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15-615: Under the Law of Political Associations approved by the Francoist Cortes Españolas in 1974, which, for the first time, authorized the creation of structures of political participation (political associations), as long as they were loyal to the principles of the Movimiento Nacional . Different moderate sectors of Francoist Spain were organized under the leadership of Manuel Fraga Iribarne , in order to form

30-618: A conservative political group oriented to a limited reform of the Franco system . With that end, the Cabinet for Guidance and Documentation (Godsa) was created in Madrid . GODSA published the documents: Libro Blanco para la Reforma Democrática and Llamamiento para una Reforma Democrática . Both documents formed the basis for RD, that was registered in the Registry of Political Associations of

45-515: A solvent ideology of national unity between social classes and territories. Prosecutors were ex officio members , appointed by the Head of State or chosen from corporate entities, and until 1967 did not materialize the way of choosing a "third family" ("Third" was the conventional way of referring to the "organic" representation from "natural entities" considered the only possible channels for the expression of popular will – "family, town and union"). That

60-631: The Electoral heads of households and married women in the manner established by the Fundamental Laws and other legislative Acts of the Cortes (majority was established, with different effects depending on the family situation – for males at age 21 and for women 25 in the referendum but did have the right to vote all men and women of the Nation over twenty years), would be elected to the Cortes for

75-726: The Interior Ministry in October 1976, as a political association. In December of that same year (1976) the First National Congress of RD, which elected Manuel Fraga Iribarne as its president and Carlos Argos García as the general secretary, was held. In parallel with the deployment of Democratic Reform, Manuel Fraga Iribarne established contacts with other, relatively, moderate members of Francoist Spain, including former ministers and Laureano López Rodó and Federico Silva Muñoz. These contacts, culminating in

90-578: The authorities." The elected deputies were required to be full members of the National Movement in good standing and have been residents of said province for a minimum period of 7 years since the age of 14 and have either over or are in the age of majority, among others. These deputies were provincial and territorial-at large in nature, with the constiuencies covering the boundaries of said territorial unit as defined by law. City residents thus were required to vote for their area deputies. Outside

105-719: The creation of the People's Alliance , divided the members of RD, some of which, as Gabriel Cisneros , left the project in January to protest the prospect of integration with other groups of the Francoist right . On 5, 6 and 7 March 1977 the Constituent Congress of AP as a political party was held in Madrid . The political associations that participated in the Congress were dissolved, including Democratic Reform, in

120-606: The development and adoption of laws, but under its subsequent sanction reserved to the Head of State (Franco himself). To identify itself as a continuation of the Spanish parliamentary tradition, the Cortes was seated at the Palace of the Cortes , Madrid . However, this institution had greater similarity with the corporate system of Italian Fascism . Its members supposedly represented the various elements of Spanish society. The Cortes

135-470: The elected deputes since 1967, majority of the deputies of the Cortes outside members of the Cabinet, which were deputies ex-officio and were categorized as procuradores natos (directly appointed deputies), alongside the entire National Council of the Movement , also categorized under the previous, and clerical, military, administrative, civil service and functional deputies (up to 25 would be appointed),

150-629: The highest organisational body for the Spanish people and to participate in the work of the State (Article 1A of the Constitutive Act of the Cortes , as amended by Act 1967 of the State in its third additional provision). Its members were known as procuradores (singular procurador ), reviving a term used for legislators prior to the Napoleonic era . The main function of the Cortes was

165-453: The last being titled as procuradores designados , were selected for four year terms. The following were also ex-officio deputies: The elected deputies of the Cortes ( procuradores electivos de las Cortes ), outside those post-1967 were elected directly, were: Until 1956 Spanish Morocco's government appointed its own deputies to the Cortes. Alongside them were: These deputies would be either reelected or recalled out of their chamber by

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180-725: The new party. Cortes Espa%C3%B1olas The Cortes Españolas (English: Spanish Courts ), known informally as the Cortes franquistas (English: Francoist Courts ), was the name of the legislative institution promulgated by the Caudillo of Spain Francisco Franco which was established on 17 July 1942 (the sixth anniversary of the start of the Spanish Civil War ), and opened its first session 8 months later on 17 March 1943. The Cortes sought to present itself as

195-553: The same terms of 4 years as those of the non-elected deputies of the same. Elections were held to cover that portion of the Deputies in the Cortes on 10 October 1967 , and on 29 September 1971 . In the 1971 election, the last in Franco's lifetime, there were 230 candidates were on the ballot for the 104 popularly-elected seats, representing one-fifth of the Cortes, and the other four-fifths were "designated, directly or indirectly, by

210-487: Was made available when the 1966 Organic Law of the State was passed by the Cortes and approved by referendum by majority voice, which finally established the third option - effectively reintroducing elected deputies to the Cortes for the first time since 1932, coupled with an Act of the Cortes that amended the 1942 Cortes Law which brought it in line with the new Organic Law. Per the 1966 Organic Law, two family representatives from each region, elected by those who appear on

225-480: Was not intended as the repository of national sovereignty, since all sovereign power was concentrated in the head of state ( Caudillo ), Franco, in the absence of separation of powers. The government was not responsible to it; ministers were appointed and dismissed by Franco alone. It also had no power over government spending. Franco, during his long reign as Head of State, himself rejected any identification with liberal democracy . Instead, he conceived his system as

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