Misplaced Pages

#166833

134-592: Demsetz grew up on the West Side of Chicago, the grandchild of Jewish immigrants from central and eastern Europe. He studied engineering, forestry, and philosophy at four universities before being awarded a B.A. (1953) in economics from the University of Illinois , and an MBA (1954) and a Ph.D. (1959) from Northwestern University . While a graduate student, he published an article each in Econometrica and

268-554: A 2014 poll, 20% of Puerto Ricans living in the mainland United States speak Spanish at home, and 78% chose to answer the poll in English instead of Spanish, significantly more than other Latino groups polled. Many first- and second- generation Puerto Ricans living in New York speak " Nuyorican English ", a mix of local New York English with Puerto Rican Spanish influences, while many Puerto Ricans living in other US cities speak with

402-584: A Molotov cocktail in his hand... and... to shoot to maim or cripple anyone looting any stores in our city." During the late 1960s, the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party had its headquarters on the West Side on Madison Street near Western Avenue. The chapter chairman, Fred Hampton , helped his chapter establish a free breakfast program for children as well as free health clinics for

536-614: A bustling thoroughfare throughout the 1840s and 1850s, wealthier residents decided to establish an affluent community on the West Side that could be a retreat from the bustling city center. This was the impetus for the creation of Union Park . As the 1860s came, less affluent residents replaced the wealthier families around Union Park and increased immigration from Europe transformed the Near West Side into an ethnically diverse area. Chicago's first Black community along Kinzie Street and Lake Street became adjacent to an Irish community by

670-457: A detailed analysis of this position. West Side, Chicago The West Side is one of the three major sections of the city of Chicago , Illinois , United States. It is joined by the North and South Sides . The West Side contains communities that are of historical and cultural importance to the history and development of Chicago. On the flag of Chicago , the West Side is represented by

804-714: A dramatic change in the city's population occurred with the Great Migration of Blacks from the Southern United States into the urban North. In 1910, Chicago's Black population was at 40,000, most of these people being concentrated on the South Side in an area known as the Black Belt. By 1940, the Black population rose to 278,000, and more of these residents increasingly lived on the West Side. In

938-517: A dramatic reversal from being the only state to register a decrease in its Puerto Rican population between 1990 and 2000. The Puerto Rican population of New York State, still the largest in the United States, is estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau to have increased from 1,070,558 in 2010 to 1,103,067 in 2013. Puerto Rican migration trends since 2006 have been highly complex: New York State gained more Puerto Rican migrants from Puerto Rico (31% of

1072-529: A gymnasium, and language classes were provided for children, and services were provided for employment, garbage removal, and art programs. Hull House became a center of the Italian and Greek communities, however Black residents of the Near West Side weren't as welcome to use the services of Hull House and had to rely on finding or creating other community services. As the 20th century began, Chicago had already annexed land west of Western Avenue, greatly increasing

1206-477: A half mile west of the Chicago River. Land plotters and wealthier newcomers were more interested in developing land north and south of the original settlement because this land was adjacent to Lake Michigan . As the central business district grew, retail stores set up shop along Lake Street , connecting the central business district with the slower-developing western part of the city. As Lake Street became

1340-554: A higher degree of tri-hybrid admixture than most countries in Latin America. A recent study of DNA in a census-based sample of 642 Puerto Rican individuals, demonstrated that almost all modern Puerto Ricans are admixed descendants of the three ancestral populations (Taínos, Europeans, and Africans). The study shows that the average Puerto Rican on the Eastern region is 54.7% European, 31.8% African, and 13.5% Native American, while

1474-496: A long history of involvement with the stateside Puerto Rican community. In July 1930, Puerto Rico's Department of Labor established an employment service in New York City. The Migration Division (known as the "Commonwealth Office"), also part of Puerto Rico's Department of Labor, was created in 1948, and by the end of the 1950s, was operating in 115 cities and towns stateside. The strength of stateside Puerto Rican identity

SECTION 10

#1732801367167

1608-708: A long-time food desert; however, the poorer residents of the neighborhood are being displaced into other neighborhoods that are currently food deserts. The West Side is home to the Puerto Rican Parade and Festival or Fiestas Puertorriqueñas held annually along Division Street and Paseo Boricua in Humboldt Park. The new Chicago Westside Music Festival occurs annually in Garfield Park. Festa Italiana occurs every year in Little Italy, near

1742-593: A new health science center and auditorium. The other city college located on the West Side is the Arturo Velasquez West Side Technical Institute, a satellite campus of Richard J. Daley College located near Little Village. St. Augustine College, the first bilingual institution of higher learning in Illinois, has a campus near Little Village, and another campus immediately north of Humboldt Park, serving Chicago's Spanish-speaking community. Chicago Public Schools operates

1876-497: A number of colleagues: Armen Alchian , Ronald Coase , Aaron Director , and George Stigler . Demsetz coined the term " nirvana fallacy " in 1969. The 1972 Demsetz and Armen Alchian article Production, Information Costs and Economic Organization was selected as one of the twenty most important articles published in the first century of the American Economic Review . One of his most significant works over

2010-614: A range of services available on the West Side, especially educational, cultural, and medical institutions. The University of Illinois at Chicago is on the West Side, as is the United Center , home to the Chicago Bulls and Chicago Blackhawks . One of the nation's largest urban medical districts, the Illinois Medical District , is on the West Side. Three of Chicago's largest parks , along with much of

2144-527: A serious blow to Chicago's entire Black community. Six years later, Washington's unofficial floor leader in the city council, Puerto Rican Chicagoan Luis Gutiérrez , was elected to the U.S. Congress as the Midwest's first Latino representative in Congress. Chicago's homicides reached peak numbers in the early 1990s in Humboldt Park, Austin, Lawndale, and Garfield Park. As numbers began to go down throughout

2278-471: A significant influx of Puerto Rican workers to the US began. With its 1898 victory, the United States acquired Puerto Rico from Spain and has retained sovereignty since. The 1917 Jones–Shafroth Act made all Puerto Ricans US citizens, freeing them from immigration barriers. The massive migration of Puerto Ricans to the mainland United States was largest in the early and late 20th century, prior to its resurgence in

