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65-476: The term was first used by Émile Boirac in 1876. Boirac was a French philosopher whose book L'avenir des sciences psychiques ( lit.   ' The Future of the Psychic Sciences ' ) included the sensation of déjà vu. Déjà vu has been presented by Émile as a reminiscence of memories, "These experiments have led scientists to suspect that déjà vu is a memory phenomenon. We encounter a situation that

130-548: A biological neural network within a single cerebral hemisphere . Temporal lobe epilepsy occurs from seizures arising within the temporal lobe. Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common focal onset epilepsy, and 80% of temporal lobe epilepsy is mesial (medial) temporal lobe epilepsy , temporal lobe epilepsy arising from the inner ( medial ) part of the temporal lobe that may involve the hippocampus , parahippocampal gyrus or amygdala . The less common lateral temporal lobe or neocortical temporal lobe seizures arise from

195-694: A cardiac pacemaker , defibrillator or cochlear implant may receive a CT scan. CT scan may better demonstrate calcium containing brain abnormalities causing epilepsy such as in tuberous sclerosis and Sturge–Weber syndrome . Anticonvulsant oral medications control seizures in about two-thirds of persons with epilepsy, and control commonly occurs with one or two medications. Those with uncontrolled seizures despite treatment with multiple anticonvulsant medications have pharmacoresistant epilepsy, and they may require epilepsy surgery to achieve seizure control. Penfield and Flanigan first described anterior temporal lobectomy , partial surgical removal of

260-416: A brain region of decreased glucose metabolism at a time between seizures; this hypometabolic region may correspond to the seizure focus, and PET scan is more sensitive for temporal lobe seizure focus localization compared to epilepsy arising from other brain lobes. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) may show a region of decreased blood flow occurring 40-60 seconds after injection during

325-514: A false double or impostor. If the impostor is himself, the clinical setting would be the same as the one described as depersonalization , hence jamais vus of oneself or of the "reality of reality", are termed depersonalization (or surreality ) feelings. The feeling has been evoked through semantic satiation . Chris Moulin of the University of Leeds asked 95 volunteers to write the word "door" 30 times in 60 seconds. Sixty-eight percent of

390-422: A focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. Impaired language function ( dysphasia ) during or soon following a seizure is more likely to occur when seizures arise from the language dominant side of the brain. The major cognitive impairment in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is a progressive memory impairment. This involves declarative memory impairment, including episodic memory and semantic memory , and

455-491: A granule cell layer that is widened, poorly demarcated, or accompanied by granule cells outside the layer (ectopic granule cells). In the normal brain, dentate granule cells block seizure spread from entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus. A hypothesis is that granule cell dispersion may disrupt the normal mossy fiber pathway connecting granule cells and CA3 pyramidal cells leading to mossy fiber sprouting and new excitatory networks capable of generating seizures. However,

520-683: A more severe epilepsy. Mechanisms related to neuronal loss incompletely account for temporal lobe epilepsy as temporal lobe epilepsy may occur with only minimal neuronal cell loss. This KCC2 mutation prevents subicular neurons from potassium and chloride ion extrusion, leading to intracellular chloride accumulation, and positive γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediated currents. Accumulated chloride efflux through GABA receptors leads to neuronal depolarization , increased neuronal excitability and ultimately seizures. Persons with this mutation have mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Dentate gyrus granule cell dispersion refers to

585-400: A new scene's spatial layout and the layout of a previously experienced scene in memory (but which fails to be recalled) may contribute to the déjà vu experience. When the previously experienced scene fails to come to mind in response to viewing the new scene, that previously experienced scene in memory can still exert an effect—that effect may be a feeling of familiarity with the new scene that

650-459: A person momentarily does not recognize a word, person or place that they already know. Jamais vu is sometimes associated with certain types of aphasia , amnesia , and epilepsy . Theoretically, a jamais vu feeling in someone with a delirious disorder or intoxication could result in a delirious explanation of it, such as in the Capgras delusion , in which the patient takes a known person for

715-485: A position of influence. This was partly because, in that era, the norm for UK academic departments was to have only a single faculty member with the title "Professor", who was also permanent head of department, and Experimental Psychology was the only branch of the discipline to have a university department at Cambridge. He was active both in the Experimental Psychology Society (of which he

