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98-637: Delft is a popular tourist destination in the Netherlands, famous for its historical connections with the reigning House of Orange-Nassau , for its blue pottery , for being home to the painter Jan Vermeer , and for hosting Delft University of Technology (TU Delft). Historically, Delft played a highly influential role in the Dutch Golden Age . In terms of science and technology, thanks to the pioneering contributions of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Martinus Beijerinck , Delft can be considered to be

196-586: A German consort probably was exacerbated by von Amsberg's former membership in the Hitler Youth under the Nazi regime in his native country, and also his following service in the German Wehrmacht . Beatrix needed permission from the government to marry anyone if she wanted to remain heiress to the throne, but after some argument, it was granted. As the years went by, Prince Claus was fully accepted by

294-608: A few territories like the Free Imperial City of Dortmund , Corvey Abbey and Diocese of Fulda from First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte of the French Republic ( Treaty of Amiens ), which was established as the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda . William V died in 1806. Grandchildren Grandchildren Grandchildren After a repressed Dutch rebel action, Prussian and Cossack troops drove out

392-527: A government to stay in office against the will of Parliament. In 1868, he tried to sell Luxembourg to France , which was the source of a quarrel between Prussia and France . William III had a rather unhappy marriage with Sophie of Württemberg , and his heirs died young. This raised the possibility of the extinction of the House of Orange-Nassau. After the death of Queen Sophie in 1877, William remarried to 20-year-old Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont in 1879; he

490-727: A hereditary dynasty in an age that favoured hereditary rule. The Stuarts and the Bourbons came to power at the same time as the Oranges, the Vasas and Oldenburgs were able to establish a hereditary kingship in Sweden and Denmark, and the Hohenzollerns were able to set themselves on a course to the rule of Germany. The House of Orange was no less gifted than those houses, in fact, some might argue more so, as their ranks included some

588-590: A large part of the city was destroyed by the great fire of Delft. The town's association with the House of Orange started when William of Orange (Willem van Oranje), nicknamed William the Silent (Willem de Zwijger), took up residence in 1572 in the former Saint-Agatha convent (subsequently called the Prinsenhof). At the time he was the leader of growing national Dutch resistance against Spanish occupation, known as

686-418: A long period as a republic, the Netherlands became a monarchy under the House of Orange-Nassau. The dynasty was established as a result of the marriage of Henry III of Nassau-Breda from Germany and Claudia of Châlon-Orange from French Burgundy in 1515. Their son René of Chalon inherited in 1530 the independent and sovereign Principality of Orange from his mother's brother, Philibert of Châlon . As

784-515: A market in Schiedam or a fair in The Hague . Today, the explosion is primarily remembered for killing Rembrandt 's most promising pupil, Carel Fabritius , and destroying nearly all his works. Delft artist Egbert van der Poel painted several pictures of Delft showing the devastation. The gunpowder store (Dutch: Kruithuis) was subsequently re-housed, a 'cannonball's distance away', outside

882-434: A messy scene, became a Dutch proverb ( een huishouden van Jan Steen ). Subtle hints in his paintings seem to suggest that Steen meant to warn the viewer rather than invite him to copy this behaviour. Many of Steen's paintings bear references to old Dutch proverbs or literature. He often used members of his family as models, and painted quite a few self-portraits in which he showed no tendency to vanity. Jan Steen’s works followed

980-429: A paid on-street parking area. In 2018, with the day parking fee of 29.5 Euro, it was the most expensive on-street parking area in the Netherlands, with the city centers of Deventer and Dordrecht being second and third, respectively. House of Orange-Nassau The House of Orange-Nassau ( Dutch : Huis van Oranje-Nassau , pronounced [ˈɦœys fɑn oːˌrɑɲə ˈnɑsʌu] ) is the current reigning house of

1078-614: A real court like the Stuarts and Bourbons, French speaking, and extravagant to a scale. It was natural for foreign ambassadors and dignitaries to present themselves to him and consult with him as well as to the States General to which they were officially credited. The marriage policy of the princes, allying themselves twice with the Royal Stuarts, also gave them acceptance into the royal caste of rulers. Besides showing

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1176-574: A restaurant, and community gardens, plus camping ground and other recreational and sports facilities. (There is also a facility for renting bikes from the station.) Inside the city, apart from a central park, there are several smaller town parks, including "Nieuwe Plantage", "Agnetapark", "Kalverbos". There is also the Botanical Garden of the TU and an arboretum in Delftse Hout. Delft is