2412-465: A similar English accent. More Americanized Puerto Ricans speak the local English accent with little to no Spanish traces, sounding similar to other local groups including Black Americans or assimilated Italian Americans. The vast majority of Puerto Ricans in the United States are adherents of Christianity. Though, Catholics are the largest in number, there are also significant numbers of followers of numerous Protestant denominations . Protestants make up

2546-428: A third of the 5 million Puerto Ricans living stateside were born on the island. Puerto Ricans are also the second-largest Latino group in the United States after those of Mexican descent. The Puerto Rican population by state, showing the percentage of the state's population that identifies itself as Puerto Rican relative to the state/territory population as a whole is shown in the following table. The ten states with

2680-519: A whole. Puerto Rican population by state, showing the percentage of Puerto Rican residents in each state relative to the Puerto Rican population in the United States as a whole. Even with such movement of Puerto Ricans from traditional to non-traditional states, the Northeast continues to dominate in both concentration and population. The largest populations of Puerto Ricans are situated in

2814-925: Is a nationally recognized museum that offers free admission daily and showcases Mexican art across time and provides professional development to Mexican artists. Further west in Little Village is the Mexican Museum of Culture. Located within Garfield Park is the Garfield Park Conservatory, one of the largest in the nation. In the Austin neighborhood is the Sankofa Cultural Arts Center, a center for education, art, and workshops on Pan-African cultures. The Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture and

SECTION 20

#1732801367167

2948-590: Is an alternative school created in the 1970s to remedy the high drop-out rate of Puerto Rican youth in Chicago. The school uses a critical pedagogy to engage students in restoring and empowering their community by teaching students the history of figures such as Pedro Albizu Campos and Oscar López Rivera . The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates area Catholic schools, most notably St. Ignatius College Prep . The West Side, due to its large population and high density, has many political representatives at

3082-713: Is being driven by movement not only into New York City proper, but also into the city's surrounding suburban areas, including areas outside New York State, especially Northern New Jersey , such that the New York City metropolitan area gained the highest number of additional Puerto Rican Americans of any metropolitan area between 2010 and 2016, from 1,177,430 in 2010 to 1,494,670 in 2016. Florida witnessed an even larger increase than New York State between 2010 and 2013, from 847,550 in 2010 to 987,663 in 2013, with significant migration from Puerto Rico, as well as some migration from Chicago and New York to Florida. However, most of

3216-436: Is fueled by a number of factors. These include the large circular migration between the island and the mainland United States, a long tradition of the government of Puerto Rico promoting its ties to those stateside, the continuing existence of racial-ethnic prejudice and discrimination in the United States, and high residential and school segregation. Notable attributes that set the stateside Puerto Rican population apart from

3350-656: Is home to one of the largest Puerto Rican communities in Chicago and is known as "Little Puerto Rico" or Paseo Boricua. Orlando and the surrounding area has had a sizable Puerto Rican population since the 1980s, as Florida as a whole has always had a decent sized Puerto Rican population. A big contributing factor for the growth of the Puerto Rican community in Central Florida was Walt Disney World , who heavily recruited employees in Puerto Rico. Central Florida's Puerto Rican population began to skyrocket starting in

3484-748: Is located in West Town. The Chicago High School for the Arts has moved from its former location on the South Side in Bronzeville to its new location in the recently closed Lafayette Elementary school near Augusta Boulevard and California Avenue. This gives a new high school option to the new gentrifier white, middle-class residents of the area whose homes are zoned to poorly performing, predominantly Black and Latino-populated high schools such as Wells High School and Clemente High School. Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos Puerto Rican High School located in Humboldt Park

3618-809: Is mainly derived from the Spanish spoken in southern Spain and the Canary Islands . It also has noticeable influences from numerous languages, including Taíno and various West African languages . It is very similar to other Caribbean Spanish variants . About 83% of Puerto Ricans living in the United States ages 5 and older speak English proficiently, of whom 53% are bilingual in Spanish and English, and another 30% speak only English fluently with little proficiency in Spanish. The other 17% speak only Spanish fluently and report speaking English "less than very well" with little proficiency in English, compared to 34% of Latinos overall who report doing so. According to

3752-428: Is not included in and geographically very distant from the West Side. The most commonly referenced borders by officials that are assigned to the West Side are North Avenue to the north and 31st Street to the south. The western border is where the edge of the city meets the western suburbs of Oak Park and Cicero . These two suburbs border the communities of Austin , Lawndale , and Little Village . The eastern border

3886-530: Is often the most disputed border by residents, real estate brokers, and city officials. While some will claim Western Avenue is the eastern border, those in the communities east of Western Avenue such as West Town , the Near West Side , and Pilsen have more historical and cultural ties to the West Side and the central, inner city area more so than to the North Side or South Side. In certain texts,

4020-678: Is the University of Illinois at Chicago , more commonly referred to as UIC. The school was originally called Circle Campus in reference to its proximity to the Circle Interchange , now named the Jane Byrne Interchange. The school has an enrollment of nearly 30,000 students, and has its own athletics program, the UIC Flames . UIC also operates the University of Illinois College of Medicine, a major component of

4154-460: Is the largest and most affluent urban corridor in the world, being described as a "node of wealth ... [an] area where the pulse of the national economy beats loudest and the seats of power are well established." With major world class universities clustered in Boston and stretching throughout this corridor, the economic and media power and international power politics in New York City and the seat of

Harold Demsetz - Misplaced Pages Continue

4288-750: The Journal of Political Economy . Demsetz taught at the University of Michigan (1958–60), UCLA, 1960–63, and the Graduate School of Business at the University of Chicago , 1963–71. In 1971, he returned permanently to UCLA's Economics Department, which he chaired 1978–80. He held the Arthur Andersen UCLA Alumni Chair in Business Economics, 1986–95. He has been affiliated with the Center for Naval Analyses and

4422-417: The 2010 U.S. Census show, the Black community on the West Side is bordered to the north and to the south by Latino residents. On the north and moving northwest are mostly Puerto Rican and other Latino residents living in the communities of West Town and Humboldt Park, and to the south are primarily Mexican residents living in the communities of Pilsen and Little Village. The gentrifying areas of West Town,

