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69-482: In 1837, O'Sullivan co-founded and served as editor for The United States Magazine and Democratic Review (generally called the Democratic Review ). It was a highly regarded journal meant to champion Jacksonian Democracy , a movement which had usually been disparaged in the more conservative North American Review . The magazine featured political essays, many of them penned by O'Sullivan himself, extolling

138-644: A ball in honor of the Battle of New Orleans ' ninth anniversary. He had supported Jackson during his invasion of Florida while Clay and Crawford opposed him, causing Jackson to oppose them. Clay supporters in the Tennessee legislature nominated Jackson for president in 1822, as an attempt to weaken Crawford in the state. William Lowndes was nominated for president by the South Carolina legislature on December 18, 1821, but died on October 27, 1822. Calhoun

207-845: A few opponents led by Andrew Johnson . In the North, Jacksonians Martin Van Buren, Stephen A. Douglas and the War Democrats fiercely opposed secession, while Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan and the Copperheads did not. In addition to Jackson, his second Vice President and one of the key organizational leaders of the Jacksonian Democratic Party, Martin Van Buren , served as president. He helped shape modern presidential campaign organizations and methods. Van Buren

276-605: A literary magazine, promoting the development of American literature . Some of its regular contributors were Elizabeth Barrett Browning , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Elizabeth F. Ellet , and John Greenleaf Whittier , with occasional contributions by William Cullen Bryant , Fanny Kemble , and James Fenimore Cooper . The Review also published some of the early work of Walt Whitman , James Russell Lowell , and Henry David Thoreau . Hawthorne and O'Sullivan became close friends, and Hawthorne had more pieces published in O'Sullivan's magazine than in any other periodical. The Democratic Review

345-471: A more active government. However, Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform and the establishment of a public education system. For instance, they believed that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools. Jackson looked at the Indian question in terms of military and legal policy, not as

414-678: A network of factions called the National Republicans , but he was defeated by Jackson. By the late 1830s, the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs —a fusion of the National Republicans and other anti-Jackson parties—politically battled it out nationally and in every state. The spirit of Jacksonian democracy animated the party that formed around him, from the early 1830s to the 1850s, shaping the era, with

483-461: A particular candidate. There was sometimes confusion as to who a particular elector was actually pledged to. Results are reported as the highest result for an elector for any given candidate. For example, if three Jackson electors received 100, 50, and 25 votes, Jackson would be recorded as having 100 votes. Confusion surrounding the way results are reported may lead to discrepancies between the sum of all state results and national results. States where

552-459: A problem due to their race. In 1813, Jackson adopted and treated as his own son a three-year-old Indian orphan—seeing in him a fellow orphan that was "so much like myself I feel an unusual sympathy for him". In legal terms, when it became a matter of state sovereignty versus tribal sovereignty he went with the states and forced the Indians to fresh lands with no white rivals in what became known as

621-494: A reduced role in the election, though positions on tariffs and internal improvements did create significant disagreements. Both Adams and Jackson supporters backed Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina for vice president. He easily secured the majority of electoral votes for that office. In reality, Calhoun was vehemently opposed to nearly all of Adams's policies, but he did nothing to dissuade Adams supporters from voting for him for vice president, partly because he

690-567: A result which the Jacksonians celebrated. Jacksonian democracy also promoted the strength of the presidency and the executive branch at the expense of Congress , while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in government. The Jacksonians demanded elected, not appointed, judges and rewrote many state constitutions to reflect the new values . In national terms, they favored geographical expansionism , justifying it in terms of manifest destiny . Jackson's expansion of democracy

759-401: A strong supporter of Jackson, became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, but by then Jacksonian democracy had been pushed off the stage of American politics. Notes Bibliography 1824 United States presidential election James Monroe Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican Presidential elections were held in

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828-635: A third term. Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins had long-since been dismissed as a viable successor to Monroe due to a combination of health problems and a financial dispute with the federal government, and he formally ruled himself out of making a presidential run at the start of 1824. The presidential nomination was thus left wide open within the Democratic-Republican Party, the only remaining major national political entity. The congressional caucus nominated Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice president, but only 66 of

