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88-510: Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca ( Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐnuˈɛw deoˈdɔɾu da fõˈsekɐ] ; 5 August 1827 – 23 August 1892) was a Brazilian politician and military officer who served as the first president of Brazil . He was born in Alagoas in a military family, followed a military career, and became a national figure. Fonseca took office as provisional president after heading a military coup that deposed Emperor Pedro II and established

176-444: A " legality campaign ", and to a split in the military (that, during the fourth Republic, intervened heavily in politics). Amid the political crisis, the solution was the adoption by Congress of a Constitutional Amendment abolishing the presidential executive and replacing it with a parliamentary system of government. Under that negotiated solution, Goulart's inauguration was allowed to proceed, but Goulart would be head of state only, and

264-463: A Republic and formed a provisional government. The November 15, 1889 military coup began as an attempt to overthrow the Empire's prime minister , Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto , but the unprecedented coup against a prime minister appointed by the emperor and who enjoyed the confidence of the elected Chamber of Deputies quickly escalated to the abolition of the monarchy. With the proclamation of

352-497: A beneficial effect. Other important or common causes of shortness of breath include cardiac tamponade , anaphylaxis , interstitial lung disease , panic attacks , and pulmonary hypertension . It is more common among people with relatively small lungs. Around 2/3 of women experience shortness of breath as a part of a normal pregnancy . Cardiac tamponade presents with dyspnea, tachycardia, elevated jugular venous pressure, and pulsus paradoxus . The gold standard for diagnosis

440-576: A cause of dyspnea. Menstruation, particularly if excessive, can contribute to anaemia and to consequential dyspnea in women. Headaches are a symptom of dyspnea in patients with anaemia. Some patients report a numb sensation in their head, and others have reported blurred vision caused by hypotension behind the eye due to a lack of oxygen and pressure; these patients have reported severe head pains, which can lead to permanent brain damage. Symptoms can include loss of concentration, focus, fatigue, language faculty impairment, and memory loss. Shortness of breath

528-433: A chronic productive cough. An acute exacerbation presents with increased shortness of breath and sputum production. COPD is a risk factor for pneumonia ; thus this condition should be ruled out. In an acute exacerbation treatment is with a combination of anticholinergics , beta 2 -adrenoceptor agonists , steroids and possibly positive pressure ventilation . Asthma is the most common reason for presenting to

616-586: A family grave in the Caju Cemetery . However, in 1937, his remains were unearthed and transferred to a monument in Praça Paris, Rio de Janeiro. Fonseca has been portrayed twice by Brazilian actor and voice actor Castro Gonzaga  [ pt ] in the miniseries Abolição (1988) and República (1989) respectively. [REDACTED] Media related to Deodoro da Fonseca at Wikimedia Commons List of Presidents of Brazil The president of

704-596: A fan may possibly be beneficial. Cognitive behavioural therapy may also be helpful. For people with severe, chronic, or uncontrollable breathlessness, non-pharmacological approaches to treating breathlessness may be combined with medication. For people who have cancer that is causing the breathlessness, medications that have been suggested include opioids, benzodiazepines, oxygen, and steroids. Results of recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses found opioids were not necessarily associated with more effectiveness in treatment for patients with advanced cancer. Ensuring that

792-804: A fever, dry cough, loss of smell and taste, and in moderate to severe cases, shortness of breath. Congestive heart failure frequently presents with shortness of breath with exertion, orthopnea , and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea . It affects between 1 and 2% of the general United States population and occurs in 10% of those over 65 years old. Risk factors for acute decompensation include high dietary salt intake, medication noncompliance, cardiac ischemia, abnormal heart rhythms , kidney failure , pulmonary emboli, hypertension , and infections. Treatment efforts are directed towards decreasing lung congestion. People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), most commonly emphysema or chronic bronchitis , frequently have chronic shortness of breath and

880-522: A large pulmonary embolism. A chest x-ray is useful to confirm or rule out a pneumothorax, pulmonary edema , or pneumonia . Spiral computed tomography with intravenous radiocontrast is the imaging study of choice to evaluate for pulmonary embolism. The primary treatment of shortness of breath is directed at its underlying cause. Extra supplemental oxygen is effective in those with hypoxia ; however, this has no effect in those with normal blood oxygen saturations . Individuals can benefit from

968-416: A new Constitution for the country, to replace the authoritarian legislation that still remained in place. In October 1988, a new democratic Constitution was passed and democracy was consolidated. In 1989, the first elections for president under the new Constitution were held and the young Fernando Collor de Mello was elected for a five-year term, the first president to be elected by direct popular ballot since