4556-852: The Blue , Green and Pink lines and the BNSF Railway and the Union Pacific / West Line Metra lines. Union Station , the main railroad terminal of both Metra and Amtrak trains is located just west of the Chicago River and downtown. To the north of Union Station is the smaller Ogilvie Transportation Center that serves three Metra lines. Major thoroughfares on the West Side include Grand Avenue , North Avenue , Division Street , Chicago Avenue , Madison Street , Jackson Boulevard, Roosevelt Road , Blue Island Avenue , 16th Street, 18th Street, Ogden Avenue , Cermak Road , and 26th Street. Major roads that run north-south that go to other parts of

4690-493: The Fiestas Puertorriqueñas . This controversy along with the protests against the festival's location in Humboldt Park have prompted festival coordinators to move Riot Fest to Douglass Park , another West Side park, causing further protest and backlash by longtime Lawndale and Little Village residents. There are several institutions of higher education throughout the West Side. The largest and most well-known

4824-564: The Homan Square facility , maintained by the Chicago Police Department, are both on the West Side. As with the other sides of the city, there is no consensus as to the exact boundaries of the West Side. The city's annexation of land beyond the original western border at Wood Street gave way to the development of the West Side. The city legislature added more land in 1869 through the annexation of West Town area, and

4958-768: The Hoover Institution . Demsetz was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , a director of the Mont Pelerin Society , and a past (1996) president of the Western Economics Association. Demsetz belonged to the Chicago school of economic theory, and was one of the pioneers of the approach now called New Institutional Economics . He is a founder of the field of managerial economics . He has expanded

5092-528: The Illinois Medical District . Rush University, also located in the medical district, operates Rush University Medical Center and the Johnston R. Bowman Health Center. The City Colleges of Chicago operates two colleges on the West Side. In the Near West Side, there is the long-established Malcolm X College . Located on Van Buren Street near Damen Avenue, Malcolm X College is linked to Chicago's first city college Crane Junior College, later Herzl College, which

5226-468: The Spanish Harlem and Loisaida neighborhoods of Manhattan . Labor recruitment was the basis of this particular community. In 1960, about 70% of stateside Puerto Ricans lived in New York City. They helped others settle, find work, and build communities by relying on social networks containing friends and family. For a long time, Spanish Harlem (East Harlem) and Loisaida ( Lower East Side ) were

5360-740: The Ukrainian National Museum , and the Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art are all located in West Town. The newly reconstructed National Hellenic Museum, the nation's second oldest Greek-American cultural museum, is located in Greektown . Not too far south of the museum is the Hull House Museum and National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame . In Pilsen, the National Museum of Mexican Art

5494-498: The United States Census Bureau , estimated that as of 2010, Puerto Ricans made up between 70–80 percent of Philadelphia's Latino population. Other sources put the percentage Puerto Ricans make up of Philadelphia's Latino population, as high as 90% and others as low as 64%. Puerto Ricans first arrived in the early part of the 20th century from more affluent families to study at colleges or universities. In

Harold Demsetz - Misplaced Pages Continue

5628-480: The federal poverty line ." However, more affluent Puerto Rican American professionals have migrated to suburban neighborhoods on Long Island and in Westchester County , New Jersey and Connecticut. New York City also became the mecca for freestyle music in the 1980s, of which Puerto Rican singer-songwriters represented an integral component. Puerto Rican influence in popular music continues in

5762-459: The inner city , suggests that "the Puerto Rican community has fallen victim to poverty through social marginalization due to the transformation of New York into a global city." The Puerto Rican population in East Harlem and New York City as a whole remains the poorest among all migrant groups in US cities. As of 1973, about "46.2% of the Puerto Rican migrants in East Harlem were living below

5896-554: The 1930s there was an enclave around 35th and Michigan . In the 1950s two small barrios emerged known as la Clark and La Madison just North and West of Downtown, near hotel jobs and then where the factories once stood. These communities were displaced by the city as part of their slum clearance . In 1968, a community group, the Young Lords mounted protests and demonstrations and occupied several buildings of institutions demanding that they invest in low income housing. Humboldt Park

6030-607: The 1960s ended. In 1966, the first major urban Puerto Rican rebellion in the U.S. happened on Division Street, an event later known as the Division Street Riots . As the 1970s began, Humboldt Park suffered from poverty, crime, and gangs, leading to another uprising in 1977. To combat this, Puerto Rican community members across the West Side created social service organizations such as the Latin American Defense Organization (LADO) and

6164-436: The 1990s, another round of displacement began to take hold. Major gentrification efforts in the Near West Side and West Town began, where corporate investors supported the addition of high-end businesses and luxury-style residential condos. Property taxes rose thus raising rents, forcing poorer Puerto Rican and Black residents to move yet again. As the 2000s began, Pilsen began to see more major gentrification efforts. However,

6298-416: The 2010 U.S. Census, the West Side has a total of 480,687 residents, making it the least populated of the three main sections of the city. However, its population density is very high at 13,852 residents per square mile. In 2010, 44% of residents were non-Hispanic Black, 34% were Latino or Hispanic, and 17% were non-Hispanic white. 3% of residents were of Asian ancestry, mostly residing in the Near West Side in

6432-705: The 2010 US census, of the stateside Puerto Rican population, about 53.1% self-identified as white, about 8.7% self-identified as black, about 0.9% as American Indian, about 0.5% as Asian, and 36.7% as mixed or other. Though over half self-identified as white, the Puerto Rican population is largely made up of multi-racials , most Puerto Ricans are mixed to varying degrees, usually of white European/North African, black West African and indigenous Taino ancestry. The average genomewide individual ancestry proportions have been estimated as 56% European, 28% West African and 16% Native American. However, there are significant numbers of (pure or nearly pure) blacks and whites within

6566-491: The 21st century, encompassing major artists such as Jennifer Lopez . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , there was an estimate of 121,643 Puerto Rican Americans living in Philadelphia , up from 91,527 in 2000. Representing 8% of Philadelphia's total population and 75% of the city's Latino American population, as of 2010. Puerto Ricans are the largest Latino group in the city and that, outside Puerto Rico, Philadelphia now has

6700-550: The Blacks of the West Side rebelled in anger against the oppressive system made more apparent by King's murder. Long stretches of businesses along Madison Street in Garfield Park and Austin and along Roosevelt Road in Lawndale, the majority of which were owned by whites, were looted and burned down. Mayor Daley ordered 10,500 police and 6,700 National Guardsmen into the West Side, ordering "to shoot to kill any arsonist or anyone with