897-450: A tune written by Samuel Woodsworth in 1815 under the title "The Unfortunate Miss Bailey". Contrafacta such as this one, which promoted Andrew Jackson as a national hero, have been a long-standing tradition in presidential elections. Another form of campaigning during this election was through newsprint. Political cartoons and partisan writings were best circulated among the voting public through newspapers. Presidential candidate John C. Calhoun

966-464: A wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society. They viewed a central government as the enemy of individual liberty and they believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special-interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich. They sought to restore the independence of the individual—the artisan and

1035-899: The Democratic Party , particularly as led by Andrew Jackson , who was president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. American historian James Schouler called Jackson's political alliance "the Jackson Democracy" in his 1889 History of the United States Under the Constitution , and in 1890 future president Theodore Roosevelt called the antebellum Democratic Party "the Jacksonian Democracy". Later historians, including Frederick Jackson Turner and William MacDonald , generalized

1104-627: The First Party System were dead and with no effective opposition, the old Democratic-Republican Party withered away. Every state had numerous political factions, but they did not cross state lines. Political coalitions formed and dissolved and politicians moved in and out of alliances. More former Democratic-Republicans supported Jackson, while others such as Henry Clay opposed him. More former Federalists, such as Daniel Webster , opposed Jackson, although some like James Buchanan supported him. In 1828, John Quincy Adams pulled together

1173-629: The National Republican Party , which would afterward combine with other anti-Jackson political groups to form the Whig Party . Broadly speaking, the era was characterized by a democratic spirit. It built upon Jackson's equal political policy, subsequent to ending what he termed a monopoly of government by elites . Even before the Jacksonian era began, suffrage had been extended to a majority of white male adult citizens,

1242-637: The Trail of Tears . Among the leading followers was Stephen A. Douglas , senator from Illinois, who was the key player in the passage of the Compromise of 1850 , and was a leading contender for the 1852 Democratic presidential nomination . According to his biographer Robert W. Johanssen: Douglas was preeminently a Jacksonian, and his adherence to the tenets of what became known as Jacksonian democracy grew as his own career developed. ... Popular rule, or what he called would later call popular sovereignty, lay at

1311-469: The United States from October 26 to December 2, 1824. Andrew Jackson , John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and William Crawford were the primary contenders for the presidency . The result of the election was inconclusive, as no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote . In the election for vice president , John C. Calhoun was elected with a comfortable majority of the vote. Because none of

1380-446: The Whig Party the main opposition. The new Democratic Party became a coalition of poor farmers, city-dwelling laborers and Irish Catholics . The new party was pulled together by Martin Van Buren in 1828 as Jackson crusaded on claims of corruption by President John Quincy Adams . The new party (which did not get the name Democrats until 1834) swept to a landslide. As Mary Beth Norton explains regarding 1828: Jacksonians believed

1449-593: The practice of slavery became the dominant issue with the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854 and the political repercussions of the American Civil War dramatically reshaped American politics. It emerged when the long-dominant Democratic-Republican Party became factionalized around the 1824 presidential election . Jackson's supporters began to form the modern Democratic Party . His political rivals John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay created

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1518-543: The 240 Democratic Republican members of Congress attended the caucus, which was widely attacked as undemocratic. Gallatin had not sought the vice presidential nomination and soon withdrew at Crawford's request. Gallatin was also dissatisfied with repeated attacks on his credibility made by the other candidates. He was replaced by North Carolina senator Nathaniel Macon . State legislatures also convened state caucuses to nominate candidates. Adams sought to have Jackson be his vice-presidential running mate and Louisa Adams hosted

1587-591: The Electoral College did not win the election. It is also, to date, the election with the lowest popular vote percentage for an elected president (32.7%). The Era of Good Feelings , associated with the administration of President James Monroe , was a time of reduced emphasis on political party identity. With the Federalists discredited , Democratic-Republicans adopted some key Federalist economic programs and institutions. The economic nationalism of

1656-614: The Era of Good Feelings that would authorize the Tariff of 1816 and incorporate the Second Bank of the United States portended abandonment of the Jeffersonian political formula for strict construction of the Constitution, limited central government, and primacy of Southern slaveholding interests. An unintended consequence of wide single-party identification was reduced party discipline. Rather than political harmony, factions arose within