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1056-463: A pathophysiological basis the causes can be divided into: (1) an increased awareness of normal breathing such as during an anxiety attack, (2) an increase in the work of breathing and (3) an abnormality in the ventilatory or respiratory system. Ischemic strokes, hemorrhages, tumors, infections, seizures, and traumas at the brain stem can also cause shortness of breath, making them the only neurological causes of shortness of breath. The tempo of onset and

1144-405: A policy of obstruction. During the first months of his presidency, he permitted his ministers almost unrestricted control of their ministries. Arbitrary presidential decrees, such as the concession of the port of Torres to a private company and Decree 528, which opened the country to further immigration except by Africans, as well as the disastrous conduct of economic policy during the bubble of

1232-485: A prime minister approved by Congress would lead the government. The new system of government's continued existence was subject to popular approval in a referendum scheduled for 1963. The result of this referendum restored the presidential executive and a military coup deposed Goulart in 1964, starting the military dictatorship. Nereu Ramos The military coup was fomented by José de Magalhães Pinto , Adhemar de Barros , and Carlos Lacerda (who had already participated in

1320-405: A pulmonary embolism in those who are at low risk, is not of much value if it is positive, as it may be positive in a number of conditions that lead to shortness of breath. A low level of brain natriuretic peptide is useful in ruling out congestive heart failure; however, a high level, while supportive of the diagnosis, could also be due to advanced age, kidney failure , acute coronary syndrome, or

1408-454: A result of vocal cord dysfunction (VCD). Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that generally presents with dry cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath, although multiple organ systems may be affected, with involvement of sites such as the eyes, the skin and the joints. Different physiological pathways may lead to shortness of breath including via ASIC chemoreceptors , mechanoreceptors , and lung receptors . It

1496-592: A variety of physical therapy interventions. Persons with neurological/neuromuscular abnormalities may have breathing difficulties due to weak or paralyzed intercostal, abdominal and/or other muscles needed for ventilation . Some physical therapy interventions for this population include active assisted cough techniques, volume augmentation such as breath stacking, education about body position and ventilation patterns and movement strategies to facilitate breathing. Pulmonary rehabilitation may alleviate symptoms in some people, such as those with COPD, but will not cure

1584-405: Is / d ɪ s p ˈ n iː ə / disp- NEE -ə , with the p expressed and the stress on the /niː/ syllable. But pronunciations with a silent p in pn (as also in pneumo- ) are common ( / d ɪ s ˈ n iː ə / or / ˈ d ɪ s n i ə / ), as are those with the stress on the first syllable ( / ˈ d ɪ s p n i ə / or / ˈ d ɪ s n i ə / ). In English,

1672-409: Is ultrasound . Anaphylaxis typically begins over a few minutes in a person with a previous history of the same. Other symptoms include urticaria , throat swelling , and gastrointestinal upset. The primary treatment is epinephrine . Interstitial lung disease presents with gradual onset of shortness of breath typically with a history of a predisposing environmental exposure. Shortness of breath

1760-570: Is a lack of evidence to recommend midazolam , nebulised opioids, the use of gas mixtures, or cognitive-behavioral therapy yet. Non-pharmacological interventions provide key tools for the management of breathlessness. Potentially beneficial approaches include active management of psychosocial issues ( anxiety , depression , etc.), and implementation of self-management strategies, such as physical and mental relaxation techniques , pacing techniques, energy conservation techniques, learning exercises to control breathing, and education . The use of

1848-548: Is a normal symptom of heavy physical exertion but becomes pathological if it occurs in unexpected situations, when resting or during light exertion. In 85% of cases it is due to asthma , pneumonia , cardiac ischemia , COVID-19 , interstitial lung disease , congestive heart failure , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , or psychogenic causes, such as panic disorder and anxiety (see Psychogenic disease and Psychogenic pain ) . The best treatment to relieve or even remove shortness of breath typically depends on

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1936-626: Is common in people with cancer and may be caused by numerous different factors. In people with advanced cancer, periods of time with severe shortness of breath may occur, along with a more continuous feeling of breathlessness. Treatments include both nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Nonpharmacological interventions that showed improvement in breathlessness include fans, behavioral and pyschoeducational approaches, exercise and pulmonary rehabilitation. Integrative medicine options include acupuncture/acupressure/reflexology, meditation and music therapy, with acupuncture/reflexology found to have