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780-574: A result he exerted considerable influence at a period when UK psychology was expanding rapidly. Zangwill's research interests were mainly in neuropsychology , particularly brain lateralisation , at a time when these topics were not particularly fashionable. Much of his research was based at the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London (now part of the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery ), and he

845-469: A result of hyperdopaminergic action in the medial temporal areas of the brain. A similar case study by Karla, Chancellor, and Zeman (2007) suggests a link between déjà vu and the serotonergic system , after an otherwise healthy woman began experiencing similar symptoms while taking a combination of 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa . Déjà vu may happen if a person experienced the current sensory experience twice successively. The first input experience

910-501: A strong sense of it. These figures are consistent with Banister and Zangwill's findings. Some participants in PHA group related the familiarity when completing the puzzle with an exact event that happened before, which is more likely to be a phenomenon of source amnesia. Other participants started to realize that they may have completed the puzzle game during hypnosis, which is more akin to the phenomenon of breaching. In contrast, participants in

975-422: A study has shown that a similar pattern of granule cell dispersion may occur in persons without epilepsy. Focal cortical dysplasia is a brain malformation that may cause temporal lobe epilepsy. This malformation may cause abnormal cortical layers ( dyslamination ), occur with abnormal neurons ( dysmorphic neurons, balloon cells ) and may occur with a brain tumor or vascular malformation. An abnormality of

1040-512: Is major depressive disorder . Other disorders include post-traumatic stress disorder , general anxiety disorder , psychosis , obsessive-compulsive disorder , schizophrenia , bipolar disorder , substance use disorder and a ~9% prevalence of suicide . Geschwind syndrome is a syndrome of altered sexuality (most often hyposexuality), religiosity , and compulsive or extensive writing and drawing occurring in persons with temporal lobe epilepsy. However, subsequent studies did not support

1105-457: Is 83.33% of the total sample. More participants in PHF group felt a strong sense of familiarity, for instance, comments like "I think I have done this several years ago." Furthermore, more participants in PHF group experienced a strong déjà vu , for example, "I think I have done the exact puzzle before." Three out of six participants in the PHA group felt a sense of déjà vu, and none of them experienced

1170-450: Is advised for those with evidence of focal epilepsy such as temporal lobe epilepsy. Abnormalities identified by MRI scan include hippocampal sclerosis, focal cortical dysplasia, other cortical developmental brain malformations, developmental and low-grade tumors, cavernous hemangioma , hypoxic-ischemic brain injury , traumatic brain injury and encephalitis. F-fluorodeoxyglucose ( F-FDG) brain positron emission tomography (PET) may show

1235-415: Is an unnatural stiffening of one arm occurring during a seizure. A dystonic posture on one side of the body commonly indicates seizure onset from the opposite side of the brain e.g. right arm dystonic posture arising from a left temporal lobe seizure. Impaired language function ( dysphasia ) during or soon following a seizure is more likely to occur when seizures arise from the language dominant side of

1300-809: Is associated with temporal lobe epilepsy . This experience is a neurological anomaly related to epileptic electrical discharge in the brain, creating a strong sensation that an event or experience currently being experienced has already been experienced in the past. Migraines with aura are also associated with déjà vu . Early researchers tried to establish a link between déjà vu and mental disorders such as anxiety , dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia but failed to find correlations of any diagnostic value. No special association has been found between déjà vu and schizophrenia. A 2008 study found that déjà vu experiences are unlikely to be pathological dissociative experiences . Some research has looked into genetics when considering déjà vu . Although there

1365-531: Is brief, degraded, occluded, or distracted. Immediately following that, the second perception might be familiar because the person naturally related it to the first input. One possibility behind this mechanism is that the first input experience involves shallow processing, which means that only some superficial physical attributes are extracted from the stimulus. Research has associated déjà vu experiences with good memory functions, particularly long-term implicit memory . Recognition memory enables people to realize

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1430-498: Is caused by dual neurological processing caused by delayed signals. Efron found that the brain's sorting of incoming signals is done in the temporal lobe of the brain's left hemisphere. However, signals enter the temporal lobe twice before processing, once from each hemisphere of the brain, normally with a slight delay of milliseconds between them. Efron proposed that if the two signals were occasionally not synchronized properly, then they would be processed as two separate experiences, with