1274-604: A symbol of the Dutch resistance during World War II . The moral authority of the Monarchy was restored because of her rule. After 58 years on the throne as the Queen, Wilhelmina decided to abdicate in favour of her daughter, Juliana. Juliana had the reputation of making the monarchy less "aloof", and under her reign the Monarchy became known as the "cycling monarchy". Members of the royal family were often seen riding bicycles through

1372-439: A time, it appeared that the Dutch royal family would die with Wilhelmina. Her half-brother, Prince Alexander , had died in 1884, and no royal babies were born from then until Wilhelmina gave birth to her only child, Juliana , in 1909. The Dutch royal house remained quite small until the later 1930s and the early 1940s, during which time Juliana gave birth to four daughters. Although the House of Orange died out in its male line with

1470-495: Is also well known for his mastery of light and attention to detail, most notably in Persian rugs and other textiles. Steen was prolific, producing about 800 paintings, of which roughly 350 survive. His work was valued much by contemporaries and as a result he was reasonably well paid for his work. He did not have many students—only Richard Brakenburgh is recorded —but his work proved a source of inspiration for many painters. In

1568-518: Is logical that Steen would employ the stratagems from theater for his purposes. There is conclusive evidence that the characters in Steen's paintings are predominantly theatrical characters and not ones from reality. Steen's numerous paintings of a theme most commonly entitled The Doctor's Visit , such as the composition of 1665–1670 in the Rijksmuseum , illustrate his theatrical approach. The story

1666-502: Is not a real doctor but an actor wearing a traditional theater costume. According to Gudlaugsson, "never would so unusual and so completely uncontemporary a costume occur as that of the doctors in [Steen's] work". Daily life was Jan Steen's main pictorial theme. Many of the genre scenes he portrayed, as in The Feast of Saint Nicholas , are lively to the point of chaos and lustfulness, even so much that "a Jan Steen household", meaning

1764-562: Is often suggested that Jan Steen's paintings are a realistic portrayal of Dutch 17th-century life. However, not everything he did was a purely realistic representation of his day-to-day environment. Many of his scenes contain idyllic and bucolic fantasies and a declamatory emphasis redolent of theater. Jan Steen's connection to theater is easily verifiable through his connection to the Rederijkers . There are two kinds of evidence for this connection. First, Jan Steen Steen's uncle belonged to

1862-448: Is simple: a doctor attending a young maiden discovers that she is not ill but is in fact pregnant with child. The doctor is a comical character who wears a biretta , a doublet and a small pleated ruff. In fact, he is dressed in the fashion of 1570, not 1670. In contrast, the girl wears what would be the height of fashion at the time of the painting, a Japanese-styled loose kimono robe. This anachronism can be explained only one way: this

1960-642: The Eighty Years' War . By then Delft was one of the leading cities of Holland and was equipped with the necessary city walls to serve as a headquarters. In October 1573, an attack by Spanish forces was repelled in the Battle of Delft . After the Act of Abjuration was proclaimed in 1581, Delft became the de facto capital of the newly independent Netherlands, as the seat of the Prince of Orange . When William

2058-624: The French invaded Holland in 1795, William V was forced into exile, and he was never to return alive to Holland. After 1795, the House of Orange-Nassau faced a difficult period, surviving in exile at other European courts, especially those of Prussia and Britain. Following the recognition of the Batavian Republic by the 1801 Oranienstein Letters , William V's son William VI renounced the stadtholdership in 1802. In return, he received

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2156-662: The Grand Conseil . In 1501, Maximilian named him Lieutenant-General of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands . From that point forward (until his death in 1504), Engelbert was the principal representative of the Habsburg Empire to the region. Hendrik III of Nassau-Breda was appointed stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland by Charles of Ghent in the beginning of the 16th century. Hendrik

2254-578: The Netherlands . A branch of the European House of Nassau , the house has played a central role in the politics and government of the Netherlands and elsewhere in Europe , particularly since William the Silent organised the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule, which after the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) led to an independent Dutch state . William III of Orange led the resistance of

2352-615: The Protestant Reformation , he ruled the Dutch territories wisely with moderation and regard for local customs, and he did not persecute his Protestant subjects on a large scale. His son Philip II inherited his antipathy for the Protestants but not his moderation. Under the reign of Philip, a true persecution of Protestants was initiated and taxes were raised to an outrageous level. Discontent arose and William of Orange (with his vague Lutheran childhood) stood up for

2450-599: The Treaty of Munster was about to be signed, thereby ending the Eighty Years' War, William tried to maintain the powers he had in wartime as military commander. These would necessarily be diminished in peacetime as the army would be reduced, along with his income. This met with great opposition from the regents. When Andries Bicker and Cornelis de Graeff , the great regents of the city of Amsterdam refused some mayors he appointed, he besieged Amsterdam. The siege provoked