2024-479: Is often the only symptom in those with tachydysrhythmias . Panic attacks typically present with hyperventilation , sweating, and numbness . They are however a diagnosis of exclusion . Neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury, phrenic nerve injuries, Guillain–Barré syndrome , amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , multiple sclerosis and muscular dystrophy can all cause an individual to experience shortness of breath. Shortness of breath can also occur as

2112-399: Is often used to assess the clinical probability. Treatment, depending on severity of symptoms, typically starts with anticoagulants ; the presence of ominous signs (low blood pressure) may warrant the use of thrombolytic drugs . Anemia that develops gradually usually presents with exertional dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, and tachycardia . It may lead to heart failure . Anaemia is often

2200-471: Is possible that both occurred: Quadros was drunk when he resigned, and in that state, he devised the plan to return to power by Congressional request. The plot failed: Congress simply received Quadros' letter, and amid the shock of politicians and of the Nation, the letter was entered into the records of Congress and the presidency was declared vacant. The president of Congress, Senator Auro de Moura Andrade, took

2288-939: Is the primary reason 3.5% of people present to the emergency department in the United States. Of these individuals, approximately 51% are admitted to the hospital and 13% are dead within a year. Some studies have suggested that up to 27% of hospitalized people develop dyspnea, while in dying patients 75% will experience it. Acute shortness of breath is the most common reason people requiring palliative care visit an emergency department. Up to 70% of adults with advanced cancer also experience dyspnoea. English dyspnea comes from Latin dyspnoea , from Greek dyspnoia , from dyspnoos , which literally means "disordered breathing". Its combining forms ( dys- + -pnea ) are familiar from other medical words, such as dysfunction ( dys- + function ) and apnea ( a- + -pnea ). The most common pronunciation in medical English

2376-473: Is thought that three main components contribute to dyspnea: afferent signals, efferent signals, and central information processing. It is believed the central processing in the brain compares the afferent and efferent signals; and dyspnea results when a "mismatch" occurs between the two: such as when the need for ventilation (afferent signaling) is not being met by physical breathing (efferent signaling). Afferent signals are sensory neuronal signals that ascend to

2464-670: The Encilhamento , strengthened the resistance in Congress, which coalesced around Peixoto and soured public opinion. That also caused republicans in the South to withdraw their support from the marshal and provisional government. The situation reached a crisis stage when Fonseca dissolved the National Congress and declared a "state of emergency" on 3 November 1891. A group of deputies opposed the decision and found support among

2552-747: The First Brazilian Republic in 1889, disestablishing the Empire . After his election in 1891, he stepped down the same year under great political pressure when he dissolved the National Congress . He died less than a year later. Fonseca was born the third child of a large military family on 5 August 1827 in Alagoas da Lagoa do Sul, Alagoas , a town that now bears his name as Marechal Deodoro , in Northeast Brazil . He

2640-521: The Golden Law (Imperial Law No. 3,353), which abolished slavery in Brazil . Pedro II was deposed along with the 74-year-old monarchy on November 15, 1889 in a bloodless and unpopular military coup d'état. Recent elections In 1889, the Empire of Brazil was abolished and replaced with a republic in a coup d'état led by marshal Deodoro da Fonseca , who deposed emperor Pedro II, proclaimed Brazil

2728-627: The Kingdom of Brazil from Portugal in 1822, prince Pedro, the son of king John VI, was acclaimed the first Emperor of Brazil on October 12, 1822. After abdicating the throne , on April 7, 1831, he was succeeded by his son Pedro de Alcântara, who reigned as Pedro II of Brazil. The third woman to rule Brazil was princess Isabel , heir presumptive to the throne, who acted as regent of Brazil in various periods (1870–1871, 1876–1877 and 1887–1888) while her father, emperor Pedro II, performed foreign visits. During her last regency she sanctioned, on May 13, 1888,

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2816-544: The Portuguese Empire was ruled by prince John, later king John VI, as regent. As an independent nation, Brazil had two monarchs, emperors Pedro I (1822–1831) and Pedro II (1831–1889). The second woman to govern Brazil, after Maria I, was Leopoldina of Austria , who acted as regent in 1822 and had a great influence on Brazil's independence process, having been responsible for signing the decree that separated Brazil from Portugal. Having proclaimed independence of

2904-669: The Praieira revolt in Pernambuco in 1848, Brazil's response to that year's revolutions in Europe . He also saw action during the Paraguayan War (1864–1870), attaining the rank of captain. In 1884 he was promoted to the rank of field marshal , and he later achieved the rank of full marshal. His personal courage, military competence, and manly personal style made him a national figure. As Governor of Rio Grande do Sul , Fonseca

