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22-589: The municipal area lies in the upper Gail valley, between the neighbouring municipalities of Kötschach-Mauthen in the west and Kirchbach in the east. The Carnic Alps in the south form the border with Paularo in Italy . In the north rises Mt. Reißkofel , the highest peak of the Gailtal Alps east of the Lienz Dolomites, with an elevation of 2,371 metres (7,779 ft). Archaeological findings in

44-465: A paraphyletic assemblage. However, it indicated that the plains wanderer actually belonged into one of them. Following recent studies (Ericson et al., 2003; Paton et al., 2003; Thomas et al., 2004a, b; van Tuinen et al., 2004; Paton & Baker, 2006), the waders may be more accurately subdivided as follows, with Charadrii being repurposed into a monophyletic suborder of plovers, oystercatchers, and their close relatives. The waders are traditionally

66-576: A greatly enlarged order Ciconiiformes . However, the classification of the Charadriiformes is one of the weakest points of the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, as DNA–DNA hybridization has turned out to be incapable of properly resolving the interrelationships of the group. Formerly, the waders were united in a single suborder Charadrii , but this has turned out to be a " wastebasket taxon ", uniting no fewer than four charadriiform lineages in

88-534: A group of two Charadriiform suborders which include 13 families . Species in the third Charadriiform suborder, Lari , are not universally considered as waders, though the Larine families which may variously be included are listed below as well. Shorebirds is a blanket term used to refer to multiple bird species that live in wet, coastal environments. Because most these species spend much of their time near bodies of water, many have long legs suitable for wading (hence

110-441: A length of 10 km (6.2 mi) is still discernible on the steep slopes of Mt. Dobratsch north of Arnoldstein . While the upper river course is largely preserved in its natural condition, a habitat for shorebirds like the common sandpiper , the white-throated dipper and the grey wagtail , large parts of the lower Gail have been gradually regulated since the 1870s. In recent times, some sections have been renaturated. Today

132-536: A long time, the estates were held by the Counts of Gorizia , until they fell to the Austrian House of Habsburg . The present-day municipality was established in 1850. Seats in the municipal council ( Gemeinderat ) as of 2015 elections: This Carinthia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gail (river) Gail ( Slovene : Zilja , Italian : Zeglia )

154-403: A result, an increase in dimorphism. Bigger males tend to have greater access (and appeal) to female mates because their larger size aids them in defeating other competitors. Likewise, if the species exhibits gender role reversal (where males take on roles traditionally done by females such as childcare and feeding), then males will select female mates based on traits that are the most appealing. In

176-443: A single female partner, males typically do not have distinctive dimorphic characteristics such as colored feathers, but they still tend to be larger in size compared to females. The suborder Charadrii displays the widest range of sexual dimorphisms seen in the order Charadriiformes. However, cases of sexual monomorphism, where there are no distinguishing physical features besides external genitalia, are also seen in this order. One of

198-543: Is believed to derive from the pre-Romance word *gai̯li̯a (from the Indo-European root *gʰoi̯lo- ), meaning 'foaming (water), powerful'. The river is documented as Gila in a 1090 deed. The Slovene name Zilja is also commonly cited because the lower Gail Valley is a traditional settlement area of the Carinthian Slovenes and a language region of the distinct Gail Valley dialect . The river source

220-810: Is located east of the Kartitsch Saddle and the Puster Valley in the Tyrolean municipality of Obertilliach . It flows from west to east through the Southern Limestone Alps , between the Gailtal Alps in the north and the Carnic Alps in the south. The river reaches the state of Carinthia in Lesachtal and from Kötschach-Mauthen runs down the broader Gail Valley ( German : Gailtal ) with its steep slopes, parallel to

242-584: Is the least sandpiper , small adults of which can weigh as little as 15.5 grams (0.55 oz) and measure just over 13 centimetres (5 inches). The largest species is believed to be the Far Eastern curlew , at about 63 cm (25 in) and 860 grams (1 pound 14 ounces), although the beach thick-knee is the heaviest at about 1 kg (2 lb 3 oz). In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy , waders and many other groups are subsumed into

