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57-529: Definitions of deportation vary, with some implicating "transfer beyond State borders" (distinguishing it from forcible transfer), others considering it "the actual implementation of [an expulsion] order in cases where the person concerned does not follow it voluntarily", and others differentiating removal of legal immigrants (expulsion) and illegal immigrants (deportation). Deportation in the most general sense, in accordance with International Organization for Migration , treats expulsion and deportation as synonyms in

114-682: A Muslim institute of higher learning. In 832 CE, Caliph al-Ma'mūn founded the Bayt al-Hikma , the House of Wisdom . There the methods of Gundeshapur were emulated since the House of Wisdom was staffed with graduates of the older Academy of Gundeshapur who had been trained heavily in Indic and some Greek and Iranian medical traditions. It is believed that the House of Wisdom was disbanded under Al-Mutawakkil , Al-Ma'mūn's successor who felt learning conflicted with

171-568: A city to the west of Gundeshapur and with which Gundesahur was administratively linked. Ath-Tha'ālibi, a scholar with access to Sassanian royal annals, discussing pre-Islamic Persia, wrote: Thus, the people of Sūs [Susa] became the most skilled in medicine of the people of Ahwāz and Fārs because of their learning from the Indian doctor [who was brought to Susa by Shāhpūr I] and from the Greek prisoners who lived close to them; then [the medical knowledge]

228-573: A considerable distance from their original residences. During the Holocaust, the Nazis made heavy use of euphemisms , where "deportation" frequently meant the victims were subsequently killed, as opposed to simply being relocated. The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin carried out forced mass transfers of some 6 million people during the 1930s and 1940s, resulting in millions of deaths. As many as 110 separate deportations have been catalogued, included

285-598: A five-year term. The following table lists the previous directors of the IOM and its predecessor organization, the ICEM. The current Director General is Amy Pope from the United States of America , with Ugochi Daniels from Nigeria serving as Deputy Directors General. The organization's global mandate includes assistance to migrants, including migrant workers, refugees and internally displaced persons. This broad mandate of

342-472: A substantial portion of early colonists in Portuguese empire . From 1717 onward Britain deported around 40,000 British religious objectors and "criminals" to America before the practice ceased in 1776. Jailers sold the "criminals" to shipping contractors, who then sold them to plantation owners . The "criminals" worked for the plantation owner for the duration of their sentence. After Britain lost control of

399-475: Is a United Nations related organization working in the field of migration. The organization implements operational assistance programmes for migrants , including internally displaced persons , refugees , and migrant workers . The International Organization for Migration is based in Geneva . Its director general is Amy Pope. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) was founded in 1951 in response to

456-542: Is concerned, there is no general feature that clearly sets it apart from expulsion. Both term basically indicate the same phenomenon. ... The only difference seems to be one of preferential use, expulsion being more an international term while deportation is more used in municipal law. ... One study [discusses this distinction] but immediately adds that in modern practice both terms have become interchangeable. Bibliography International Organization for Migration The International Organization for Migration ( IOM )

513-827: Is doubted. Hyrcanus II , the Jewish king of Judea (Jerusalem), was settled among the Jews of Babylon in Parthia after being taken as captive by the Parthian-Jewish forces in 40 BC . Roman POWs in the Antony's Parthian War may have suffered deportation. Deportation was widely used by the Sasanians, especially during the wars with the Romans . During Shapur I 's reign, the Romans (including Valerian ) who were defeated at

570-603: Is headquartered in Geneva, with liaison offices in New York City and Addis Ababa . The Global Migration Data Analysis Centre (GMDAC) is based in Berlin . In 2020, the organization reported that it had over 15,311 employees, with 168 nationalities represented. The highest decision-making body of the IOM is the council, in which all member states are represented. It has rules of procedure and meets at regular intervals to adopt

627-574: Is prohibited by several instruments of international law . Expulsions widely occurred in ancient history, and is well-recorded particularly in ancient Mesopotamia . The kingdoms of Israel and Judah faced several forced expulsions, including deportations by the Neo-Assyrian Empire following the fall of Israel and during Sennacherib's campaign in the 8th century BC. Later, the Neo-Babylonian Empire deported much of