2992-487: The crumbling economy , chronic inflation and concurrent fall of other military dictatorships in South America. Amid massive popular demonstrations in the streets of the main cities of the country, the first free elections in 20 years were held for the national legislature in 1982. In 1985, another election was held, this time to elect (indirectly) a new president, being contested between civilian candidates for

3080-421: The respiratory muscles . The most important respiratory muscle is the diaphragm . Other respiratory muscles include the external and internal intercostal muscles , the abdominal muscles and the accessory breathing muscles. As the brain receives its plentiful supply of afferent information relating to ventilation, it is able to compare it to the current level of respiration as determined by the efferent signals. If

3168-634: The 1993 referendum, the new institutional structure would have been implemented during the Constitutional Revision. Both the Revision and the referendum on the form and system of government were summoned in the original text of the Constitution. The federal model of the state, retained in the 1988 Constitution, is declared by the Constitution as not subject to abolition, even by Constitutional Amendment. According to those tenets and to

3256-748: The Brazilian Republic, the Imperial constitution ceased to operate, the Imperial Parliament (the General Assembly) ceased to exist, and not only was the Viscount of Ouro Preto removed from office, but the position of prime minister itself ceased to exist. As head of the provisional government, Deodoro da Fonseca ruled by decree, holding both the functions of head of state and of head of government. The former provinces of

3344-464: The Brazilian economy. The government, nominally headed by his daughter, Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil , abolished slavery entirely in 1888, during her third regency while her father was away from the country. Enraged oligarchs played a role in the subsequent coup d'état. Fonseca's prestige placed him at the head of the military coup that deposed the emperor on 15 November 1889, and he was briefly

3432-576: The Brazilian middle and upper classes. Internationally, it was supported by the State Department of the United States through its embassy in Brasilia . Despite initial pledges to the contrary, the military regime enacted in 1967 a new, restrictive Constitution , and stifled freedom of speech and political opposition . The regime adopted nationalism , economic development , and anti-communism as its guidelines. The dictatorship reached

3520-420: The Empire were reorganized as states and the newly proclaimed republic was declared a federation, formed by the perpetual union of those states. In 1890, elections for a Constituent Congress were summoned and held, but the decree of the provisional government that created the Congress required it to adopt a Constitution that conformed to the recently proclaimed republican system of government, and that organized

3608-554: The Federative Republic of Brazil is the chief executive of the government of Brazil and commander in chief of the country's Armed Forces . Below is a list of presidents of Brazil . Brazil had two monarchs during the time of the United Kingdom with Portugal : Maria I (1815–1816) and John VI (1816–1822). When this Kingdom was created, queen Maria I was already considered incapable due to mental illness and

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3696-540: The Interior in General Figueiredo's administration, was the preferred candidate of the incumbent president and of the military elite, but he was defeated by Paulo Maluf, a civilian and former governor of São Paulo State during the military regime. Tancredo's coalition defeated Maluf, and his election was hailed as the dawn of a New Republic. Andreazza's defeat (by 493 votes to 350) and the selection of Maluf as

3784-535: The Old Republic ended. President Washington Luís , who was supported by São Paulo oligarchies, broke the expected alternation between São Paulo and Minas Gerais and supported a candidate who was also from São Paulo, Júlio Prestes . Prestes won the 1930 election , but Washington Luís was deposed three weeks before the end of his term and Prestes was never inaugurated. Floriano Peixoto Bueno de Paiva The Vargas Era consists of two different republics:

3872-682: The PDS's presidential candidate greatly contributed to the split in the party that led to the formation of the Liberal Front. The Liberal Front refused to support Maluf and joined forces with the PMDB in supporting Tancredo Neves, thus forging the Democratic Alliance. Without that split in the PDS, the election of the opposition candidate would not have been possible. Although elected President of Brazil, Tancredo Neves became gravely ill on

3960-653: The Second Republic, from 1930 to 1937, and the Third Republic, from 1937 to 1946. Prior to 1929, Brazilian politics was controlled by an alliance between the two largest state economies; known as "coffee with milk politics", coffee growers in São Paulo combined with the dairy industry centred in Minas Gerais to create an oligarchy, with the presidency alternating between the two states. This practice

4048-818: The Vargas Era. The 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution led to the adoption of a new Constitution in 1934. However, the constitution was annulled and Vargas became a dictator in the name of law and order in 1937. His rule occupies two periods of Brazilian history, the Second Brazilian Republic and the Third Brazilian Republic, known as the Estado Novo. In 1945, Vargas was deposed by a military coup led by ex-supporters. Nevertheless, he would be elected president once again and his influence in Brazilian politics would remain until