2548-578: The 1580s the inland cities in Holland were secure. William of Orange was considered a threat to Spanish rule in the area and was assassinated in 1584 by a hired killer sent by Philip. William was succeeded by his second son Maurits , a Protestant who proved an excellent military commander. His abilities as a commander and the lack of strong leadership in Spain after the death of Philip II (1598) gave Maurits excellent opportunities to conquer large parts of

2646-600: The Agri, Food & Life Sciences faculty and the Engineering, Design and Computing faculty are being taught at the Delft campus. In the local economic field, essential elements are: East of Delft lies a relatively large nature and recreation area called the "Delftse Hout" ("Delft Wood"). Through the forest lie bike, horse-riding and footpaths. It also includes a vast lake (suitable for swimming and windsurfing), narrow beaches,

2744-406: The Dutch people. In time, he became one of the most popular members of the Dutch monarchy, and his death in 2002 was widely mourned. On April 30, 1980, Queen Juliana abdicated in favour of her daughter, Beatrix. In the early years of the twenty-first century, the Dutch monarchy remained popular with a large part of the population. Beatrix's eldest son, Willem-Alexander , was born on April 27, 1967;

2842-554: The French in 1813, with the support of the Patriots of 1785 . A provisional government was formed, most of whose members had helped drive out William V 18 years earlier. However, they were realistic enough to accept that any new government would have to be headed by William V's son, William Frederick (William VI). All agreed that it would be better in the long term for the Dutch to restore William themselves rather than have him imposed by

2940-502: The House of Orange-Nassau. Nassau Castle was founded around 1100 by Dudo , Count of Laurenburg , the founder of the House of Nassau . In 1120, Dudo's sons and successors, Counts Rupert I and Arnold I , established themselves at Nassau Castle, taking for themselves the title " Count of Nassau ". In 1255 the Nassau possessions were split between Walram and Otto , the sons of Count Henry II . The descendants of Walram were known as

3038-473: The Netherlands . There are none of the religious connotations to the office as in some other monarchies. A Dutch sovereign is inaugurated rather than crowned in a coronation ceremony. It was initially more of a crowned/hereditary presidency, and a continuation of the status quo ante of the pre-1795 hereditary stadholderate in the Republic . In practice, the current monarch has considerably less power than

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3136-677: The Netherlands and Europe to Louis XIV of France and orchestrated the Glorious Revolution in England that established parliamentary rule. Similarly, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands was instrumental in the Dutch resistance during World War II . Several members of the house served during the Eighty Years war and after as stadtholder ("governor"; Dutch: stadhouder ) during the Dutch Republic . However, in 1815, after

3234-587: The Netherlands into an undesirably strong influence from the German Empire that would threaten Dutch independence. Not just Socialists, but now also Anti-Revolutionary politicians including Prime Minister Abraham Kuyper and Liberals such as Samuel van Houten advocated the restoration of the Republic in Parliament in case the marriage remained childless. The birth of Princess Juliana in 1909 put

3332-614: The Netherlands was John I, Count of Nassau-Siegen , who married Margaret of the Mark . The real founder of the Nassau fortunes in the Netherlands was John's son, Engelbert I . He became counsellor to the Burgundian Dukes of Brabant , first to Anton of Burgundy , and later to his son Jan IV of Brabant . He also would later serve Philip the Good . In 1403, he married the Dutch noblewoman Johanna van Polanen and so inherited lands in

3430-465: The Netherlands, with the Barony of Breda as the core of the Dutch possessions and the family fortune. A nobleman's power was often based on his ownership of vast tracts of land and lucrative offices. It also helped that much of the lands that the House of Orange-Nassau controlled sat under one of the commercial and mercantile centres of the world (see below under Lands and Titles ). The importance of

3528-662: The Netherlands—something between a kingship and a stadholdership. In 1814, he was awarded sovereignty over the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège as well. On March 15, 1815, with the support of the powers gathered at the Congress of Vienna , William proclaimed himself King William I . He was also made grand duke of Luxembourg , and (to assuage French sensitivity by distancing

3626-503: The Prince of Orange was inaugurated as King Willem-Alexander, becoming the Netherlands' first male ruler since 1890. His eldest daughter, Catharina-Amalia, as heiress apparent to the throne, became Princess of Orange in her own right. Unlike other royal houses, there has always been a separation in the Netherlands between what was owned by the state and used by the House of Orange in their offices as monarch, or previously, stadtholder, and