1495-412: Is merely a recall of the last reconstruction. The proposed sense of recognition (déjà vu) involves achieving a good match between the present experience and the stored data. This reconstruction, however, may now differ so much from the original event it is as though it had never been experienced before, even though it seems similar. In 1965, Robert Efron of Boston's Veterans Hospital proposed that déjà vu

1560-507: Is not currently a gene associated with déjà vu , the LGI1 gene on chromosome 10 is being studied for a possible link. Certain forms of the gene are associated with a mild form of epilepsy, and, though by no means a certainty, déjà vu , along with jamais vu , occurs often enough during seizures (such as simple partial seizures ) that researchers have reason to suspect a link. Certain combinations of medical drugs have been reported to increase

1625-463: Is not real. Because of the intense feeling of familiarity, patients experiencing déjà vécu may withdraw from their current events or activities. Patients may justify their feelings of familiarity with beliefs bordering on delusion. Presque vu ( French pronunciation: [pʁɛsk vy] , from French, meaning "almost seen") is the intense feeling of being on the very brink of a powerful epiphany , insight, or revelation, without actually achieving

1690-446: Is similar to an actual memory but we can’t fully recall that memory." This evidence, found by Émile Boirac, helps the public understand what déjà vu can entail on the average brain. It was also stated, "Our brain recognizes the similarities between our current experience and one in the past ... left with a feeling of familiarity that we can't quite place." Throughout history, there have been many theories on what causes déjà vu. Déjà vu

1755-465: Is subjectively experienced as a feeling that an event or experience currently being experienced has already been experienced in the past, or of having been there before despite knowing otherwise. In 2018 a study examined volunteers' brains under experimentally induced déjà vu through the use of fMRI brain scans. The induced "deja vu" state was created by getting them to look at a series of logically related and unrelated words. The researchers would then ask

1820-538: Is where information learned is forgotten but nevertheless stored in the brain, and similar occurrences invoke the contained knowledge, leading to a feeling of familiarity because the event or experience being experienced has already been experienced in the past, known as "déjà vu". Some experts suggest that memory is a process of reconstruction, rather than a recollection of fixed, established events. This reconstruction comes from stored components, involving emotions, distortions, and omissions. Each successive recall of an event

1885-456: Is worse when medications fail to control seizures. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy arising from the language dominant hemisphere impairs verbal memory , and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy arising from the language non-dominant hemisphere impairs nonverbal memory . Psychiatric disorders are more common among those with epilepsy, and the highest prevalence occurs among those with temporal lobe epilepsy. The most common psychiatric comorbidity

1950-539: The lateral (neocortical) temporal lobe . Memory and psychiatric comorbidities may occur. Diagnosis relies on electroencephalographic (EEG) and neuroimaging studies. Anticonvulsant medications , epilepsy surgery and dietary treatments may improve seizure control. Under the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) 2017 classification of the epilepsies , focal onset epilepsy occurs from seizures arising from

2015-579: The MTOR pathway leads to hyperexcitable glutamate mediated neurons leading to seizures. The temporal lobe epileptiform discharge is a pattern seen on the electroencephalgram (EEG) test; temporal lobe epileptiform discharges occur between seizures and confirm the diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Long-term video-EEG monitoring may record the behavior and EEG during a seizure. Magnetoencephalography may diagnose temporal lobe epilepsy by recording epileptiform discharges or seizure patterns arising from

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2080-427: The PHA condition, if a participant reported no memory of completing the puzzle game during hypnosis, researchers scored the participant as passing the suggestion. In the PHF condition, if participants reported that the puzzle game felt familiar, researchers scored the participant as passing the suggestion. It turned out that, both in the PHA and PHF conditions, five participants passed the suggestion and one did not, which

2145-416: The PHA group received a posthypnotic amnesia suggestion to forget the game in the hypnosis. Then, each participant in the PHF group was not given the puzzle but received a posthypnotic familiarity suggestion that they would feel familiar with this game during the hypnosis. After the hypnosis, all participants were asked to play the puzzle (the second time for PHA group) and reported the feelings of playing. In

2210-575: The PHF group reported that they felt confused about the strong familiarity of this puzzle, with the feeling of playing it just sliding across their minds. Overall, the experiences of participants in the PHF group is more likely to be the déjà vu in life, while the experiences of participants in the PHA group is unlikely to be real déjà vu. A 2012 study in the journal Consciousness and Cognition , that used virtual reality technology to study reported déjà vu experiences, supported this idea. This virtual reality investigation suggested that similarity between