4136-414: The balance between side effects and adverse effects from medications and potential improvements from medications needs to be carefully considered before prescribing medication. The use of systematic corticosteriods in palliative care for people with cancer is common, however the effectiveness and potential adverse effects of this approach in adults with cancer has not been well studied. Shortness of breath

4224-450: The brain. Afferent neurons significant in dyspnea arise from a large number of sources including the carotid bodies , medulla , lungs , and chest wall . Chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and medulla supply information regarding the blood gas levels of O 2 , CO 2 and H . In the lungs, juxtacapillary (J) receptors are sensitive to pulmonary interstitial edema, while stretch receptors signal bronchoconstriction. Muscle spindles in

4312-461: The breath. It however may atypically present with shortness of breath alone. Risk factors include old age, smoking , hypertension , hyperlipidemia , and diabetes . An electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes are important both for diagnosis and directing treatment. Treatment involves measures to decrease the oxygen requirement of the heart and efforts to increase blood flow. People that have been infected by COVID-19 may have symptoms such as

4400-532: The candidate of PMDB, the major opposition party (and the successor of the MDB Party, that had opposed the Military Regime since its inception), but Tancredo was also supported by a large political spectrum, even including a significant part of former members of ARENA, the party that supported the military presidents. In the last months of the military regime, a large section of ARENA members defected from

4488-434: The chest wall signal the stretch and tension of the respiratory muscles. Thus, poor ventilation leading to hypercapnia , left heart failure leading to interstitial edema (impairing gas exchange), asthma causing bronchoconstriction (limiting airflow) and muscle fatigue leading to ineffective respiratory muscle action could all contribute to a feeling of dyspnea. Efferent signals are the motor neuronal signals descending to

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4576-865: The chest, jugular venous distension , and tracheal deviation. The symptoms of pneumonia are fever , productive cough , shortness of breath, and pleuritic chest pain . Inspiratory crackles may be heard on exam. A chest x-ray can be useful to differentiate pneumonia from congestive heart failure . As the cause is usually a bacterial infection, antibiotics are typically used for treatment. Pulmonary embolism classically presents with an acute onset of shortness of breath. Other presenting symptoms include pleuritic chest pain , cough, hemoptysis , and fever . Risk factors include deep vein thrombosis , recent surgery, cancer , and previous thromboembolism . It must always be considered in those with acute onset of shortness of breath owing to its high risk of mortality. Diagnosis, however, may be difficult and Wells Score

4664-553: The conspiracy to depose Getúlio Vargas in 1945), then governors of the states of Minas Gerais , São Paulo , and Guanabara , respectively. The coup was planned and executed by the most forefront commanders of the Brazilian Army and received the support of almost all high-ranking members of the military, along with conservative elements in society, like the Catholic Church and anti-communist civil movements among

4752-405: The degree of shortness of breath. It may be subjectively rated on a scale from 1 to 10 with descriptors associated with the number (The Modified Borg Scale ). The MRC breathlessness scale suggests five grades of dyspnea based on the circumstances and severity in which it arises. A number of labs may be helpful in determining the cause of shortness of breath. D-dimer , while useful to rule out

4840-804: The duration of dyspnea are useful in knowing the etiology of dyspnea. Acute shortness of breath is usually connected with sudden physiological changes, such as laryngeal edema , bronchospasm , myocardial infarction , pulmonary embolism , or pneumothorax . Patients with COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have a mild onset and gradual progression of dyspnea on exertion, punctuated by acute exacerbations of shortness of breath. In contrast, most asthmatics do not have daily symptoms, but have intermittent episodes of dyspnea, cough, and chest tightness that are usually associated with specific triggers, such as an upper respiratory tract infection or exposure to allergens. Acute coronary syndrome frequently presents with retrosternal chest discomfort and difficulty catching

4928-624: The emergency room with shortness of breath. It is the most common lung disease in both developing and developed countries affecting about 5% of the population. Other symptoms include wheezing , tightness in the chest, and a non productive cough. Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred treatment for children, however these drugs can reduce the growth rate. Acute symptoms are treated with short-acting bronchodilators. Pneumothorax presents typically with pleuritic chest pain of acute onset and shortness of breath not improved with oxygen. Physical findings may include absent breath sounds on one side of