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684-568: The Battle of Edessa were deported to Persis . Other destinations were Parthia , Khuzestan , and Asorestan . There were cities which were founded and were populated by Romans prisoners of war, including Shadh-Shapur ( Dayr Mikhraq ) in Meshan , Bishapur in Persis, Wuzurg-Shapur ( Ukbara ; Marw-Ḥābūr), and Gundeshapur . Agricultural land were also given to the deportees. These deportations initiated

741-513: The European Court of Human Rights , collective expulsion is any measure compelling non-nationals, as a group, to leave a country, except where such a measure is taken on the basis of a reasonable and objective examination of the particular case of each individual non-national of the group. Mass expulsion may also occur when members of an ethnic group are sent out of a state regardless of nationality. Collective expulsion, or expulsion en masse,

798-935: The Global Compact for Migration , the first-ever intergovernmental agreement on international migration which was adopted in Marrakech , Morocco, in December 2018. To support the implementation, follow-up and review of the Global Compact on Migration, the UN Secretary-General António Guterres established the UN Network on Migration in 2019. IOM coordinates the United Nations Network on Migration which includes UNHCR , WFP and UNDP , among others. While

855-588: The Islamic conquest of Persia , the city surrendering in 638. However, it continued to remain an important centre in the Islamic period. Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar , the founder of the Saffarid dynasty, made Gundeshapur his residence three years before his sudden death in 879. His tomb became one of the most prominent sites in the city. The Middle Persian word Gondēŝāhpūr (or Gonde Ŝāhpur ) may be from

912-633: The Roman city of Antioch in 256, the Sasanian King of Kings ( shahanshah ) Shapur I founded the city of Gundeshapur, situated between Susa and Shushtar . The city, constructed as a place to settle Roman prisoners of war, subsequently became a Sasanian royal winter residence and the capital of the Khuzistan province. Gundeshapur was one of the four main cities of the province, along with Susa , Karka d-Ledan , and Shushtar . Gundeshapur

969-678: The " Huns ". the prisoners were freed by the Persians as they reached Persia, and were settled in Slōk ( Wēh Ardashīr ) and Kōkbā (Kōkhē). The author of the text Liber Calipharum has praised the king Yazdegerd I (399–420) for his treatment of the deportees, who also allowed some to return. Major deportations occurred during the Anastasian War , including Kavad I 's deportation of the populations of Theodosiopolis and Amida to Arrajan (Weh-az-Amid Kavad). Major deportations occurred during

1026-475: The 1935 novel, Strange Passage by Theodore D. Irwin. Films depicting or dealing with fictional cases of deportation are many and varied. Among them are Ellis Island (1936), Exile Express (1939), Five Came Back (1939), Deported (1950), and Gambling House (1951). More recently, Shottas (2002) treated the issue of U.S. deportation to the Caribbean post-1997. Notes As far as deportation

1083-479: The Arab incursion into Persia during Shapur II 's reign, he scattered the defeated Arab tribes by deporting them to other regions. Some were deported to Bahrain and Kirman , possibly to both populate these unattractive regions (due to their climate) and bringing the tribes under control. In 395 AD 18,000 Roman populations of Sophene , Armenia , Mesopotamia , Syria , and Cappadocia were captured and deported by

1140-623: The Great Depression, more stringent enforcement of immigration laws were ordered by the executive branch of the U.S. government, which led to increased deportation and repatriation to Mexico. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression , between 355,000 and 2 million Mexicans and Mexican Americans were deported or repatriated to Mexico, an estimated 40 to 60% of whom were U.S. citizens – overwhelmingly children. At least 82,000 Mexicans were formally deported between 1929 and 1935 by

1197-533: The IOM operated, using Australian government funding, was described by the Refugee Council of Australia "inhumane conditions, solitary confinement, lack of basic essentials and medical care, physical and sexual abuse, and severe overcrowding". Rohingya John Joniad described the housing as an "open prison". Gundeshapur Gundeshapur ( Middle Persian : 𐭥𐭧𐭩𐭠𐭭𐭣𐭩𐭥𐭪𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩 , Weh-Andiōk-Ŝābuhr ; New Persian : گندی‌شاپور , Gondēshāpūr )