6834-950: The Hispanic/Latino population in the United States, there are some states where Puerto Ricans make up a much larger portion of the Hispanic/Latino population, including Connecticut, where 46.3 percent of the state's Latinos are of Puerto Rican descent and Pennsylvania, where Puerto Ricans make up 43.5 percent of the Latinos. Other states where Puerto Ricans make up a remarkably large portion of the Latino community include Massachusetts, where they make up 35.2 percent of all Hispanics, New Hampshire at 30.9 percent, Delaware at 27.2 percent, Ohio at 25.6 percent, New York at 25.3 percent, New Jersey at 22.9 percent, Rhode Island at 22.4 percent, and Florida at 20.3 percent of all Hispanics/Latinos in each respective state. The U.S. States where Puerto Ricans were

SECTION 50

#1732801367167

6968-636: The Lower West Side; The Island within Austin; University Village, Greektown, Little Italy, and Tri-Taylor within the Near West Side; Homan Square and K-Town within North Lawndale; Marshall Square within South Lawndale; and West Humboldt Park within Humboldt Park. A majority of the West Side's Black residents live in the Near West Side, Garfield Park, Austin, Lawndale, and the southern portion of Humboldt Park. As demographic maps from

7102-481: The Mexican population, losing much of their housing stock, moved in large numbers south to Pilsen. White flight and blockbusting drastically changed the demographics of the West Side by the 1950s. Throughout this decade, many white Chicagoans moved to the suburbs in a planned move by investors who, through scare tactics and instigating racial antagonism, encouraged white Chicagoans to sell their city homes and buy homes

7236-530: The Near West Side brought the community head-to-head with Mayor Richard J. Daley , and the construction of the university displaced half of the community, including the Hull House settlement. Nearly the entire Italian and Greek communities relocated to the Northwest Side and suburbs. The Black population moved further west into the Near West Side, Garfield Park and the eastern portion of Lawndale, and

7370-628: The Near West Side, Rockwell Gardens and Harrison Courts in East Garfield Park, and Lawndale Gardens in Lawndale/Little Village. Many of these housing projects became predominantly Black and poor. The Chicago Housing Authority was known for its segregationist policies and lack of building maintenance, and police brutality was very frequent. After the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968,

7504-448: The Near West Side, and Pilsen are seeing large influxes of mostly middle-class white residents, thus concentrating the West Side's white population much closer to the downtown area. Other white populations of the West Side include the neighborhood of Galewood in the northern part of the Austin community area as well as the small Polish patches and Eastern European areas remaining in parts of West Town, such as Ukrainian Village. According to

7638-474: The Near West Side, there were 26,000 Blacks by 1940, and this community was joined by a growing Mexican-American community and a smaller Puerto Rican community. The Black population on the West Side was growing due in large part to the crowded conditions of the South Side, however crowding increased quickly on the West Side as well. Black residents began moving in small numbers to East Garfield Park, being met with even more housing discrimination than they faced in

7772-426: The Near West Side. By this time, the Maxwell Street Market employed mostly newer Black residents and the market became an important center for Black Chicago blues musicians coming from the South. The construction of the Eisenhower Expressway in the 1950s demolished many homes in the area, forcing residents to relocate further west. The announcement of a University of Illinois campus in Chicago to be constructed in

7906-557: The Near West Side. Most of the Czech and Bohemian residents moved south establishing the neighborhood of Pilsen, named after the city of Plzeň in the Czech Republic. The fire also began migration into the Lawndale neighborhood, which had advertised itself as a residential suburb with fireproof apartment buildings. Immigration from Europe continued in the area at a rapid rate, and the older Irish and German community became eclipsed by newer Jewish immigrants from Russia and Poland. Large numbers of Italian and Greek immigrants began arriving in

8040-443: The Northeast continue to see very strong growth, particularly Pennsylvania and Lower New England (Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island). Pennsylvania easily having the second largest numerical increase of Puerto Ricans for the past 10–15 years, showing an increase of over 110,000 from 2010 to 2017-second only to Florida. Connecticut having the highest percentage of Puerto Ricans in the United States, from 2010 to 2017 (Pre-Maria)

8174-412: The Orlando area, but the heaviest concentration is in the southern portions, like Kissimmee , Poinciana and many other areas in Osceola County , where Puerto Ricans make up the majority of the population. In 1950, about a quarter of a million Puerto Rican natives lived "stateside", or in one of the U.S. states. In March 2012 that figure had risen to about 1.5 million. That is, slightly less than

SECTION 60

#1732801367167

8308-459: The Puerto Rican Cultural Center in Humboldt Park have exhibits and arts workshops that educate the community about the Puerto Rican experience in Chicago and the United States. Puerto Ricans in the United States Stateside Puerto Ricans (Spanish: Puertorriqueños en Estados Unidos ), also ambiguously known as Puerto Rican Americans (Spanish: puertorriqueño-americanos , puertorriqueño-estadounidenses ), or Puerto Ricans in

8442-400: The Puerto Rican migration to Florida has been to the central portion of the state, surrounding Orlando. Orlando and to a lesser degree Philadelphia and Tampa have witnessed large increases in their Puerto Rican populations between 2010 and 2013 and now have some of the fastest growing Puerto Rican populations in the country. According to the Pew Research Center , Puerto Rican arrivals from

8576-479: The Puerto Rican population as well. Historically, under Spanish and American rule, Puerto Rico underwent a whitening process , in particular, the island had laws like the Regla del Sacar , in which mixed-race people of mostly European origin were classified as "white" (the opposite of the one-drop rule in the United States). Puerto Ricans, on average, have genetic contributions from Europeans, North Africans, West Africans, and Native Americans. The island has

8710-461: The Puerto Rican population in the United States proper resides in either the Northeast or Florida . Puerto Ricans have been migrating to the continental United States since the 19th century and migrating since 1898 (after the island territory was transferred from Spain to the United States) and have a long history of collective social advocacy for their political and social rights and preserving their cultural heritage. In New York City, which has

8844-454: The Puerto Rican population of the New York City Metropolitan Area increasing from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census-estimated 1,494,670 in 2016, maintaining its status as the largest metropolitan concentration and cultural center for Puerto Rican Americans by a significant margin on Continental America . New York City neighborhoods such as East Harlem in Upper Manhattan , the South Bronx and Bushwick , Williamsburg in Brooklyn are often