1725-547: The House was limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford; Henry Clay, who had finished fourth, was eliminated. Each state delegation, voting en bloc , had a single vote. There were 24 states at the time, thus an absolute majority of 13 votes was required for victory. Clay detested Jackson and had said of him, "I cannot believe that killing 2,500 Englishmen at New Orleans qualifies for

1794-754: The Money Power into one against the Slave Power and became Republicans. He points to the struggle over the Wilmot Proviso of 1846, the Free Soil Party revolt of 1848, and the mass defections from the Democrats in 1854 over the Kansas–Nebraska Act . Other Jacksonian leaders such as Chief Justice Roger B. Taney endorsed slavery through the 1857 Dred Scott decision . Southern Jacksonians overwhelmingly endorsed secession in 1861, apart from

1863-487: The Southeast. Jackson was denounced as a tyrant by opponents on both ends of the political spectrum such as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun . This led to the rise of the Whig Party . Jackson created a spoils system to clear out elected officials in government of an opposing party and replace them with his supporters as a reward for their electioneering. With Congress controlled by his enemies, Jackson relied heavily on

1932-586: The Western states, and Jackson and Crawford split the Southern states. Jackson finished with a plurality of the popular vote (there was no popular vote in six states including New York, the most populous state), and also of the electoral vote (due to the Three-fifths Compromise ), while the other three candidates each finished with a significant share of the votes. Clay, who had finished fourth,

2001-463: The base of his political structure. Like most Jacksonians, Douglas believed that the people spoke through the majority, that the majority will was the expression of the popular will. Jackson fulfilled his promise of broadening the influence of the citizenry in government, although not without vehement controversy over his methods. Jacksonian policies included ending the bank of the United States, expanding westward and removing American Indians from

2070-399: The belief that the people are sovereign, that their will is absolute and that the majority rules . William S. Belko, in 2015, summarized "the core concepts underlying Jacksonian Democracy" as: equal protection of the laws; an aversion to a moneyed aristocracy, exclusive privileges, and monopolies, and a predilection for the common man; majority rule ; and the welfare of the community over

2139-544: The cabinet and remained critical of the administration. Two key events, the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri crisis of 1820 , influenced and reshaped politics. The economic downturn broadly harmed workers, the sectional disputes over slavery expansion raised tensions, and both events plus other factors drove demand for increased democratic control. Social disaffection would help motivate revival of rivalrous political parties in

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2208-508: The candidates for president garnered an electoral vote majority, the U.S. House of Representatives , under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment , held a contingent election . On February 9, 1825, the House voted (with each state delegation casting one vote) to elect John Quincy Adams as president, ultimately giving the election to him. The Democratic-Republican Party had won six consecutive presidential elections and by 1824

2277-504: The contingent election. All four candidates were nominated by at least one state legislature. Andrew Jackson was recruited to run for the office of the president by the state legislature of Tennessee. Jackson did not seek the task of running for president. Instead, he wished to retire to his estate on the outskirts of Nashville, called the Hermitage. Candidates drew voter support by different states and sections . Adams dominated

2346-472: The election, had their delegations support Adams. Van Buren attempted to have New York's delegation be divided between Adams and Crawford in order to increase its power and make a deal with one of them. However, Stephen Van Rensselaer , a Federalist allied with Van Buren, voted for Adams. Van Buren stated that Van Rensselaer found a ballot for Adams on the floor while Van Rensselaer, in his letter to Governor DeWitt Clinton , stated that he voted for Adams as he

2415-643: The final collapse of the Republican-Federalist political framework. The electoral map confirmed the candidates' sectional support, with Adams winning in New England, Jackson having wide voter appeal, Clay attracting votes from the West, and Crawford attracting votes from the eastern South. Jackson earned only a plurality of electoral votes . Thus, the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams on