2275-515: The abnormal brain tissue that causes seizures. Neurostimulation may also improve seizure control. The vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) is surgically implanted in the chest, and delivers programmed electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve in the neck. The responsive neurostimulation device is implanted in the skull, monitors electrical brain activity for seizures, and responds to seizures with programmed electrical stimulation to one or two brain areas. Programmed deep brain stimulation of

2340-528: The anterior thalamic nucleus may treat seizures arising from more than 2 brain areas. The ketogenic diet and modified Atkins diet are additional temporal lobe epilepsy treatment options. Among those who develop childhood temporal lobe epilepsy, epilepsy remits in about one-third of children. Remission was more likely among those without hippocampal sclerosis , brain tumor, or focal cortical dysplasia on MRI scan. Oliver Zangwill Oliver Louis Zangwill FRS (29 October 1913 – 12 October 1987)

2405-602: The association of these behavioral traits with temporal lobe epilepsy. There are reports of religious behaviors occurring in persons with temporal lobe epilepsy. Hippocampal sclerosis , brain tumor , traumatic brain injury , cerebral vascular malformation , neuronal migration disorders , infections such as encephalitis and meningitis , autoimmune disease ( limbic encephalitis ) and genetic disorders may cause temporal lobe epilepsy. Many persons with uncontrolled temporal lobe epilepsy had childhood febrile seizures . A brief febrile seizure only slightly increases

2470-508: The brain. The common auras from seizures arising from primary auditory cortex include vertigo , humming sound, ringing sound, buzzing sound, hearing a song, hearing voices or altered hearing sensation. Lateral temporal lobe seizures arising from the temporal- parietal lobe junction may cause complex visual hallucinations. In comparison to medial temporal lobe seizures, lateral temporal lobe seizures are briefer duration seizures, occur with earlier loss of awareness, and are more likely become

2535-528: The cell loss pattern of temporal lobe epilepsy in humans. Repetitive seizures irreversibly damage interneurons leading to persistent loss of recurrent inhibition . Damage of GABAergic interneurons lead to loss of inhibition, uncontrolled neuronal firing , leading to seizures. The secondary epileptogenesis hypothesis is that repetitive seizures lead to interneuron loss, loss of glutamatergic principal neurons , axonal sprouting, and formation of new recurrent glutamatergic excitatory circuits leading to

2600-531: The chances of déjà vu occurring in the user. Taiminen and Jääskeläinen (2001) explored the case of an otherwise healthy person who started experiencing intense and recurrent sensations of déjà vu upon taking the drugs amantadine and phenylpropanolamine together to relieve flu symptoms. Because of the dopaminergic action of the drugs and previous findings from electrode stimulation of the brain (e.g. Bancaud, Brunet-Bourgin, Chauvel, & Halgren, 1994), Tamminen and Jääskeläinen speculated that déjà vu occurs as

2665-429: The collectively stored patterns. Jamais vu (from French, meaning "never seen") is any familiar situation which is not recognized by the observer. Often described as the opposite of déjà vu, jamais vu involves a sense of eeriness and the observer's impression of seeing the situation for the first time, despite rationally knowing that they have been in the situation before. Jamais vu is most commonly experienced when

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2730-436: The event or activity that they are experiencing has happened before. When people experience déjà vu, they may have their recognition memory triggered by certain situations which they have never encountered. The similarity between a déjà-vu-eliciting stimulus and an existing, or non-existing but different, memory trace may lead to the sensation that an event or experience currently being experienced has already been experienced in

2795-451: The exact details are uncertain or were perhaps imagined. Temporal lobe epilepsy In the field of neurology, temporal lobe epilepsy is an enduring brain disorder that causes unprovoked seizures from the temporal lobe . Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of focal onset epilepsy among adults. Seizure symptoms and behavior distinguish seizures arising from the medial temporal lobe from seizures arising from

2860-454: The feeling of familiarity with the current situation without being able to identify any specific memory or previous event that could be associated with the sensation. In 2010, O'Connor, Moulin, and Conway developed another laboratory analog of déjà vu based on two contrast groups of carefully selected participants, a group under posthypnotic amnesia condition (PHA) and a group under posthypnotic familiarity condition (PHF). The idea of PHA group