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1254-726: The IOM to cease operation the process centres, which it stated were "detention centres" and to hand management of the centres to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Amnesty International expressed concern that the IOM undertook actions on behalf of governments that negatively impacted the human rights of asylum seekers, refugees and migrants. Amnesty International cited an example of fourteen Kurds in Indonesia who were expelled from Australian waters by Australian authorities and relocated to Indonesia. Amnesty International requested an assurance that

1311-518: The IOM will abide by the principle of non-refoulement . In 2022, the role that the IOM played in housing refugees in Indonesia was described by the Refugee Council of Australia as presenting a "humanitarian veneer while carrying out rights-violating activities on behalf of Western nations” by researchers Asher Hirsch and Cameron Doig in The Globe and Mail . The community housing that

1368-585: The IOM's history tracks the man-made and natural disasters of the past half century, including Kosovo and Timor 1999, and the Asian tsunami , the 2003 invasion of Iraq , the Pakistan earthquake of 2004/2005, the 2010 Haiti earthquake , and the European migrant crisis —its credo that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society has steadily gained more international acceptance. The organization

1425-522: The IOM's role in the Australian government's " Pacific Solution " of transferring asylum seekers to offshore detention centres. Human Rights Watch criticized the IOM for operating Manus Regional Processing Centre and the processing centre on Nauru despite not having a refugee protection mandate. Human Rights Watch criticized the IOM for being part of "arbitrary detention" and for denying asylum seekers access to legal advice. Human Rights Watch urged

1482-729: The Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) in 1952, to the Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) in 1980, and finally to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in 1989 reflects the evolution of the IOM's mandate over its existence, becoming the leading intergovernmental organization in the field of migration. In 1992, it was granted observer status at the United Nations General Assembly (GA resolution A/RES/47/4). In September 2016,

1539-650: The Judean population upon conquering Judah in 597 BC and 587 BC. Deportation was practiced as a policy toward rebellious people in Achaemenid Empire . The precise legal status of the deportees is unclear; but ill-treatment is not recorded. Instances include: Unlike in the Achaemenid and Sassanian periods, records of deportation are rare during the Arsacid Parthian period. One notable example

1596-661: The Persian expression wandēw Šāhpur , means "acquired by Shapur", or from Gund-dēz-i Shāpūr , means "military fortress of Shapur", or from Weh-Andiyok-Shāpūr , "Better-than- Antioch of Shapur ". It is known as گندی‌شاپور Gondēshāpūr in New Persian . In Classical Syriac , the town was called ܒܝܬ ܠܦܛ Bēth Lapaṭ ,; in Greek Bendosabora ; and in Arabic : جنديسابور Jundaysābūr. After his conquest of

1653-581: The United Nations (UN) Member States, through the General Assembly, unanimously adopted a resolution approving the agreement to transform IOM into an affiliated organization of the UN. This agreement has strengthened the relationship between IOM and the UN and improved its ability to fulfill its respective mandates in the interests of migrants and Member States. The IOM supported the creation of

1710-618: The United States by being arrested and brought to the federal immigration control station on Ellis Island in New York Harbor and, from there, forcibly removed from the United States on ships. Many criticize deportations as inhumane, as well as questioning their effectiveness. Some are completely opposed towards any deportations, while others state it is inhuman to take somebody to a foreign land without their consent. In literature, deportation appears as an overriding theme in

1767-749: The Venezuela Situation working with UNHCR and 17 countries in South and Central America and the Caribbean. According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) , IOM is one of the central actors in humanitarian aid within the UN system, especially in the context of displacement. IOM's main aid measures include shelter, protection, the provision of basic medical and sanitary care, life safety, coordination, telecommunications and logistics. On

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1824-418: The annual budget and determine the organization's programmatic objectives. The official languages are English , French and Spanish . According to its own figures, the organization's budget in 2020 was around two billion US dollars. This is made up of voluntary contributions from the member states and donations. The Director General of the organization is elected by the delegates of the IOM member states for