2484-607: The first ballot. John C. Calhoun , supported by Adams and Jackson, easily won the vice presidency, not requiring a contingent election in the Senate. Jackson's electoral college plurality was the result of the Three-fifths Compromise . The electoral college results would have been 83 for Adams and 77 for Jackson without the inflated electoral count of slaveholding states. Crawford likewise benefited in this regard, as all but eight of his electoral votes were from slave states, while Clay's electoral votes were split relatively evenly (20 from

2553-460: The form of government printing contracts. At an intellectual level, his administration was strongly supported by The United States Magazine and Democratic Review. Its editorials and articles provided the arguments that partisan needed to discuss Democratic Party positions on the Mexican War, slavery, states' rights, and Indian removal. The Democratic Review was also (perhaps even primarily)

2622-574: The free states of New York and Ohio, 17 from the slave states of Kentucky and Missouri); without the Three-fifths Compromise, Crawford would have finished last in the electoral college, and Clay would have entered the contingent election at his expense. [REDACTED] Elections in this period were vastly different from modern-day presidential elections. The actual presidential candidates were rarely mentioned on tickets and voters were voting for particular electors who were pledged to

2691-470: The individual. Historian and social critic Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. argued in 1945 that Jacksonian democracy was built on the following: An important movement in the period from 1800 to 1830—before the Jacksonians were organized—was the gradual expansion of the right to vote from only property owning men to include all white men over 21. Older states with property restrictions dropped them, namely all but Rhode Island , Virginia , and North Carolina by

2760-431: The local parties. They systematically sought out potential voters and brought them to the polls. Voter turnout soared during the 1830s, reaching about 80% of adult white male population in the 1840 presidential election . Tax-paying qualifications remained in only five states by 1860—Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware and North Carolina. One innovative strategy for increasing voter participation and input

2829-411: The margin of victory was under 1%: States where the margin of victory was under 5%: States where the margin of victory was under 10%: As no presidential candidate had won an absolute electoral vote majority, the responsibility for electing a new president devolved upon the U.S. House of Representatives , which held a contingent election on February 9, 1825. As prescribed by the Twelfth Amendment ,

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2898-521: The mid-1820s. No new states had property qualifications although three had adopted tax-paying qualifications— Ohio , Louisiana , and Mississippi , of which only in Louisiana were these significant and long lasting. The process was peaceful and widely supported, except in the state of Rhode Island. In Rhode Island, the Dorr Rebellion of the 1840s demonstrated that the demand for equal suffrage

2967-758: The near future, though these had not yet formed by the time of the 1824 election. The previous competition between the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party collapsed after the War of 1812 due to the disintegration of the Federalists' popular appeal. President James Monroe of the Democratic-Republicans was able to run without opposition in the 1820 election. Like previous presidents who had been elected to two terms, Monroe declined to seek re-nomination for

3036-412: The ordinary farmer—by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency. Jackson vetoed more legislation than all previous presidents combined. The long-term effect was to create the modern, strong presidency. Jackson and his supporters also opposed progressive reformation as a movement. Progressive reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for

3105-539: The party. Monroe attempted to improve discipline by appointing leading statesmen to his Cabinet, including Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford of Georgia, and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee led high-profile military missions. Only House Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky held political power independent of Monroe. He refused to join

3174-403: The people's will had finally prevailed. Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president. The Democrats became the nation's first well-organized national party. The platforms, speeches and editorials were founded upon a broad consensus among Democrats. As Norton et al. explain: The Democrats represented

3243-558: The phrase "Jacksonian democracy" to describe democracy writ large in the United States and what they saw as the influence of the American frontier on the character of American political culture. In the 1945 book The Age of Jackson , Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. influentially reinterpreted "Jacksonian Democracy" as a phenomenon of labor struggle against business power rather than of frontier regional influence. Historian Robert V. Remini , in 1999, stated that Jacksonian Democracy involved

3312-691: The popular vote in New England and won some support elsewhere, Clay dominated his home state of Kentucky and won pluralities in two neighboring states, and Crawford won the Virginia vote overwhelmingly and polled well in North Carolina . Jackson had geographically the broadest support, though there were heavy vote concentrations in his home state of Tennessee and in Pennsylvania and populous areas where even he ran poorly. Policy played