2925-437: The magnetic fields of neural electrical currents. Neuroimaging tests may identify the cause for seizures and the seizure focus , the brain location where seizures begin. In newly diagnosed epilepsy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect brain lesion in up to 12 to 14% of persons with epilepsy. However, for those with chronic epilepsy, MRI can detect brain lesion in 80% of the persons with epilepsy. 3-Tesla MRI scan

2990-434: The outer ( lateral ) temporal lobe. The ILAE 2017 classification distinguishes focal aware from focal impaired seizures. A focal aware temporal lobe seizure occurs if a person remains aware of what occurs during the entire seizure; awareness may be retained even if impaired responsiveness occurs during the seizure. A focal impaired awareness temporal lobe seizure occurs if a person becomes unaware during any part of

3055-418: The participants how many words starting with a specific letter they saw. With related words such as "door, shutter, screen, breeze", the participants would be asked if they saw any words that started with "W" (i.e. Window, a term that was not presented to the participants). If they did note that they thought they saw a word that wasn't presented to them, then déjà vu was induced. The researchers would then examine

3120-417: The past. Thus, encountering something that evokes the implicit associations of an experience or sensation that cannot be remembered may lead to déjà vu. In an effort to reproduce the sensation experimentally, Banister and Zangwill (1941) used hypnosis to give participants posthypnotic amnesia for material they had already seen. When this was later re-encountered, the restricted activation caused thereafter by

3185-402: The posthypnotic amnesia resulted in three of the 10 participants reporting what the authors termed "paramnesias". Two approaches are used by researchers to study feelings of previous experience, with the process of recollection and familiarity. Recollection-based recognition refers to an ostensible realization that the current situation has occurred before. Familiarity-based recognition refers to

3250-558: The respondents reported from both reality and dreams. Secondly, people may experience déjà vu because some elements in their remembered dreams were shown. Research done by Zuger (1966) supported this idea by investigating the relationship between remembered dreams and déjà vu experiences, and suggested that there is a strong correlation. Thirdly, people may experience déjà vu during a dream state, which links déjà vu with dream frequency. Some researchers, including Swiss scientist Arthur Funkhouser, firmly believe that precognitive dreams are

3315-407: The revelation. The feeling is often therefore associated with a frustrating, tantalizing sense of incompleteness or near-completeness. Déjà rêvé (from French, meaning "already dreamed") is the feeling of having already dreamed something that is currently being experienced. Déjà entendu (literally "already heard") is the experience of feeling sure about having already heard something, even though

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3380-553: The risk for developing afebrile seizures. However, the prolonged seizure of febrile status epilepticus leads to a 9% risk for developing epilepsy. There is no clear relationship between febrile seizures and development of hippocampal sclerosis. Hippocampal sclerosis occurs with severe CA1 and less severe CA3 and CA4 neuronal loss. Experimental research has shown that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation causes neuronal cell loss, and electrical stimulation-induced animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy duplicate

3445-408: The second seeming to be a re-living of the first. Dreams can also be used to explain the experience of déjà vu, and they are related in three different aspects. Firstly, some déjà vu experiences duplicate the situation in dreams instead of waking conditions, according to the survey done by Brown (2004). Twenty percent of the respondents reported their déjà vu experiences were from dreams and 40% of

3510-749: The seizure. During a temporal lobe seizure, a person may experience a seizure aura ; an aura is an autonomic, cognitive, emotional or sensory experience that commonly occurs during the beginning part of a seizure. The common medial temporal lobe seizure auras include a rising epigastric feeling, abdominal discomfort, taste (gustatory), smell (olfactory), tingling (somatosensory), fear, déjà vu , jamais vu , flushing , or rapid heart rate ( tachycardia ). A person may then stare blankly, appear motionless ( behavioral arrest ) and lose awareness. Repeated stereotyped motor behaviors ( automatisms ) may occur such as repeated swallowing, lip smacking, picking, fumbling, patting or vocalizations. Dystonic posture

3575-569: The seizure; this reduced blood flow region may correspond to the seizure focus. Computed tomography (CT) scan is less sensitive than MRI scan for identifying small tumors, vascular malformations, cortical developmental brain malformations, and abnormalities in the medial temporal lobe. CT scan is advised in emergencies when the suspected cause of epilepsy may be intracerebral hemorrhage , brain abscess , large cerebral infarction or subdural empyema . A person who requires neuroimaging but cannot have an MRI scan due to implanted devices such as