3724-546: The Protestant (mainly Calvinist ) inhabitants of the Netherlands. Things went badly after the Eighty Years' War started in 1568, but luck turned to his advantage when Protestant rebels attacking from the North Sea captured Brielle , a coastal town in present-day South Holland in 1572. Many cities in Holland began to support William. During the 1570s he had to defend his core territories in Holland several times, but in

3822-458: The Republic. Maurits won this power struggle by arranging the judicial murder of Oldebarnevelt. Maurice died unmarried in 1625 and left no legitimate children. He was succeeded by his half-brother Frederick Henry (Dutch: Frederik Hendrik ), youngest son of William I. Maurits urged his successor on his deathbed to marry as soon as possible. A few weeks after Maurits's death, he married Amalia van Solms-Braunfels . Frederick Henry and Amalia were

3920-758: The Rhetoricians in Leiden, where Steen was born and lived a substantial part of his life. Second, Jan Steen portrayed many scenes from the lives of the Rederijkers , an example being the painting Rhetoricians at a Window of 1658–1665. The piece is currently held in the Philadelphia Museum of Art which was established in February 1876. The humanity, humour and optimism of the figures suggest that Jan Steen knew these men well, and wanted to portray them positively. With his lavish and moralising style, it

4018-746: The Walram Line, and they became Dukes of Nassau and, in 1890, Grand Dukes of Luxembourg . This line also included Adolph of Nassau , who was elected King of the Romans in 1292. The descendants of Otto became known as the Ottonian Line, and they inherited parts of the County of Nassau , as well as properties in France and the Netherlands . The House of Orange-Nassau stems from the younger Ottonian Line. The first of this line to establish himself in

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4116-485: The accession to the thrones of the three kingdoms, he became one of the most powerful sovereigns in Europe, and the only one to defeat Louis XIV of France . William III died childless after a riding accident on March 8, 1702, leaving the main male line of the House of Orange extinct, and leaving Scotland, England and Ireland to his sister-in-law Queen Anne . The house of Orange-Nassau was relatively unlucky in establishing

4214-457: The actualities of power, rather than the appearances, which increasingly tended to upset the ruling regents of the towns and cities. On being offered the dukedom of Gelderland by the States of that province, William III let the offer lapse as liable to raise too much opposition in the other provinces. The house of Orange was also related by marriage to several of these key European dynasties of

4312-647: The allies. At the invitation of the provisional government, William Frederick returned to the Netherlands on November 30. This move was strongly supported by the United Kingdom, which sought ways to strengthen the Netherlands and deny future French aggressors easy access to the Low Countries' Channel ports. The provisional government offered William the crown. He refused, believing that a stadholdership would give him more power. Thus, on December 6, William proclaimed himself hereditary sovereign prince of

4410-402: The birthplace of microbiology . The city of Delft came into being beside a canal, the 'Delf', which comes from the word delven , meaning to delve or dig, and this led to the name Delft. At the elevated place where this 'Delf' crossed the creek wall of the silted up river Gantel, a Count established his manor , probably around 1075. Partly because of this, Delft became an important market town,

4508-435: The birthplace of: Delft is twinned with: Trains stopping at these stations connect Delft with, among others, the nearby cities of Rotterdam and The Hague , as often as every five minutes, for most of the day. There are several bus routes from Delft to similar destinations. Trams frequently travel between Delft and The Hague via special double tracks crossing the city. The whole city center and adjacent areas are

4606-537: The brewery De Slang ("The Snake") for three years without much success. After the explosion in Delft in 1654 the art market was depressed, but Steen painted A Burgomaster of Delft and his daughter . It does not seem to be clear if this painting should be called a portrait or a genre work. Steen lived in Warmond , just north of Leiden, from 1656 until 1660 and in Haarlem from 1660 until 1670 and in both periods he

4704-400: The cities and the countryside under Juliana. A royal marriage controversy occurred in 1966 when Juliana's eldest daughter, the future Queen Beatrix , decided to marry Claus von Amsberg , a German diplomat. The marriage of a member of the royal family to a German was quite controversial in the Netherlands, which had suffered under Nazi German occupation in 1940–45. This reluctance to accept

4802-481: The city, in a new building designed by architect Pieter Post . The city centre retains a large number of monumental buildings, while in many streets there are canals of which the banks are connected by typical bridges, altogether making this city a notable tourist destination. Historical buildings and other sights of interest include: Delft is well known for the Delft pottery ceramic products which were styled on

4900-487: The city, including Leonard Bramer , Carel Fabritius , Pieter de Hoogh , Gerard Houckgeest , Emanuel de Witte , Jan Steen , and Johannes Vermeer . Reinier de Graaf and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek received international attention for their scientific research. The Delft Explosion, also known in history as the Delft Thunderclap, occurred on 12 October 1654 when a gunpowder store exploded, destroying much of