8978-425: The Puerto Rican population to be 5.91 million. Despite newer migration trends, the New York metropolitan area continues to be the largest demographic and cultural center for Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States, with the Orlando metropolitan area having the second-largest community. The portmanteau " Nuyorican " refers to Puerto Ricans and their descendants in the New York City area . About 67% of

9112-422: The Segundo Ruiz Belvis Cultural Center. The Young Lords , a former street turf gang from Lincoln Park, turned into a human liberation group, becoming warriors for the community by fighting further displacement and holding sit-ins at the Wicker Park Welfare Office and takeovers of institutions to implement free breakfast programs similar to the Black Panther Party. In Pilsen, Mexican-Americans and Chicanos reclaimed

9246-468: The US Northeast. The 2017 total population count of stateside Puerto Ricans was 5.5 million. With the migration boom due to Hurricane Maria, as well as live births taken into account, the US Puerto Rican population is estimated at 5.8 million as of 2018. This drop in Puerto Rico's population resulting in the increase in the stateside Puerto Rican population, is the result of Hurricane Maria and other recent natural disasters, as well as economic decline on

9380-421: The US. During the nineteenth century it was mostly political exiles who came to the mainland. Since 1898, Puerto Rico has been an "insular possession" and "unincorporated territory" of the United States, ruled for its first half-century by American generals and non-Puerto-Rican civil servants from the mainland, fueling migratory patterns between the mainland and the island. After the end of the Spanish–American War

9514-403: The United States , are Puerto Ricans who are in the United States proper of the 50 states and the District of Columbia who were born in or trace any family ancestry to the unincorporated US territory of Puerto Rico . Pursuant to the Jones–Shafroth Act , all Puerto Ricans born on the island have US citizenship . At 9.3% of the Hispanic population in the United States, Puerto Ricans are

9648-449: The United States and other destinations." Puerto Ricans migrated in search of higher-wage jobs, first to New York City, and later to other cities such as Chicago , Philadelphia and Boston . However, in more recent years, there has been a significant resurgence in migration from Puerto Rico to New York and New Jersey , with an apparently multifactorial allure to Puerto Ricans, primarily for economic and cultural considerations; with

9782-1117: The United States. There is also the National Puerto Rican Coalition in Washington, D.C. , the National Puerto Rican Forum, the Puerto Rican Family Institute, Boricua College , the Center for Puerto Rican Studies of the City University of New York at Hunter College , the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund , the National Conference of Puerto Rican Women and the New York League of Puerto Rican Women, Inc., among others. The government of Puerto Rico has

9916-616: The University Village neighborhood near the University of Illinois at Chicago and the Illinois Medical District. 2% of residents were of Native American descent, multiracial backgrounds, or other origins. Increasing foreclosures and gentrification have driven many of the poorer residents, mostly Black and Latino, toward other parts of the city, particularly the South Side and Northwest Side, as well as lower-income suburbs like Cicero and Berwyn , decreasing

10050-604: The West Side, many recent festivals have been created by newer residents such as Wicker Park Fest and the Pitchfork Music Festival in Union Park. More recently, an event called Riot Fest has been held in Humboldt Park since 2012, but has since moved to Douglass Park after controversy among Puerto Rican event organizers who were denied things that Riot Fest had received, such as alcohol permits for

10184-584: The West Side. In 1895, the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad opened, which provided elevated train service down Harrison Street on its Garfield Park branch and also elevated train service down North Avenue on its Humboldt Park branch. Elements of these elevated train lines are used today for the CTA Green Line and Blue Line . Industry began to dominate this area further west. Sears, Roebuck and Company

10318-494: The West Side. East Garfield Park, West Garfield Park, and Humboldt Park had been sparsely populated throughout the late 19th century, but the addition of transportation infrastructure increased the population quickly. In 1892, the first elevated train line was constructed on the South Side and a year later, the Lake Street Elevated Railroad opened, providing transportation service from the city center to

10452-431: The West Side. They existed by block or in small pockets, mostly in the Austin neighborhood closer to the suburb of Oak Park. Black representation of the West Side in Congress began in the 1970s with the placement of George W. Collins in the seat of Daniel J. Ronan who died in 1969. After George W. Collins was killed in a plane crash at Midway Airport in 1972, his wife Cardiss Collins was elected to Congress, making her

10586-529: The West Side: George Westinghouse College Prep and Whitney M. Young College Prep . Students from all over the city can apply to these schools and admission is based on grades, attendance, and exam scores. There are many charter schools throughout this section of the city. The Noble Network of Charter Schools operates numerous campuses throughout the West Side, and its original location, Noble Street College Prep ,

10720-470: The area as La Diesiocho because of the 18th Street business corridor. Pilsen became a large center for mural painting by those part of the Chicano movement and for those attempting to shift the view of Pilsen as a dangerous community. La Villita , the neighborhood to the west of Pilsen and Heart of Chicago was being populated by even more Mexican-Americans, and the business corridor along 26th Street became

10854-465: The area became unhealthily overcrowded, resulting in dilapidated tenements and pollution. These poorer residents also lacked health services from the city. This situation was to be addressed by the creation of the Hull House settlement by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889. Hull House was a settlement house that provided a range of services to the residents of the West Side. A playground,

10988-535: The area is the Eisenhower Expressway , the name for Interstate 290 within Chicago. The Stevenson Expressway runs just south of Pilsen and Little Village giving residents access to the Southwest Side and Midway Airport . The West Side is linked to the rest of the city by several Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) bus and train lines, as well as Metra train lines. The West Side is served by

11122-638: The area too. The Jewish immigrants settled between 12th Street, now Roosevelt Road , and 16th Street, centering the community and businesses along Maxwell Street . The Maxwell Street Market continued from this time through the 20th century as an important economic and cultural center for the city. Italian immigrants settled along Polk Street and Taylor Street, establishing Chicago's main Little Italy . Greek immigrants centered their settlement at Harrison Street, Halsted Street, and Blue Island Avenue, calling their community "The Delta." As immigration continued,