3640-726: The source of many déjà vu experiences. Researchers also connected evidence of precognitive dreams experiences to déjà vu experiences that occurred anywhere from one day to eight years later. Collective Unconscious is a controversial theory created by Carl Jung that has been used to explain the phenomenon of déjà vu . His theory was that all people have a shared pool of knowledge that has been passed down through generations and we can unconsciously access this knowledge. Some of said knowledge would be about certain archetypes like mother, father and hero or possibly about basic situations, emotions or other patterns. If we can access shared knowledge déjà vu could potentially be an effect of recognizing one of

3705-452: The subjects reported symptoms of jamais vu , with some beginning to doubt that "door" was a real word. Déjà vécu (from French, meaning "already lived") is an intense, but false, feeling of having already lived through the present situation. Recently, it has been considered a pathological form of déjà vu. However, unlike déjà vu, déjà vécu has behavioral consequences. Patients with déjà vécu often cannot tell that this feeling of familiarity

3770-992: The temporal lobe, for treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in 1950. In a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing anterior temporal lobectomy to medical therapy for pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy, surgery was more effective than medical therapy with 1-year seizure free outcome occurring in 58% of persons with anterior temporal lobectomy compared to 8% of persons with drug treatment. Among those with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis, about 70% become seizure-free after epilepsy surgery. Studies show that language dominant anterior temporal lobectomy may lead to verbal memory decline. However, study outcomes are more variable on language non-dominant anterior temporal lobectomy leading to nonverbal memory decline. Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy , stereotactic radiosurgery , and stereotactic radiofrequency ablation are surgical methods that treat epilepsy by destroying

3835-401: The volunteers' brains at the moment of induced déjà vu. From these scans, they noticed that there was visible activity in regions of the brain associated with mnemonic conflict. This finding suggests that more research regarding memory conflict may be important in better understanding déjà vu. Another possible explanation for the phenomenon of déjà vu is the occurrence of cryptomnesia , which

3900-487: The work of Liam Hudson , an unlikely member of an Experimental Psychology department, who nonetheless acknowledges his debt to him and describes him as, "a scholarly, preoccupied, subtle, and at times startlingly insightful, person". Recognising the part Zangwill played in the development of care for patients with neurological disorders, the East Cambridgeshire and Fenland NHS Primary Care Trust has named

3965-564: Was a British neuropsychologist. He was Professor of Experimental Psychology , University of Cambridge , 1952–1981, and then professor emeritus . His father was author Israel Zangwill ; his mother was author Edith Ayrton , whose parents were physicist William Edward Ayrton and physician Matilda Chaplin . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1977. Zangwill was born in Littlehampton , West Sussex , England. He

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4030-596: Was a founder member and convenor of the founding meeting) and the British Psychological Society . It can be argued that his influence in the two societies helped prevent their sometimes conflicting perspectives from leading to an open rift. He was always ready to advise and support those setting up new psychology degrees as the discipline spread through UK universities in the 1950s and 1960s, and served many departments as an external examiner both of undergraduate programmes and of PhD candidates. As

4095-580: Was always interested in the links between research and treatment. Self-deprecating about his own research, he saw himself as someone who could provide encouragement and support to others, and the renaissance of neuropsychology in the United Kingdom from the 1970s on owes much to his influence. As the professor and head of department at Cambridge, he also saw it as his responsibility to supervise any PhD students whose interests did not correspond to those of any of his colleagues. For example, he supervised

4160-408: Was based on the work done by Banister and Zangwill (1941), and the PHF group was built on the research results of O'Connor, Moulin, and Conway (2007). They applied the same puzzle game for both groups, "Railroad Rush Hour", a game in which one aims to slide a red car through the exit by rearranging and shifting other blocking trucks and cars on the road. After completing the puzzle, each participant in

4225-649: Was educated at University College School , London, and then at the University of Cambridge , where he was a member of King's College . He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1935 and his MA in 1939, having completed the Natural Sciences Tripos , Part I in 1934 (Class 2), and the Moral Sciences Tripos (which then combined philosophy and psychology), Part II in 1935, being awarded 1st class honours with special distinction. As Professor of Experimental Psychology at Cambridge, Zangwill occupied

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