4998-582: The city. More than a hundred were killed and thousands were injured. About 30  t (29.5 long tons ; 33.1 short tons ) of gunpowder were stored in barrels in a magazine in a former Clarist convent in the Doelenkwartier district, where the Paardenmarkt is now located. Cornelis Soetens, the keeper of the magazine, opened the store to check a sample of the powder and a huge explosion followed. Fortunately, many citizens were away, visiting

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5096-490: The death of Queen Wilhelmina, it continued in the female line as can be seen in other modern European monarchies, the name "Orange" continues to be used by the Dutch royalty and as evidenced in many patriotic songs, such as " Oranje boven ". The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I , during her reign, and the country was not invaded by Germany , as neighbouring Belgium was. Nevertheless, Queen Wilhelmina became

5194-410: The education of the young prince arose between his mother and his grandmother Amalia (who outlived her husband by 28 years). Amalia wanted an education which was pointed at the resurgence of the House of Orange to power, but Mary wanted a pure English education. The Estates of Holland, under Jan de Witt and Cornelis de Graeff, meddled in the education and made William a "child of state" to be educated by

5292-476: The evidence for which can be seen in the size of its central market square. Having been a rural village in the early Middle Ages, Delft developed into a city, and on 15 April 1246, Count Willem II granted Delft its city charter . Trade and industry flourished. In 1389 the Delfshavensche Schie canal was dug through to the river Maas , where the port of Delfshaven was built, connecting Delft to

5390-722: The family grew throughout the 15th and 16th centuries as they became councilors, generals and stadholders of the Habsburgs (see armorial of the great nobles of the Burgundian Netherlands and list of knights of the Golden Fleece ). Engelbert II of Nassau served Charles the Bold and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor , who had married Charles's daughter Mary of Burgundy . In 1496, he was appointed stadtholder of Flanders and by 1498 he had been named President of

5488-458: The field of printing. A number of Italian glazed earthenware makers settled in the city and introduced a new style. The tapestry industry also flourished when famous manufacturer François Spierincx moved to the city. In the 17th century, Delft experienced a new heyday, thanks to the presence of an office of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) (opened in 1602) and the manufacture of Delft Blue china . A number of notable artists based themselves in

5586-409: The first Nassau to be the Prince of Orange, René could have used "Orange-Nassau" as his new family name. However, his uncle, in his will, had stipulated that René should continue the use of the name Châlon-Orange. After René's death in 1544, his cousin William of Nassau-Dillenburg inherited all of his lands. This "William I of Orange", in English better known as William the Silent , became the founder of

5684-557: The first immediate male heir to the Dutch throne since the death of his great-granduncle, Prince Alexander, in 1884. Willem-Alexander married Máxima Zorreguieta , an Argentine banker, in 2002; the first commoner ever to marry an heir apparent to the Dutch throne. They are parents of three daughters: Catharina-Amalia , Alexia , and Ariane . After a long struggle with neurological illness, Queen Juliana died on March 20, 2004, and her husband, Prince Bernhard , died on December 1 of that same year. Upon Beatrix's abdication on April 30, 2013,

5782-512: The forces of King Louis XIV of France under François Adhémar de Monteil, Count of Grignan , in the Franco-Dutch War in 1672, and again in August 1682. With the Treaty of Utrecht that ended the wars of Louis XIV, the territory was formally ceded to France by Frederick I in 1713. John William Friso drowned in 1711 in the Hollands Diep near Moerdijk , and he left his posthumously born son William IV, Prince of Orange . That son succeeded at that time his father as stadtholder in Friesland (as

5880-508: The foremost statesmen and captains of the time. A 104 years separated the death of William the Silent from the accession of his great-grandson, William III, as King of England. Although the institutions of the United Provinces became more republican and entrenched as time went on, William the Silent had been offered the countship of Holland and Zealand, and only his assassination prevented his accession to those offices. This fact did not go unforgotten by his successors. The Prince of Orange

5978-466: The imported Chinese porcelain of the 17th century. The city had an early start in this area since it was a home port of the Dutch East India Company . It can still be seen at the pottery factories De Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles (or Royal Delft) and De Delftse Pauw , while new ceramics and ceramic art can be found at the Gallery Terra Delft . The painter Johannes Vermeer (1632–1675) was born in Delft. Vermeer used Delft streets and home interiors as

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6076-428: The invasion and seized royal power. He became more powerful than his predecessors from the Eighty Years' War. In 1677, William married his cousin Mary Stuart , the daughter of the future king James II of England . In 1688, William embarked on a mission to depose his Catholic father-in-law from the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. He and his wife were crowned the King and Queen of England on April 11, 1689. With