5016-474: The end of the Fourth republic. In this period, three parties dominated the national politics. Two were pro-Vargas – in the left, PTB and in the centre-right, PSD – and another anti-Vargas, the rightist UDN. This period was very unstable. In 1954, Vargas committed suicide during a crisis that threatened his government and he was followed by a series of short-term presidents. In 1961, UDN won national elections for

5104-451: The eve of his inauguration and died without ever taking office. Therefore, the first civilian president since 1964 was Tancredo's running mate, José Sarney , himself an ex-member of ARENA. José Sarney's administration fulfilled Tancredo's campaign promise of passing a constitutional amendment to the Constitution inherited from the military regime, so as to summon elections for a National Constituent Assembly with full powers to draft and adopt

5192-685: The experience of "breathlessness" (which may be either acute or chronic). While shortness of breath is generally caused by disorders of the cardiac or respiratory system , others such as the neurological , musculoskeletal , endocrine , hematologic , and psychiatric systems may be the cause. DiagnosisPro, an online medical expert system , listed 497 distinct causes in October 2010. The most common cardiovascular causes are myocardial infarction and heart failure while common pulmonary causes include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , asthma , pneumothorax , pulmonary edema and pneumonia . On

5280-453: The final goal of which was democracy. When the term of the last military president was to end, however, no direct elections for President of Brazil took place. For the election of the country's first civilian president since the military coup of 1964, the military maintained the rule that prevailed during the dictatorial regime, according to which an Electoral College made up of the entire National Congress and representatives from State Assemblies

5368-407: The first time since the 1960s, being won by the opposition. In 1988, a new Constitution was passed and Brazil officially returned to democracy . Since then, the military has remained under the control of civilian politicians, with no official role in domestic politics. ARENA PDS In the early 1980s, the military government started a process of gradual redemocratization , called abertura ,

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5456-620: The first time, supporting Jânio Quadros, who himself was a member of a minor party allied to UDN. Quadros, who, before his election, rose meteorically in politics with an anti-corruption stance, unexpectedly resigned the presidency seven months later. Some historians suggest that Quadros was heavily drunk when he signed his resignation letter, while others suggest that Quadros felt that Congress would not accept his vice-president as president, and would ask for his return. Those historians, therefore, see Quadros' resignation as an attempt to return to office with increased powers and more political support. It

5544-498: The head of the provisional government that called a Constituent Congress to draft a new constitution for a republic . Soon, however, he was in conflict with the civilian republican leaders. His election as president on 25 February 1891, by a narrow plurality, was backed with military pressure on Congress. The Fonseca administration, divided by political and personal animosity between Fonseca and Vice President Floriano Peixoto , encountered strong opposition within Congress, which chose

5632-553: The height of its popularity in the 1970s with the so-called " Brazilian Miracle ", even as the regime censored all media, and tortured and exiled dissidents. João Figueiredo became President in March 1979; in the same year he passed the Amnesty Law for political crimes committed for and against the regime. While combating the "hardliners" inside the government and supporting a re-democratization policy, Figueiredo could not control

5720-509: The high-ranking officers of the Navy, including Admiral Custódio José de Melo. The marshal found himself on the brink of a civil war. On 23 November 1891, he signed a resignation to no one in particular and turned over the presidency to Peixoto. He died in Rio de Janeiro on 23 August 1892. He was stricken with perilous bouts of dyspnea , popularly referred to as "shortness of breath", and was buried in

5808-802: The level of respiration is inappropriate for the body's status then dyspnea might occur. There is also a psychological component to dyspnea, as some people may become aware of their breathing in such circumstances but not experience the typical distress of dyspnea. The initial approach to evaluation begins by assessment of the airway, breathing, and circulation followed by a medical history and physical examination . Signs and symptoms that represent significant severity include hypotension , hypoxemia , tracheal deviation , altered mental status, unstable dysrhythmia , stridor , intercostal indrawing, cyanosis , tripod positioning , pronounced use of accessory muscles ( sternocleidomastoid , scalenes ) and absent breath sounds. A number of scales may be used to quantify

5896-473: The military coup. He was inaugurated in 1990 and in 1992 he became the first president in Brazil to be impeached due to corruption. However, he resigned before the final verdict. A referendum held in 1993 (ahead of the 1993 and 1994 Constitutional Revision) allowed the people to decide the form of government of the state (monarchy or republic) for the first time since the proclamation of the Republic in 1889;