1881-758: The area which became the United States, Australia became the destination for "criminals" deported to British colonies. Britain transported more than 160,000 British "criminals" to the Australian colonies between 1787 and 1855. Meanwhile, in Japan during Sakoku , all Portuguese and Spanish people were expelled from the country. In the 18th century the Tipu Sultan , of Mysore , deported tens of thousands of civilians, from lands he had annexed, to serve as slave labour in other parts of his empire, for example the: Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam . In

1938-785: The beginning of the 20th century the control of immigration began becoming common practice, with the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 in Australia, the Aliens Act 1905 in the United Kingdom and the Continuous journey regulation of 1908 in Canada, elevating the deportation of "illegal" immigrants to a global scale. In the meantime, deportation of "regular residents" also increased. In the 1930s, during

1995-616: The campaigns of Khosrau I from the Roman cities of Sura , Beroea , Antioch , Apamea , Callinicum , and Batnai in Osrhoene , to Wēh-Antiyōk-Khosrow (also known as Rūmagān; in Arabic: al-Rūmiyya). The city was founded near Ctesiphon especially for them, and Khosrow reportedly "did everything in his power to make the residents want to stay". The number of the deportees is recorded to be 292,000 in another source. The Medieval European age

2052-788: The capital with him. She brought with her two Greek physicians who settled in the city and taught Hippocratic medicine. In 489, the Nestorian theological and scientific center in Edessa was ordered closed by the Byzantine emperor Zeno , and transferred itself to become the School of Nisibis or Nisibīn, then under Persian rule with its secular faculties at Gundeshapur, Khuzestan . Here, scholars, together with Pagan philosophers banished from Athens by Justinian in 529, carried out important research in medicine, astronomy, and mathematics". It

2109-471: The claims that [Gundeshapur] played a crucial role in medical history". It has been assumed that a medical center at Gundeshapur would have resembled the School of Nisibis . What is more likely is there existed a seminary, like the one in Nisibis, where medical texts were read, and an infirmary, where medicine was practiced. Additionally, Gundeshapur's reputation may have been conflated with that of Susa ,

2166-422: The context of migration, adding: "The terminology used at the domestic or international level on expulsion and deportation is not uniform but there is a clear tendency to use the term expulsion to refer to the legal order to leave the territory of a State, and removal or deportation to refer to the actual implementation of such order in cases where the person concerned does not follow it voluntarily." According to

2223-740: The countries in the Persian Gulf have even used this to deport their own citizens, paying the Comoros to give them passports and accept them. The period after the fall of the Iron Curtain showed increased deportation and readmission agreements in parts of Europe. During its invasion of Ukraine , the Russian Federation has perpetrated mass deportations of Ukrainian citizens to Russia and occupied territories. While independent numbers are difficult to come by, and depending on

2280-474: The country illegally, overstayed or broken the conditions of their visa , or otherwise lost their legal status to remain in the country may be administratively removed or deported. Since the 1980s, the world also saw the development of practices of externalization /"offshoring immigrants", currently being used by Australia, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union. Some of

2337-422: The degree of Russian coercion or force required to meet the definition of "deported", reported numbers range from tens of thousands to 4.5 million deportees. Dominican Republic deported more than 250,000 Haitians and Dominicans of Haitian descent to Haiti in 2023. Alexander Berkman , Emma Goldman , C.L.R. James , Claudia Jones , Fritz Julius Kuhn , Lucky Luciano , and Anna Sage were all deported from

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2394-425: The east, and sent the famous physician Borzouye to invite Indian and Chinese scholars to Gundeshapur. These visitors translated Indic texts on astronomy, astrology, mathematics and medicine and Chinese texts on herbal medicine and religion. Borzouye is said to have himself translated the still popular Indic Pañcatantra from Sanskrit into Persian as Kelile væ Demne . Many Assyrians settled in Gundeshapur during

2451-444: The fifth century. The Assyrians were most of all medical doctors from Urfa , which was during that time, home to the leading medical center. Teaching in the Academy was done in Syriac until the city fell to Arab-Islamic armies, which destroyed the city and places of learning. Sassanid Persia fell to Arab-Islamic armies in 638 CE. The academy survived the change of rulers and persisted for several centuries, by projecting itself as