6174-575: The new railway tunnel in Delft. The occupants of the building, as well as the name 'Bacinol', moved to another building in the city. The name Bacinol relates to Dutch penicillin research during WWII . Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) is one of four universities of technology in the Netherlands. It was founded as an academy for civil engineering in 1842 by King William II . As of 2022, well over 27,000 students are enrolled. The UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, providing postgraduate education for people from developing countries, draws on

6272-466: The other hand, the King of Prussia, Frederick William III —brother-in-law and first cousin of William I, had beginning from 1813 managed to establish his rule in Luxembourg, which he regarded as his inheritance from Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg who had died over three centuries earlier. At the Congress of Vienna, the two brothers-in-law agreed to a trade—Frederick William received William I's ancestral lands while William I received Luxembourg. Both got what

6370-444: The parents of a son and several daughters. These daughters were married to important noble houses such as the house of Hohenzollern , but also to the Frisian Nassaus, who were stadtholders in Friesland . His only son, William , married Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange , the eldest daughter of Charles I of England . These dynastic moves were the work of Amalia. Frederick Henry died in 1647 and his son succeeded him. As

6468-693: The passing of Orange to a Dutch cousin and years of squabbles over the same, while securing the British throne to the more distantly related House of Hanover .   Prince of Orange    Member of House of Orange     King of France     Prince or Princess of France     King of England / House of Stuart     Prince/Princess of England     House of Palatine     King of Great Britain / House of Hanover     Elector of Brandenburg & King in Prussia / House of Hohenzollern   The regents found that they had suffered under

6566-413: The personal investments and fortune of the House of Orange. As monarch , the King or Queen has use of, but not ownership of, the Huis ten Bosch as a residence and Noordeinde Palace as a work palace. In addition, the Royal Palace of Amsterdam is also at the disposal of the monarch (although it is only used for state visits and is open to the public when not in use for that purpose). Soestdijk Palace

6664-478: The powerful leadership of William III as the ruler of the Netherlands and king in the British Isles and they left the stadtholdership vacant for the second time. As William III died childless in 1702 the principality became a matter of dispute between Prince John William Friso of Nassau-Dietz of the Frisian Nassaus and King Frederick I of Prussia , who both claimed the title Prince of Orange . Both descended from Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange . The King of Prussia

6762-533: The present-day Dutch territory. In 1585 Maurits was elected stadtholder of the provinces of Holland and Zealand as his father's successor and as a counterpose to Elizabeth's delegate, the Earl of Leicester . In 1587 he was appointed captain-general (military commander-in-chief) of the armies of the Dutch Republic . In the early years of the 17th century there arose quarrels between stadtholder and oligarchist regents —a group of powerful merchants led by Johan van Oldebarnevelt —because Maurits wanted more powers in

6860-428: The question to rest. Wilhelmina was queen of the Netherlands for 58 years, from 1890 to 1948. Because she was only 10 years old in 1890, her mother, Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont , was the regent until Wilhelmina's 18th birthday in 1898. Since females were not allowed to hold power in Luxembourg, due to Salic law , Luxembourg passed to the House of Nassau-Weilburg , a collateral line to the House of Orange-Nassau. For

6958-429: The real power to the States General. He took this step to prevent the Revolutions of 1848 from spreading to his country. William II died in 1849. He was succeeded by his son, William III . A rather conservative , even reactionary man, William III was sharply opposed to the new 1848 constitution. He continually tried to form governments that were dependent on his support, even though it was prohibitively difficult for

7056-402: The relationships among the family, the family tree below also points out an extraordinary run of bad luck. In the 211 years from the death of William the Silent to the conquest by France, there was only one time that a son directly succeeded his father as Prince of Orange, Stadholder and Captain-General without a minority (William II). When the Oranges were in power, they also tended to settle for

7154-625: The reputation of being one of the wealthier royal houses in the world, largely due to their business investments in Royal Dutch Shell , Philips electronics company, KLM-Royal Dutch Airlines , and the Holland-America Line . How significant these investments are is a matter of conjecture, as their private finances, unlike their public stipends as monarch, are not open to public scrutiny. Jan Steen Jan Havickszoon Steen ( c.  1626 – buried 3 February 1679)

7252-887: The same time. After the Nassau-Dietz branch took over, the House of Orange-Nassau had acquired the following territories by the end of the 18th century in the Holy Roman Empire, located in present-day Germany: Around 1742, William IV of Orange established the Hochdeutsche Hofdepartement, an administrative centre located in The Hague inside the Dutch Republic, which looked after the family's possessions in Germany. William IV died in 1751, leaving his three-year-old son, William V , as

