the seat of the Eastern Frankish ruler, Louis the German . Two years later, 14 Bohemian princes came to Regensburg to receive baptism there. This was the starting point of the Christianization of the Czechs , and the diocese of Regensburg became the mother diocese of that of Prague . These events had a wide impact on the cultural history of

6745-416: The pilgrimage and assured that the Jews as its cause were hardly ever mentioned in the sermons. In the 1980s, Manfred Eder (University of Regensburg) started work on his doctoral thesis carefully researching the origin and development of the "Deggendorfer Gnad". On the basis of his findings, the diocese of Regensburg finally decided to abolish the pilgrimage. Bishop Manfred Müller asked for forgiveness for

6840-470: The pilgrimage to become a time of worship of the magic hosts of Deggendorf was particularly promoted by pastor Johannes Sartorius (1599–1609) and Duke Albrecht of Bavaria (1584–1666). The much admired hosts, however, had been retrospectively purchased and had to be replaced regularly. During the 18th and 19th century and especially in 1737 (year of the 400-year-jubilee) the "Gnad" reached its peak attracting six-figure attendances. The pilgrimage constituted one of

6935-592: The poem. What happened in Deggendorf in 1338 is probably that the pogrom came about because of the high debts the Christian citizens owed the Jews. The locusts destroying much of the crop tightened the situation. The end of September or the beginning of October 1338 is likely the correct date (around the payday on Michaelmas .) This means the Jews were murdered for economic reasons. Events were reworked later to justify

7030-540: The poor in their names. Nuts were traditionally cracked on Michaelmas Eve. Folklore in the British Isles suggests that Michaelmas day is the last day that blackberries can be picked. It is said that when St. Michael expelled the devil, Lucifer, from heaven, he fell from the skies and landed in a prickly blackberry bush. Satan cursed the fruit, scorched them with his fiery breath, stamped, spat, and urinated on them, so that they would be unfit for eating. As it

7125-533: The production of the kind of research that would have debunked the tradition's false claims. Deggendorf was the site of a displaced persons camp for Jewish refugees after World War II . It housed approximately 2,000 refugees, who created a cultural center that included two newspapers, the Deggendorf Center Review and Cum Ojfboj , a theater group, synagogue , mikvah , kosher kitchen, and more. The camp even issued its own currency known as

7220-523: The rule of the Holy Roman Empire , it housed the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg . The medieval centre of the city was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006 because of its well-preserved architecture, being the biggest medieval city site north of the Alps, and the city's historical importance for assemblies during the Holy Roman Empire . In 2014, Regensburg was among the top sights and travel attractions in Germany. The first settlements in

7315-400: The sacrifice of a goose every Michaelmas in honour of the saint. The Irish Michaelmas goose was slaughtered and eaten on the day; they were also presented as gifts or donated to the poor. In parts of Ireland sheep were also slaughtered with tradition of the "St. Michael's portion" donated to the poor. Poultry markets and fairs took place to sell geese as well as mutton pies. In Ulster , it

7410-626: The second half of the 20th century. In the time before their feasts were: 29 September (only St Michael), 24 March for St Gabriel, and 24 October for St Raphael. In the Lutheran , as well as in the Anglican / Episcopalian traditions, there are three to four archangels in their calendars for the 29 September feast for St. Michael and All Angels: namely Michael (Jude 1:9) and Gabriel (Daniel 9:21), Raphael ( Tobit 12:15) and sometimes Uriel ( 2 Esdras 4:1 and 2 Esdras 5:20). Michaelmas

7505-537: The so-called Stolpersteine (stumbling stones) in honor of Jews deported during Nazism . Twice a year the Regensburg Dult takes place. This is the city's Volksfest , which is Bavaria's fourth largest. The Bürgerfest (citizen celebration) in the Old Town is held every two years, attracting over 100,000 visitors. Every second weekend in July, people dressed as knights and other medieval characters come together at

7600-668: The state), acted as functional co-capital of the Empire (second to the Emperor's court at Vienna) due to the presence of the Perpetual Diet, and it was the residence of the Emperor's Commissary-Principal to the same diet, who with one very brief exception was a prince himself (for many years the Prince of Thurn and Taxis , still resident in the town). In 1803 the city lost its status as an imperial city following its incorporation into

7695-427: The time and in the works of Johann von Viktring (d. ca. 1346). For 1338, these sources mention a plague of locusts which destroyed much of that year's crop. Johann von Viktring refers to this infestation in connection to the murder of the Jews of Deggendorf. Yet, the inscription in the basilica of Deggendorf differs from all former sources. As the date of events it gives 1337. The Jews are purported to have set fire to

7790-577: The town Autobahn A3 and A92 form an important crossing. A few miles downstream, east of the district Deggenau, lies the confluence of the River Isar with the Danube. The earliest traces of settlement in the area were found near the Danube and date back approximately 8,000 years. Both Bronze Age and Celtic era archeological finds indicate continuous habitation through the millennia. The first written mention of Deggendorf occurred in 868, and Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor established his supremacy over