5984-464: The military regime in 1977 to counter the growing support of the opposition: one third of the senators was chosen in 1982, and two thirds had been chosen in 1978. After the 1982 elections, the ruling party, PDS (the successor of the ARENA), still controlled a majority of the seats in the National Congress. Tancredo Neves , who had been prime minister during the presidency of João Goulart, was chosen to be

6072-568: The party, and now professed to be men of democratic inclinations. They formed the Liberal Front, and the Liberal Front Party allied itself to PMDB, forming a coalition known as the Democratic Alliance. PMDB needed the Liberal Front's support in order to secure victory in the Electoral College. In the formation of this broad coalition former members of ARENA also switched parties and joined PMDB. So, to seal this arrangement,

6160-483: The president and vice president would be chosen by the Constituent Congress; the Constituent Congress was to elect the first president and vice president immediately after the promulgation of the Constitution. In accordance with those transitional provisions, Congress elected the then head of the provisional government, Deodoro da Fonseca, as the first president of the republic. Marshal Floriano Peixoto

6248-468: The recently declared Federal State. In February 1891, a new Brazilian constitution was adopted, based on the federal republic of the United States of America . The country itself was named the Republic of the United States of Brazil. In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, the presidents of the Republic were to be elected by direct popular vote, but, for the first presidential term,

6336-408: The republican form of government prevailed. In the same referendum, the Brazilian people was able to choose again, for the first time since 1963, the system of Government (parliamentary or presidential) and the model of a presidential executive was retained. The revision was a unique opportunity to amend the Constitution with a reduced majority. Had a different form or system of government been chosen in

6424-677: The results of the popular vote, only minor changes were made to the institutional framework of the State in the Constitutional Revision, including the adoption of a Constitutional Amendment that reduced the presidential term of office from five to four years. In 1995, Fernando Henrique Cardoso was inaugurated for a four-year term. In 1997, a Constitutional Amendment was enacted allowing presidents of Brazil to be reelected to one consecutive term. In 1998, then President Fernando Henrique Cardoso became first president of Brazil to be reelected for an immediately consecutive term. In 2003 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

6512-472: The seldom broken alternation of power in the federal sphere between the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais . The vote in the countryside was often controlled by local land owners , and less than 6% of the population had the right to vote due to literacy requirements. In 1930, when Brazil was suffering the effects of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , a revolution broke out in the country and

6600-516: The spot of vice-president in Tancredo Neves' ticket was given to José Sarney, who represented the former supporters of the regime that had now joined the Democratic Alliance. On the other hand, those who remained loyal to the military regime and its legacy renamed ARENA as the PDS. In the PDS's National Convention, two right-wing supporters of the military administrations fought for the party's nomination: Colonel Mário Andreazza, then Minister of

6688-409: The underlying cause. Dyspnea, in medical terms, is "shortness of breath". The American Thoracic Society defines dyspnea as: A subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity. Other definitions describe it as "difficulty in breathing", "disordered or inadequate breathing", "uncomfortable awareness of breathing", and as

6776-528: The underlying disease. Fan therapy to the face has been shown to relieve shortness of breath in patients with a variety of advanced illnesses including cancer. The mechanism of action is thought to be stimulation of the trigeminal nerve. Systemic immediate release opioids are beneficial in emergently reducing the symptom severity of shortness of breath due to both cancer and non cancer causes; long-acting/sustained-release opioids are also used to prevent/continue treatment of dyspnea in palliative setting. There

6864-404: The view that the deed of resignation was the province of the elected president, that it was not subject to a congressional vote, needing no confirmation, and that the president's declaration of resignation was final. At that time, the president and vice president of Brazil were voted into office separately. The vice president was a political enemy of Jânio Quadros, the leftist João Goulart. Goulart