11256-555: The average Puerto Rican on the Western Region is 68.5% European, 15.9% African, and 15.6% Native American. The highest indigenous ancestry recorded in the study was nearly 40%. Puerto Rican culture is a blend of Spanish, Taíno and West African cultures, with recent influences from the United States and neighboring Latin American and Caribbean countries. Due to Puerto Rico's status as a US territory, people in Puerto Rico have

11390-453: The busiest after the Loop . During the 1980s and 1990s, the communities of the West Side continued to struggle, but hopes were being held together by social organizations, movements, and programs. The election of Mayor Harold Washington in 1983 gave hope to the West Side, especially since his election opened the door for more political representation, but his sudden death in 1987 was viewed as

11524-961: The central white stripe. The West Side has gone through many transitions in its ethnic and socioeconomic makeup due to its historic role as a gateway for immigrants and migrants as well as its role for funneling poorer African-American residents away from the wealthier lakeside neighborhoods and central business district. Today, the West Side consists of large mixed communities of middle class, working class, and low-income African American , Puerto Rican , and Mexican residents; some small communities of blue-collar , lower middle class and middle class white residents of historically Polish , Italian , Czech , Russian Jewish , and Greek , descent; and newer communities of middle-class, upper-middle class , and wealthy white residents created by gentrification . Major shifts continue to happen due to forces such as rapid gentrification, selective corporate investments, and unequal distribution of city resources. There are

11658-567: The city include Halsted Street , Racine Avenue, Ashland Avenue, Damen Avenue, Western Avenue , California Avenue, Kedzie Avenue , Homan Avenue, Central Park Avenue, Pulaski Road , Cicero Avenue , Laramie Avenue, Central Avenue, and Austin Boulevard. There is a wide range of museums and cultural institutions on the West Side. In West Town, there are many institutions representing the large Polish community in Chicago as well as other Eastern European ethnic groups. The Polish Museum of America ,

11792-538: The city's boulevard system , are in this part of the city: Humboldt Park , Garfield Park , and Douglass Park . The West Side is very accessible by the interstate and public transportation via the Chicago Transit Authority 's many bus routes, the Chicago 'L' , the Metra commuter rail, and the Eisenhower Expressway . Additionally, Cook County Jail , the United States' largest single site jail, and

11926-553: The city's official division of its 77 community areas , nine community areas compose the West Side: West Town , the Near West Side , the Lower West Side , Humboldt Park , East Garfield Park , West Garfield Park , North Lawndale , South Lawndale , and Austin . Within these community areas are smaller neighborhoods, some of which match the community area's name and boundaries, and some of which do not use

12060-710: The city, state, and national level. Representatives in U.S. Congress Representatives in the Illinois State Senate Representatives in the Illinois House of Representatives The following wards are representative of the West Side in the Chicago City Council : 1, 2, 12, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 37. Due to its proximity to the downtown area, the West Side has extensive mass transit as well as highways and roads. The main highway running through

12194-476: The communities within West Town and Pilsen are grouped together as the Near Northwest Side and Near Southwest Side respectively. Therefore, using the Chicago River as an eastern border of the West Side becomes suitable. Regardless of how the boundaries are defined, the West Side is the smallest in area of the three sections of the city, with an area of approximately 34.7 square miles. According to

12328-519: The community area's name at all. The three main community areas that do not match their colloquial neighborhood names are the Lower West Side, which is widely known as Pilsen; North Lawndale, which is simply known as Lawndale; and South Lawndale, which is widely known as Little Village. Neighborhoods within these community areas include East Ukrainian Village, Ukrainian Village, Noble Square, Pulaski Park, The Patch, and Wicker Park within West Town; Fifth City within East Garfield Park; Heart of Chicago within

12462-615: The community put up a substantial fight against this displacement process and gentrification progressed more slowly. During this time, the ABLA homes were demolished along with the Henry Horner Homes and Rockwell Gardens. Some of these areas have been replaced with new housing developments with the intended purpose of creating mixed-income communities. However, these areas are now mainly populated by younger, white, middle-class to upper-middle class professionals whom have been displacing

12596-531: The community. Hampton was murdered in his sleep in a planned raid by Chicago police and the FBI on the party's West Side apartment on Monroe Street in December 1969. Over 5,000 people attended Hampton's funeral. The drug epidemic began sweeping through the West Side in the 1970s, and crime continued to climb. Unlike the South Side, there weren't large middle, upper-middle, or affluent Black communities that developed on

12730-501: The course of many decades was on externalities, in which he disputed the conclusions of Pigou and of Coase and showed that there is no problem of externalities which invokes a role for the government. Instead, with strategic behaviour we might get a problem of public goods with a potential role for the government. His 2011 paper, " The Problem of Social Cost: What Problem? A Critique of the Reasoning of A.C. Pigou and R.H. Coase " provides

12864-431: The early 2000s and accelerating in the 2010s, with many New Yorkers of Puerto Rican ancestry ( Nuyoricans ) moving to Florida, joining the island-born Puerto Ricans. During this time, the 1990s and early 2000s, the overall migration patterns out from Puerto Rico to the US mainland began to switch and Orlando became the main destination from Puerto Rico by far, replacing New York City. Puerto Ricans are largely spread out in

12998-404: The early 21st century. U.S. political and economic interventions in Puerto Rico created the conditions for emigration, "by concentrating wealth in the hands of US corporations and displacing workers." Policymakers "promoted colonization plans and contract labor programs to reduce the population. U.S. employers, often with government support, recruited Puerto Ricans as a source of low-wage labor to

13132-478: The federal government in Washington, DC, also a major global power center. These shifts in the relative sizes of Latino populations have also changed the role of the stateside Puerto Rican community. Thus, many long-established Puerto Rican institutions have had to revise their missions (and, in some cases, change their names) to provide services and advocacy on behalf of non-Puerto Rican Latinos. According to

13266-720: The first Black female representative from the Midwest . Puerto Ricans displaced by gentrification and city-backed urban renewal projects in Lincoln Park began moving to West Town and Humboldt Park by the thousands during the mid-late 1960s. In 1960, West Town had a Latino population of 1%. By 1970, that number had grown to 39%. Polish residents, who remained less upwardly mobile than the West Side's former German and Russian Jewish immigrants, remained in relatively large numbers in West Town centered around Catholic parishes. Humboldt Park began to see larger influxes of Puerto Ricans as