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264-562: Is the name of a river in southern Austria , the largest right tributary of the Drava . Its drainage basin is 1,413.9 km (545.9 sq mi). The name Gail developed from Old High German Gîla , in turn from the form *Gīla (which was also the source of the Slovene name Zilja ). It is likely that the name is of substrate origin, predating the Roman presence in the area. The name

286-545: Is used in Europe, while "shorebird" is used in North America, where "wader" may be used instead to refer to long-legged wading birds such as storks and herons . There are about 210 species of wader, most of which live in wetland or coastal environments. Many species of Arctic and temperate regions are strongly migratory , but tropical birds are often resident, or move only in response to rainfall patterns. Some of

308-466: The Jacana species, females compete with each other for access to male mates, so females are larger in size. Males choose female mates based on who presents herself as the strongest and who 'owns' the most territory. Another factor that leads to the development of dimorphisms in species is natural selection . Natural selection focuses on traits and the environment's response to the traits in question; if

330-441: The trout zone reaches up to Hermagor with 17 species, among them common barbel , the common nase , and the rare souffia . Shorebirds Waders or shorebirds are birds of the order Charadriiformes commonly found wading along shorelines and mudflats in order to forage for food crawling or burrowing in the mud and sand, usually small arthropods such as aquatic insects or crustaceans . The term "wader"

352-485: The Arctic species, such as the little stint , are amongst the longest distance migrants, spending the non- breeding season in the southern hemisphere . Many of the smaller species found in coastal habitats, particularly but not exclusively the calidrids , are often named as "sandpipers", but this term does not have a strict meaning, since the upland sandpiper is a grassland species. The smallest member of this group

374-489: The biggest factors that leads to the development of sexual dimorphism in shorebirds is sexual selection . Males with ideal characteristics favored by females are more likely to reproduce and pass on their genetic information to their offspring better than the males who lack such characteristics. Mentioned earlier, male shorebirds are typically larger in size compared to their female counterparts. Competition between males tends to lead to sexual selection toward larger males and as

396-663: The borders with Italy and Slovenia . Beyond its confluence with the Slizza ( Gailitz ) tributary in Arnoldstein , the Gail joins the Drava River beneath the western Karawanks mountain range near the village of Maria Gail, part of the city of Villach . Following the 1348 Friuli earthquake , the river's course near Villach was buried by a major landslide, causing extensive flooding. The rockslide region ( Schütt ) along

418-594: The hamlet of Gurina denote a settlement since the age of the Hallstatt culture , when the local Celtic population ran copper smelting facilities to coin mints. It became one of the first Roman cities in present-day Austria, when the area was part of the Noricum province. The village of Doelach itself was first mentioned in a 1370 deed; the name was possibly derived from Slavic dolina : "valley". A church in nearby Sankt Daniel existed since Carolingian times. For

440-477: The name 'Waders'). Some species prefer locations with rocks or mud. Many shorebirds display migratory patterns and often migrate before breeding season. These behaviors explain the long wing lengths observed in species, and can also account for the efficient metabolisms that give the birds energy during long migrations . The majority of species eat small invertebrates picked out of mud or exposed soil. Different lengths of bills enable different species to feed in

462-435: The said trait increases the overall fitness of the individual possessing it, then it will be 'selected' and eventually become a permanent part of the population's gene pool. For example, depending on the food available in a shorebird specie's respective niche , bigger bill sizes may be favored in all individuals. This would essentially lead to monomorphism within the species but is subject to change once sexual selection acts on

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484-818: The same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Many waders have sensitive nerve endings at the end of their bills which enable them to detect prey items hidden in mud or soft soil. Some larger species, particularly those adapted to drier habitats will take larger prey including insects and small reptiles . Shorebirds, like many other animals, exhibit phenotypic differences between males and females, also known as sexual dimorphism . In shorebirds, various sexual dimorphisms are seen, including, but not limited to, size (e.g. body size, bill size), color, and agility. In polygynous species, where one male individual mates with multiple female partners over his lifetime, dimorphisms tend to be more diverse. In monogamous species, where male individuals mate with

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