7885-482: The town. The body of God was found so that the community of Deggendorf started to build a church. "Im Jahre des Herrn 1337, am nächsten Tag nach St. Michaels-Tag, wurden die Juden erschlagen, die Stadt zündeten sie an, da wurde Gottes Leichnam gefunden, das sahen Frauen und Männer, da hob man das Gotteshaus zu bauen an." In the year of the Lord 1337, on the day after Michaelmas, the Jews were slain. They had set fire to

7980-431: The town. Then the body of God was found. This was seen by women and men and the building of the house of God was begun. The wrong date indicates that this inscription stems from a much later date. The mention of the body of God points to a host desecration . It must be assumed that the accusation of host desecration had already taken on a life of its own at that time so that further explanations were not needed. Everyone

8075-461: The year would be blessed). During the Middle Ages , Michaelmas was celebrated as a Holy Day of Obligation , but this tradition was abolished in the 18th century. In medieval England, Michaelmas marked the ending and beginning of the husbandman 's year, George C. Homans observes: "at that time harvest was over, and the bailiff or reeve of the manor would be making out the accounts for

8170-491: The year." Because it falls near the equinox , this holy day is associated in the northern hemisphere with the beginning of autumn and the shortening of days. It was also one of the English , Welsh , and Irish quarter days , when accounts had to be settled. On manors, it was the day when a reeve was elected from the peasants. Michaelmas hiring fairs were held at the end of September or beginning of October. The day

8265-724: Was also considered a "gale day" in Ireland when rent would be due, as well as a day for the issuing or settling of contracts or other legal transactions. On the Isle of Skye , Scotland, a procession was held. One of the few flowers left around at this time of year is the Michaelmas daisy (also known as asters ). Hence the rhyme: "The Michaelmas daisies, among dead weeds, Bloom for St Michael's valorous deeds ..." In Ireland, ( Irish : Fómhar na nGéanna ), pilgrimages to holy wells associated with St Michael took place, with pilgrims taking

8360-540: Was awarded the Europe Prize for its outstanding achievements in European integration . The World Heritage Committee listed Regensburg's Old Town a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2006. Regensburg is situated on the northernmost part of the Danube river at the geological crossroads of four distinct landscapes : Regensburg straddles the humid continental ( Dfb ) and oceanic ( Cfb ) climate zones under

8455-520: Was celebrated for its gold work and fabrics. In 1245 Regensburg became a Free Imperial City and was a trade centre before the shifting of trade routes in the late Middle Ages. Regensburg has always been a place where international meetings were held. This was also the case in 1471 when a war against the Turks was to be decided. In 1486, Regensburg became part of the Duchy of Bavaria , but its independence

8550-457: Was familiar with the narratives of this legend. The fully formed legend of the host desecration by the Jews of Deggendorf and about the miracles happening after their "punishment" appears in a composite manuscript in the library of the monastery St Emmeram in Regensburg not before the 15th century. "Das Gedicht von den Deggendorfer Hostien" (The poem of the hosts of Deggendorf) has strictly no credibility at all. Its sudden appearance centuries after

8645-652: Was home to both a Messerschmitt Bf 109 aircraft factory and an oil refinery, which were bombed by the Allies on August 17, 1943, in the Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission , and on February 5, 1945, during the Oil Campaign of World War II . Although both targets were badly damaged, Regensburg itself suffered little damage from the Allied strategic bombing campaign , and the nearly intact medieval city centre

8740-541: Was restored by the Holy Roman Emperor ten years later. The first Diet of Regensburg took place in 1541. The city adopted the Protestant Reformation in 1542 and its Town Council remained entirely Lutheran . From 1663 to 1806, the city was the permanent seat of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, which became known as the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg . Thus, Regensburg was one of

8835-625: Was the capital of Bavaria. The bishopric established by the Romans was re-established by St Boniface as the Bishopric of Regensburg in 739. In the late 8th century, Regensburg remained an important city during the reign of Charlemagne . In 792, Regensburg hosted the ecclesiastical section of Charlemagne's General Assembly, the bishops in council who condemned the heresy of the nontrinitarian adoptionism doctrine taught by their Spanish counterparts, Elipandus of Toledo and Felix of Urgell . After

8930-514: Was the scene of the Battle of Ratisbon between forces commanded by Henri Gatien Bertrand and Napoleon himself and the retreating Austrian forces. The city was eventually overrun, after supplies and ammunition ran out. The city suffered severe damage during the fight, with about 150 houses being burnt and others being looted. Robert Browning 's poem Incident at the French Camp describes

9025-439: Was traditional for tenants to present their landlord with a couple of geese, a tradition dating back to Edward IV . There were differing methods across Ireland for cooking the goose, most generally using a heavy iron pot on an open hearth. In Blacklion , County Cavan, the goose was covered in local blue clay and placed at the centre of the fire until the clay broke, indicating the goose was cooked. Another legend surrounding

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