13400-482: The following metropolitan areas (Source: 2020 ACS 5-Year Estimates): The top 25 US communities with the largest populations of Puerto Ricans (Source: Census 2020) The top 25 US communities (over 5,000 in population) with the highest percentages of Puerto Ricans as a percent of their total populations (Source: Census 2020) The 10 large cities (over 200,000 in population) with the highest percentages of Puerto Rican residents include (2020 Census): Like other groups,

13534-449: The investors built in the suburbs. By 1960, Chicago recorded its first ever population drop. However, Black and Latino residents began filling the West Side to its maximum. Black areas of the West Side began to experience highly impoverished conditions moving into the 1960s. Many residents moved into housing projects that were built throughout the West Side the previous decade, the main housing projects being ABLA and Henry Horner Homes in

13668-417: The island for the US mainland, either permanently or temporarily, nearly half of which went to the state of Florida alone, especially to the metropolitan areas of Orlando and Miami, and to a lesser degree Tampa and Jacksonville. The other half are spreading out throughout the country but went mostly to the metropolitan areas of Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland and numerous smaller cities across

13802-561: The island since 2000 are also less well off than earlier migrants, with lower household incomes and a greater likelihood of living in poverty. After Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico in September 2017, devastating the infrastructure of the island, New York, Florida and New Jersey were expected to be the three likeliest destinations for Puerto Rican migrants to the U.S. mainland when premised upon family ties. Since Hurricane Maria in September 2017, about 400,000 Puerto Ricans have left

13936-502: The island. However, many Puerto Ricans have since been moving back, though not enough to reverse the population decline in Puerto Rico. There is also a growing number of Puerto Ricans living in military towns , such as Killeen (Texas), Columbus (Georgia), and the Hampton Roads metro area of Virginia. Residential segregation is a phenomenon characterizing many stateside Puerto Rican population concentrations. While blacks are

14070-495: The largest Hispanic/Latino group in the New York metropolitan area , however the Puerto Rican population in the area began to decrease due to rising cost of living and in turn the overall Latino population began to diversify with increases in other Latino groups. During the same time, the Puerto Rican population has increased in many other areas throughout the country and in areas with large Latino communities, Puerto Ricans represent

14204-439: The largest Hispanic/Latino group were New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Hawaii. U.S. states with higher percentages of Puerto Ricans then the national average (1.6%) as of 2020, are Connecticut (8.0%), Florida (5.3%), New York (5.0%), New Jersey (4.9%), Massachusetts (4.5%), Rhode Island (3.8%), Pennsylvania (3.6%), Hawaii (3.1%), and Delaware (2.9%). Historically, Puerto Ricans were

14338-479: The largest concentration of Puerto Ricans in the United States, they began running for elective office in the 1920s, electing one of their own to the New York State Assembly for the first time in 1937. Important Puerto Rican institutions have emerged from this long history. ASPIRA was established in New York City in 1961 and is now one of the largest national Latino nonprofit organizations in

14472-463: The largest increases of Puerto Ricans between 2010 and 2020 were: Florida (with an increase of 306,330 Puerto Ricans), Texas (99,886), Pennsylvania (90,507), Massachusetts (46,152), North Carolina (43,117), Ohio (38,296), Georgia (37,022), Connecticut (35,372), Virginia (30,887), and New Jersey (25,178). Most other states showed modest growth. Though, New Jersey, along with California, Hawaii, and Illinois showed slower growth than previous decades. New York

14606-683: The location of the Taste of Greektown. In Little Village, the Festival de la Villita takes place along 26th Street celebrating the community as well as a Mexican Independence Day Parade. Another Mexican Independence Day Parade takes place in Pilsen along 18th Street. The Austin Town Hall in South Austin hosts a multitude of events such as plays and concerts. With the advent of gentrification on

14740-406: The mainland total) as well as from elsewhere on the mainland (20% of interstate moves) between 2006 and 2012 than any other U.S. state, in absolute numbers , even while the southern United States gained the highest number as an overall national region. Also, unlike the initial pattern of migration several decades ago, this second significant Puerto Rican migration into New York and surrounding states

14874-469: The majority of Hispanic/Latinos in the following; Central Florida around Orlando , but also some areas in the Tampa and Jacksonville areas, southwest New England especially around Hartford and Springfield , South Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania including the Philadelphia area and various smaller metro areas like Allentown among others, and the stretch from Western New York to Northeast Ohio including

15008-467: The metropolitan areas of Rochester , Buffalo and Cleveland . Hispanic/Latino populations in the Northeast Ohio and Western New York areas in particular, tend to be 80–90% Puerto Rican. However, Central Florida and Southwestern New England, which is Connecticut and western Massachusetts, have the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans by percentage of the total populations of these areas as

15142-442: The most associated with the stateside Puerto Rican population. However, several neighborhoods in eastern North Philadelphia , especially Fairhill , have some of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the United States, Fairhill having the highest when being compared to other big city neighborhoods. Between the 1950s and the 1980s, large numbers of Puerto Ricans migrated to New York, especially to Brooklyn , The Bronx , and

15276-402: The most exposure to US culture and Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States tend to be the most "American-ized" of all major Latino groups. Though, 1st-generation Puerto Rico-born migrants tend to be more traditional, while people born in the US mainland of Puerto Rican ancestry tend to merge traditional Puerto Rican culture with mainland American culture . The Puerto Rican variant of Spanish

15410-532: The most residentially segregated group in the United States, a 2002 study shows that stateside Puerto Ricans are the most segregated among US Latinos. Stateside Puerto Ricans are disproportionately clustered in what has been called the "Boston-New York-Philadelphia-Washington Corridor" and in Florida along the East Coast . The U.S. Northeast Corridor , coined a "megalopolis" by geographer Jean Gottman in 1956,

15544-419: The past, as said earlier Florida and other Northeast states are now receiving larger numerical growth. However, much of the stagnant population growth is due to an equal number of Puerto Ricans leaving New York as there is Puerto Ricans moving to New York, as many people of Puerto Rican ancestry now living in other states are originally from the New York City area . Although Puerto Ricans constitute 9 percent of

15678-490: The percentage went up about 1.1 percentage points which is a percentile increase more than any other state, and currently over 8 percent of the state is of Puerto Rican ancestry, sitting nearly three whole percentage points above the second highest percentage. Of smaller states with populations under 3 million, Rhode Island has the fastest growing number of Puerto Ricans. New York is still a relatively popular destination for those migrating from Puerto Rico, though not as much as in