3381-527: The power of the veto to block their moves. One of the most important of these was the Maysville Road veto in 1830. A part of Clay's American System , the bill would have allowed for federal funding of a project to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky, Clay's home state. His primary objection was based on the local nature of

3450-444: The presidency, as Adams and his three predecessors had all served as Secretary of State. Jackson and his followers accused Adams and Clay of striking a " corrupt bargain ", and the Jacksonians would campaign on this claim for the next four years, ultimately helping Jackson defeat Adams in 1828 . Ironically, Adams offered Jackson a position in his Cabinet as Secretary of War, which Jackson declined to accept. Adams' supporters controlled

3519-549: The project. He argued it was not the federal government's job to fund projects of such a local nature and/or those lacking a connection to the nation as a whole. The debates in Congress reflected two competing visions of federalism. The Jacksonians saw the union strictly as the cooperative aggregation of the individual states, while the Whigs saw the entire nation as a distinct entity. Carl Lane argues "securing national debt freedom

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3588-519: The various, difficult, and complicated duties of the Chief Magistracy." Moreover, Clay's American System was closer to Adams's position on tariffs and internal improvements than Jackson's. Even if Clay had wished to align with Crawford over Jackson, which was highly unlikely in any event since Clay's policy differences with Crawford were even deeper, especially on matters of the tariff, Crawford had been in poor health, and no path to victory

3657-533: The virtues of Jacksonian democracy and criticizing what Democrats regarded as the aristocratic pretensions of their opponents. The journal supported the losing effort of Martin Van Buren in the 1840 presidential election , and in the 1844 election , James K. Polk , the eventual winner. As a leading organizer for the Democratic Party, Van Buren paid close attention to party communication media such as newspapers and magazines. They received subsidies in

3726-474: The winner of a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes, expected the House to choose him. Not long before the contingent House election, an anonymous statement appeared in a Philadelphia paper, called the Columbian Observer . The statement, said to be from a member of Congress, essentially accused Clay of selling Adams his support for the office of Secretary of State. No formal investigation

3795-614: Was a 19th-century political philosophy in the United States that expanded suffrage to most white men over the age of 21 and restructured a number of federal institutions. Originating with the seventh U.S. president , Andrew Jackson and his supporters, it became the nation's dominant political worldview for a generation. The term itself was in active use by the 1830s. This era, called the Jacksonian Era or Second Party System by historians and political scientists , lasted roughly from Jackson's 1828 presidential election until

3864-457: Was a core element of Jacksonian democracy". Paying off the national debt was a high priority which would make a reality of the Jeffersonian vision of America truly free from rich bankers, self-sufficient in world affairs, virtuous at home, and administered by a small government not prone to financial corruption or payoffs. What became of Jacksonian Democracy, according to Sean Wilentz was diffusion. Many ex-Jacksonians turned their crusade against

3933-650: Was always in financial difficulties since it accepted no advertising and relied on subscriptions and donations to survive. O'Sullivan relinquished his editorial duties for a short time to practice law but continued to write for the magazine. The magazine is also responsible for coining the term " manifest destiny ", referring to the combination of rapid growth of civilization and open space to grow in North America. Jacksonian Democracy Anti-corruption Anti- elitism Civic engagement Classical liberalism Jeffersonianism Jacksonian democracy

4002-2371: Was bound to win and that he wanted to shorten "the long agony". Van Buren supported Jackson during the 1828 election and aided in Calhoun's selection as vice president. Ignoring the nonbinding directive of the Kentucky legislature that its House delegation choose Jackson, the delegation voted 8–4 for Adams instead. Thus, Adams was elected president on the first ballot, with 13 states, followed by Jackson with seven, and Crawford with four. Connecticut       0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Illinois       0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kentucky       0 8 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 Louisiana       0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Maine       0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maryland       0 5 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 Massachusetts       0 12 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Missouri       0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Hampshire       0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New York       0 18 0 0 2 0 0 14 0 Ohio       0 10 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 Rhode Island       0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vermont       0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alabama       0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 Indiana       0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 Mississippi       0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 New Jersey       0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 Pennsylvania       0 1 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 South Carolina       0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 Tennessee       0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 Delaware       0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Georgia       0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 North Carolina       0 1 0 0 2 0 0 10 0 Virginia       0 1 0 0 1 0 0 19 0 0 83 0 0 13 0 0 17 0 0 2 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 37 0 Adams' victory shocked Jackson, who, as