7350-424: The sea. Until the 17th century, Delft was one of the major cities of the then county (and later province) of Holland . In 1400, for example, the city had 6,500 inhabitants, making it the third largest city after Dordrecht (8,000) and Haarlem (7,000). In 1560, Amsterdam, with 28,000 inhabitants, had become the largest city, followed by Delft, Leiden and Haarlem, which each had around 14,000 inhabitants. In 1536,

7448-473: The stadtholder. As king of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , William tried to establish one common culture. This provoked resistance in the southern parts of the country, which had been culturally separate from the north since 1581. He was considered an enlightened despot . The Prince of Orange held rights to Nassau lands (Dillenburg, Dietz, Beilstein, Hadamar, Siegen) in central Germany. On

7546-469: The stadtholder. Since William V was still a minor, the regents reigned for him. He grew up to be an indecisive person, a character defect which would come to haunt William V his whole life. His marriage to Wilhelmina of Prussia relieved this defect to some degree. In 1787, Willem V survived an attempt to depose him by the Patriots (anti-Orangist revolutionaries) after the Kingdom of Prussia intervened . When

7644-538: The stadtholdership had been hereditary in that province since 1664), and Groningen . William IV was proclaimed the stadtholder of Guelders , Overijssel , and Utrecht in 1722. When the French invaded Holland in 1747, William IV was appointed stadtholder in Holland and Zeeland as well in the Orangist revolution . The position of stadtholder was made hereditary in both the male and the female lines in all provinces at

7742-529: The state. The doctrine used in this education was keeping William from the throne. William became indeed very docile to the wishes of the regents and the Estates. The Dutch Republic was attacked by France and England in 1672. The military function of stadtholder was no longer superfluous, and with the support of the Orangists , William was restored, and he became the stadtholder. William successfully repelled

7840-525: The streets of Delft. The painters also produced pictures showing historic events, flowers, portraits for patrons and the court as well as decorative pieces of art. Delft supports creative arts' companies. From 2001 the Bacinol  [ nl ] , a building that had been disused since 1951, began to house small companies in the creative arts sector. Its demolition started in December 2009, making way for

7938-578: The strong tradition in water management and hydraulic engineering of the Delft university. The Hague University of Applied Sciences has a building on the Delft University of Technology campus. It opened in 2009 and offers several bachelor's degrees for the Faculty of Technology, Innovation & Society. Inholland University of Applied Sciences also has a building on the Delft University of Technology campus. Several bachelor's degrees for

8036-459: The subject or background in his paintings. Several other famous painters lived and worked in Delft at that time, such as Pieter de Hoogh , Carel Fabritius , Nicolaes Maes , Gerard Houckgeest and Hendrick Cornelisz. van Vliet. They were all members of the Delft School . The Delft School is known for its images of domestic life and views of households, church interiors, courtyards, squares and

8134-527: The theme "every painter paints himself", depicting lively scenes reminiscent of his own home. This insertion of personal narratives in his work inspired the creation of a Dutch proverb still in use today, called "A Jan Steen household" which references a home that reflects the chaotic, lively nature of the households Steen’s work displayed. Steen did not shy from other themes: he painted historical, mythological and religious scenes, portraits, still lifes and natural scenes. His portraits of children are famous. He

8232-697: The time, Stuart , Bourbon , and Palatine , Hannover and Hohenzollern . These alliances had consequences for all of them. William III used his double relationship with the Stuarts to justify his co-equal status with his wife on the English throne after the Glorious Revolution. As an arrière petit fils de France , albeit in the female line, he felt doubly insulted by his cousin Louis XIV 's occupation and seizure of his sovereign principality of Orange . His death without children of his own ensured

8330-473: The title from the now-defunct principality ) the title 'Prince of Orange' was changed to 'Prince of Oranje'. The two countries remained separate, though they shared a common monarch via a personal union . William had thus fulfilled the House of Orange's three-century quest to unite the Low Countries. The institution of the monarch in the Netherlands is considered an office under the Constitution of

8428-489: The wrath of the regents. William died of smallpox on November 6, 1650, leaving only a posthumous son, William III (*November 14, 1650). Since the Prince of Orange upon the death of William II, William III, was an infant, the regents used this opportunity to leave the stadtholdership vacant. This inaugurated the era in Dutch history that is known as the First Stadtholderless Period . A quarrel about