15812-449: The poorer residents at a rapid rate. In 2014, Redfin named Humboldt Park to be the nation's 10th hottest neighborhood, demonstrating high interest in gentrifying the community. The new Chicago High School for the Arts has moved from the South Side into the closed Lafayette Elementary building in Humboldt Park near a growing community of gentrifiers. A new Pete's Fresh Market has been opened at Western Avenue and Madison Street, helping

15946-574: The population in certain areas of the West Side. Population density and income demographics Previously, the area was home to indigenous populations including the Cahokian, Potawatomi, Sauk, and Miami. Through legal trickery, the Treaty of Chicago , U.S. government officials were able to obtain land around Lake Michigan. When Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1834, settlers only lived as far west as Jefferson Street or Halsted Street , less than

16080-564: The population is also growing throughout the United States, particularly in the South. From 2010–17, Florida's Puerto Rican population increased from 847,000 to 1.120 million, increasing by nearly 300,000, allowing Florida to replace New York as the state with the largest Puerto Rican population. Puerto Ricans have been heavily increasing in many other parts of the country too, such as Texas and Ohio. Despite Puerto Rican populations in New York and New Jersey being relatively stagnant, other parts of

16214-604: The ports of the eastern coast of the United States and Puerto Rico. Ship records show that many Puerto Ricans traveled on ships that sailed from and to U.S. and Puerto Rico. Many of them settled in places such as New York , New Jersey , Connecticut , and Massachusetts . Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War , some Puerto Ricans joined the ranks of the military armed forces. However, since Puerto Ricans were still Spanish subjects, they were inscribed as Spaniards . Even during Spanish rule, Puerto Ricans settled in

16348-582: The public schools on the West Side, including many elementary schools. The West Side was heavily affected by Mayor Rahm Emanuel 's school closures of 2013. High schools in the area include Crane High School , Clemente High School , Orr High School , Marshall High School , Juarez High School , Manley High School , Wells High School , Farragut Career Academy , and the Little Village Lawndale High School Campus . Two selective enrollment high schools are located on

16482-498: The rest of the US Latino community, are facts such as, Puerto Ricans have the highest military enrollment rates compared to other Latinos, Puerto Ricans are more likely to be proficient in English than any other Latino group, and Puerto Ricans are also more likely to intermarry with other ethnic groups, and far more likely to intermarry with Blacks than any other Latino group. During the 19th century, commerce existed between

16616-421: The rest of the area was absorbed in 1899 through the annexation of the Austin area. Before the 1909 re-numbering of Chicago's street addresses, all addresses west of the Chicago River were designated as "west," but this changed with the establishment of the address numbering system Chicago uses today. Madison Street is designated as the north-south axis and State Street as the east-west axis, but State Street

16750-475: The river, as well as German, French, Czech, and Bohemian communities. Polish immigrants settled further north along the river in West Town to work at factories and on the railroad. The area was transformed by the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, which made 300,000 residents of the city homeless. The resulting migration toward other parts of the city created very densely populated and overcrowded areas on

16884-478: The second largest Hispanic group nationwide after Mexicans , and are 1.78% of the entire population of the United States. Stateside Puerto Ricans are also the largest Caribbean-origin group in the country, representing over one-third of people with origins in the geographic Caribbean region. While the 2020 Census counted the number of Puerto Ricans living in the States at 5.6 million, estimates in 2022 show

17018-415: The second largest Puerto Rican population, estimated at about 150,000. Since 2010, Philadelphia replaced the city of Chicago as the city with the second-largest Puerto Rican population, Chicago's slightly shrunk and Philadelphia's continued to grow, more than ever before, not only having the second largest Puerto Rican population, but also one of the fastest-growing. Most sources, including the most reliable,

17152-516: The stateside Puerto Rican community for most of the 20th century. However, it is not clear whether these settlement changes can be characterized as simple population dispersal. Puerto Rican population settlements today are less concentrated than they were in places like New York City, Chicago and a number of cities in Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Jersey. New York State has resumed its net in-migration of Puerto Rican Americans since 2006,

17286-407: The theme of "dispersal" has had a long history with the stateside Puerto Rican community. More recent demographic developments appear at first blush as if the stateside Puerto Rican population has been dispersing in greater numbers. Duany had described this process as a "reconfiguration" and termed it the "nationalizing" of this community throughout the United States. New York City was the center of

17420-441: The theory of property rights now prevalent in law and economics . Even though Demsetz never employed game theory , he is a major figure in industrial organization through his writings on the theory of the firm , antitrust policy , and business regulation . His expository style is devoid of mathematical formalism to an extent unusual for someone who began his career after 1950. His principal influences include Frank Knight and

17554-700: The two major Puerto Rican communities in the city, but during the 1960s and 1970s, predominately Puerto Rican neighborhoods started to spring up in the Bronx because of its proximity to East Harlem and in Brooklyn because of its proximity via the Williamsburg Bridge to the Lower East Side. There are significant Puerto Rican communities in all five boroughs of New York City . Philippe Bourgois , an anthropologist who has studied Puerto Ricans in

17688-617: Was founded in 1893, and in 1906 built its merchandise and catalog center in Lawndale near the intersection of Homan Avenue and Arthington Street. The North Western Railway had thousands of their employees establish a community in West Garfield Park. At this point, the West Side had immigrant industrial employees from all over Europe. There was a Polish majority in West Town; the Danish, Norwegians, and Russian Jews populated Humboldt Park, and Italians were in East Garfield Park. However,

17822-402: Was originally located in Lawndale near Douglass Park. In 1968, the West Side community urged the city to rename the college after Malcolm X , who was assassinated three years earlier. The request was granted, and the school was moved from Lawndale to its present location. In January 2016, Malcolm X College is planning on completing a new, larger facility across the street on Jackson Boulevard with

17956-473: Was the only state to register a decrease in its Puerto Rican population in the 2020 census. There is a notable number of stateside-born Puerto Ricans moving from the Northeastern states to South Atlantic States , especially to Florida, but to a lesser degree many are also going to Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia as well. The Northeast Corridor remains a major destination for Puerto Ricans, however

#166833