6952-1777: Was again elected President, becoming the first person to win three Brazilian presidential elections. Also in the 2022 elections, Jair Bolsonaro became Brazil's first first-term President to seek reelection for a second term and lose, since the possibility of reelection to an immediately consecutive second term was first created in Brazil in 1997. 1998 2006 2014 Unaffiliated PL [REDACTED]   Minas Gerais : 9 ( Afonso Pena , Venceslau Brás , Delfim Moreira , Artur Bernardes , Carlos Luz , Juscelino Kubitschek , Pedro Aleixo , Tancredo Neves , Dilma Rousseff ) [REDACTED]   São Paulo : 7 ( Prudente de Morais , Campos Sales , Rodrigues Alves , Júlio Prestes , Ranieri Mazzilli , Michel Temer , Jair Bolsonaro ) [REDACTED]   Rio Grande do Sul : 6 ( Hermes da Fonseca , Getúlio Vargas , João Goulart , Artur da Costa e Silva , Emílio Garrastazu Médici , Ernesto Geisel ) [REDACTED]   Rio de Janeiro : 5 ( Nilo Peçanha , Washington Luís , João Figueiredo , Fernando Collor de Mello , Fernando Henrique Cardoso ) [REDACTED]   Alagoas : 2 ( Deodoro da Fonseca , Floriano Peixoto ) [REDACTED]   Ceará : 2 ( José Linhares , Castelo Branco ) [REDACTED]   Bahia : 2 ( Itamar Franco , Manuel Vitorino ) [REDACTED]   Mato Grosso : 1 ( Eurico Gaspar Dutra ) [REDACTED]   Mato Grosso do Sul : 1 ( Jânio Quadros ) [REDACTED]   Maranhão : 1 ( José Sarney ) [REDACTED]   Paraíba : 1 ( Epitácio Pessoa ) [REDACTED]   Pernambuco : 1 ( Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ) [REDACTED]   Rio Grande do Norte : 1 ( Café Filho ) Dyspnea Dyspnea

7040-621: Was assassinated in July. A revolution then began on October 3, 1930 and quickly spread throughout the country; by October 10, both Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais had announced their support. Washington Luís was deposed on October 24, and the Brazilian Military Junta of 1930 took over; Vargas assumed leadership of the junta on November 3, 1930, marking the end of the First Brazilian Republic and beginning of

7128-510: Was broken when the leaders of São Paulo and president Washington Luís nominated their fellow Paulista Júlio Prestes as candidate for the presidential elections in 1930. In response, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Paraíba formed the "Liberal Alliance" backing opposition candidate Getúlio Vargas . When Prestes won the March 1930 Presidential election, the Alliance denounced his victory as fraudulent, while Vargas's running mate, João Pessoa ,

7216-581: Was courted by republican intellectuals such as Benjamin Constant and Ruy Barbosa in the café society of São Paulo . In 1886, alerted that the imperial government was ordering the arrest of prominent republicans, Fonseca went to Rio de Janeiro and assumed leadership of the army faction that supported the abolition of slavery in Brazil . Emperor Pedro II had advocated the abolition of slavery for decades, freeing his own slaves in 1840, but he believed slavery should be done away with slowly to avoid damaging

7304-414: Was elected by Congress to be the first vice president. The inauguration of the first president and of the first vice president was held on February 26, 1891, only two days after the promulgation of the new Republican Constitution. Deodoro resigned the presidency ten months later after a coup d'état in which he dissolved Congress was reversed. Floriano Peixoto was then inaugurated as president. In 1894, Peixoto

7392-531: Was inaugurated. He was reelected in 2006. In 2011, Dilma Rousseff became Brazil's first woman president. In 2015 she began her second term, but in 2016 the Senate of Brazil convicted her on impeachment charges , and she was removed from office, being succeeded by Michel Temer . In 2018 Jair Bolsonaro was elected, taking office on January 1, 2019. In the 2022 elections, former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who had served as Brazil's President from 2003 to 2010,

7480-470: Was out of the country, and Congress was controlled by right wing politicians. During Goulart's absence, the president of the Chamber of deputies, Ranieri Mazzilli, took office as acting president of Brazil. There was then a plot to block the inauguration of the vice president as president, but Congressional resistance to the inauguration of Goulart led to a reaction by the governor of Rio Grande do Sul, who led

7568-430: Was succeeded by Prudente de Morais , the first president of Brazil to be elected by direct popular ballot. Morais, who was the first president to be elected under the permanent provisions of the Constitution adopted in 1891, was also the first civilian to assume the presidency of Brazil. Although it was theoretically a constitutional democracy , the Old Republic was characterized by the power of regional oligarchies and

7656-551: Was the son of Manuel Mendes da Fonseca Galvão (1785–1859) and his wife, Rosa Maria Paulina de Barros Cavalcanti (1802–1873). During the Brazilian Empire, his older brother, Severino Martins da Fonseca, was nominated the first Baron of Alagoas. Another notable relative was the Portuguese humanist Francisco de Holanda (d. 1585), his remote uncle. Fonseca pursued a military career that was notable for his suppression of

7744-494: Was to elect the president. This time, however, the military placed the Electoral College under no coercion, so that its members would be free to select the president of their choice. The Chamber of Deputies and the State Assemblies had been elected, already under the abertura process in the 1982 parliamentary election , but the senators were chosen indirectly, by the State Assemblies, under rules that had been passed by

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