8526-751: The years 1654 until 1657. He was the eldest of eight or more children. Like his even more famous contemporary Rembrandt van Rijn , Jan Steen attended the Latin school and became a student in Leiden. Though no official records of Steen's artistic training are preserved, contemporary sources tell us he received his painterly education from three men, Nicolaes Knupfer (1603–1660), a German painter of historical and figurative scenes in Utrecht , Adriaen van Ostade , and Jan van Goyen , who would later become his father-in-law. Influences of Knupfer can be found in Steen's use of composition and colour. Another source of inspiration

8624-568: Was Isaac van Ostade , a painter of rural scenes, who lived in Haarlem . In 1648 Jan Steen and Gabriël Metsu founded the painters' Guild of Saint Luke at Leiden. Soon after he became an assistant to the renowned landscape painter Jan van Goyen (1596–1656), and moved into his house on the Bierkade in The Hague . On 3 October 1649, he married van Goyen's daughter Margriet, with whom he would have eight children. Steen worked with his father-in-law until 1654, when he moved to Delft , where he ran

8722-442: Was 41 years older than her. On 31 August 1880, Queen Emma gave birth to their daughter and the royal heiress, Wilhelmina . There were considerably more concerns over the royal dynasty's future, when Wilhelmina's marriage with Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (since 1901) repeatedly resulted in miscarriages . Had the House of Orange died out, the throne would likely have passed to Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz , leading

8820-538: Was a Dutch Golden Age painter , one of the leading genre painters of the 17th century. His works are known for their psychological insight, sense of humour and abundance of colour. Steen was born in Leiden , a town in Southern Holland, where his well-to-do, Catholic family were brewers who ran the tavern The Red Halbert for two generations. Steen's father even leased him a brewery of his own in Delft from

8918-408: Was also not just another noble among equals in the Netherlands. First, he was the traditional leader of the nation in war and in rebellion against Spain. He was uniquely able to transcend the local issues of the cities, towns and provinces. He was also a sovereign ruler in his own right (see Prince of Orange article). This gave him a great deal of prestige, even in a republic. He was the center of

9016-589: Was especially productive. In 1670, after the death of his wife in 1669 and his father in 1670, Steen moved back to Leiden, where he stayed the rest of his life. When the art market collapsed in 1672, called the Year of Disaster , Steen opened a tavern. In April 1673 he married Maria van Egmont, who gave him another child. In 1674 he became president of the Saint Luke's Guild. Frans van Mieris (1635–1681) became one of his drinking companions. He died in Leiden in 1679 and

9114-543: Was geographically nearer to their centre of power. In 1830, most of the southern portion of William's realm—the former Austrian Netherlands and Prince-Bishopric—declared independence as Belgium. William fought a disastrous war until 1839 when he was forced to settle for peace. With his realm halved, he decided to abdicate in 1840 in favour of his son, William II . Although William II shared his father's conservative inclinations, in 1848 he accepted an amended constitution that significantly curbed his own authority and transferred

9212-459: Was his grandson through his mother, Countess Luise Henriette of Nassau . Frederick Henry in his will had appointed this line as successor in case the main House of Orange-Nassau were to die out. John William Friso was a great-grandson of Frederick Henry (through Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau , another daughter) and was appointed heir in William III's will. The principality was captured by

9310-657: Was interred in a family grave in the Pieterskerk . In 1945, Sturla Gudlaugsson , a specialist in Dutch seventeenth-century painting and iconography and Director of the Netherlands Institute for Art History and the Mauritshuis in The Hague, wrote The Comedians in the work of Jan Steen and his Contemporaries , which revealed that a major influence on Jan Steen's work was the guild of the Rhetoricians or Rederijkers and their theatrical endeavors. It

9408-715: Was shot dead on 10 July 1584 by Balthazar Gerards in the hall of the Prinsenhof (now the Prinsenhof Museum ), the family's traditional burial place in Breda was still in the hands of the Spanish. Therefore, he was buried in the Delft Nieuwe Kerk (New Church), starting a tradition for the House of Orange that has continued to the present day. Around this time, Delft also occupied a prominent position in

9506-504: Was sold to private investors in 2017. The crown jewels , comprising the crown , orb and sceptre , Sword of State , royal banner, and ermine mantle have been placed in the Crown Property Trust. The trust also holds the items used on ceremonial occasions, such as the carriages, table silver, and dinner services. The Royal House is also exempt from income, inheritance, and personal tax . The House of Orange has long had

9604-485: Was succeeded by his son René of Chalon in 1538, who had inherited the title of Prince of Orange and the principality of that name from his maternal uncle Philibert of Chalon . In 1544, René died in battle aged 25. His possessions, including the principality and title, passed by his will as sovereign prince to his paternal cousin, William I of Orange . From then on, the family members called themselves "Orange-Nassau." Although Charles V pretended to resist

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