4071-403: Was broad and strong, although the subsequent reform included a significant property requirement for any resident born outside of the United States. However, free black men lost voting rights in several states during this period. The fact that a man was now legally allowed to vote did not necessarily mean he routinely voted. He had to be pulled to the polls, which became the most important role of

4140-457: Was conducted, so the matter was neither confirmed nor denied. When Clay was indeed offered the position after Adams was victorious, he opted to accept and continue to support the administration he voted for, knowing that declining the position would not have helped to dispel the rumors brought against him. Jackson referred to Clay as the "Judas of the West". By appointing Clay his Secretary of State, President Adams essentially declared him heir to

4209-606: Was defeated in 1840 by Whig William Henry Harrison . Harrison died just 30 days into his term and his Vice President John Tyler quickly reached accommodation with the Jacksonians. Tyler was then succeeded by James K. Polk , a Jacksonian who won the election of 1844 with Jackson's endorsement. Franklin Pierce had been a supporter of Jackson as well. James Buchanan served in Jackson's administration as Minister to Russia and as Polk's Secretary of State, but he did not pursue Jacksonian policies. Finally, Andrew Johnson , who had been

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4278-555: Was developed outside the Jacksonian camp. Prior to the presidential election of 1832 , the Anti-Masonic Party conducted the nation's first presidential nominating convention . Held in Baltimore, Maryland, September 26–28, 1831, it transformed the process by which political parties select their presidential and vice-presidential candidates. The period from 1824 to 1832 was politically chaotic. The Federalist Party and

4347-405: Was eliminated. Adams was the first son of a former president to become president. This is one of two presidential elections (along with the 1800 election ) that have been decided in the House. It is also one of five elections in which the winner did not achieve at least a plurality of the national popular vote and the only election in which the candidate who received the most electoral votes from

4416-424: Was even more vehemently opposed to the prospect of a Clay presidency, and partly because he had a long-standing personal enmity with Crawford. The campaigning for presidential election of 1824 took many forms. Contrafacta , or well known songs and tunes whose lyrics have been altered, were used to promote political agendas and presidential candidates. Below can be found a sound clip featuring " Hunters of Kentucky ",

4485-429: Was evident. Daniel Pope Cook , Illinois' sole representative, was anti-slavery and gave his support to Adams. James Buchanan attempted to make a compromise with Clay in which Jackson would make him Secretary of State in exchange for his support. Clay instead gave his support to Adams and was able to have the Kentucky, Missouri, and Ohio delegations support him. Illinois, Louisiana, and Maryland, which Jackson won during

4554-414: Was exclusively limited to White men, as well as voting rights in the nation were extended to adult white males only. There was also little to no improvement, and in many cases a reduction of the rights of non-white U.S citizens , during the extensive period of Jacksonian democracy, spanning from 1829 to 1860. In its earliest usage, the phrase "Jacksonian democracy" had a narrower meaning referring to

4623-667: Was nominated by a group of men in Philadelphia, including George M. Dallas , in December 1821. However, Dallas later gave his support to Jackson's presidential campaign, with Calhoun as his running mate, in February 1824. Martin Van Buren and his political machine supported Crawford in New York . During the selection of New York's electors Van Buren was able to deny Clay enough support to prevent him from being eligible for

4692-469: Was one of the candidates most directly involved through his participation in the publishing of the newspaper The Patriot as a member of the editorial staff. This was a sure way to promote his own political agendas and campaign. In contrast, most candidates involved in early 19th century elections did not run their own political campaigns. Instead it was left to volunteer citizens and partisans to speak on their behalf. The 1824 presidential election marked

4761-458: Was the only national political party. However, as the election approached, the presence of multiple viable candidates resulted in there being multiple nominations by the contending factions, signaling the splintering of the party and an end to the Era of Good Feelings , as well as the First Party System . Adams won New England , Jackson and Adams split the mid-Atlantic states , Jackson and Clay split

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