2508-530: The government. Voluntary repatriations were more common than deportations. In 1954, the executive branch of the U.S. government implemented Operation Wetback , a program created in response to public hysteria about immigration and immigrants from Mexico. Operation Wetback led to the deportation of nearly 1.3 million Mexicans from the United States. Nazi policies deported homosexuals , Jews, Poles , and Romani from their established places of residence to Nazi concentration camps or extermination camps set up at

2565-415: The information given in the Quran. In addition, the intellectual center of the Abbasid Caliphate had shifted to the Arab stronghold of Baghdad , as henceforth there are few references in contemporary literature to universities or hospitals at Gundeshapur. Gundeshapur had been major link between Indic and some Greek medicine, because of its previous practices of combining the medical traditions, therefore

2622-532: The instructions of the UN Emergency Relief Coordinator , IOM, together with UNHCR, is primarily responsible for camp coordination and management in humanitarian emergencies. The organization is also active in stabilization, peacebuilding and development in the context of migration. As of 2023, the International Organization for Migration has 175 member states and 8 observer states. Member states: Observer States : Non-Member States : In 2003, both Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch were critical of

2679-404: The large number of internally displaced persons and war refugees in Europe after the Second World War . The IOM was initially a logistics agency that organized the transport of nearly one million migrants in the 1950s and has undergone several name changes since its inception. The transition from the Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe (PICMME) in 1951 to

2736-404: The late 19th century the United States of America began designating "desired" and "undesired" immigrants, leading to the birth of illegal immigration and subsequent deportation of immigrants when found in irregular situations. Starting with the Chinese Exclusion Act , the US government has since deported more than 55 million immigrants, the majority of whom came from Latin-American countries. At

2793-417: The organization has earned it praise for flexibility in crisis situations, but also criticism for legal accountability in protection issues. Due to complementary mandates, IOM often cooperates with the UNHCR . For example IOM coordinates work in response to the situation in Venezuela through the Office of International Organization for Migration Director General's Special Envoy for the Regional Response to

2850-464: The spread Christianity in the Sassanian empire . In Rēw-Ardashīr ( Rishahr ; Yarānshahr), Persis, there was a church for the Romans and another one for Carmanians . Their hypothesized decisive role in the spread of Christianity in Persia and their major contribution to Persian economy has been recently criticized by Mosig-Walburg (2010). In the mid-3rd century, Greek-speaking deportees from north-western Syria were settled in Kashkar , Mesopotamia. After

2907-549: The targeting of at least 13 distinct ethnicities and 8 entire nations. Many historians have described Soviet deportations as ethnic cleansing , crimes against humanity , and/or genocide . An estimated 120,000 Serbs were deported from the Independent State of Croatia to German-occupied Serbia , and 300,000 fled by 1943. All countries reserve the right to deport persons without right of abode , even those who are longtime residents or possess permanent residency . In general, foreigners who have committed serious crimes, entered

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2964-405: The transition from earlier ancient civilisations to later Islamic appropriation was more coherent. The last attested head of the Gundeshapur hospital was Sābur bin Sahl who died in 869. The fate of the hospital after this is unknown. Some scholars have cast doubts on the existence of the hospital at Gundeshapur by claiming that there are no known surviving Persian sources "that would corroborate

3021-416: Was mainly inhabited by Christians, and served as the East-Syrian metropolitan see of Bet Huzaye . Most scholars believe Shāpur I , son of Ardeshir (Artaxexes), to have founded the city after defeating a Roman army led by Emperor Valerian . Gundeshapur was a garrison town and housed many Roman prisoners of war. Shāpur I made Gundeshapur his capital. Shāpur's wife, the daughter of Aurelian , lived in

3078-413: Was marked with several large religious deportations, including that of Christians, Jews and Muslims. For instance, the Almoravid deported Christians from Spain to Morocco, with mass deportations taking place in 1109, 1126, 1130 and 1138. With the beginning of the Age of Discovery , deporting individuals to an overseas colony also became common practice. As early as the 16th century, degredados formed

3135-413: Was the deportation of the Mards in Charax , near Rhages (Ray) by Phraates I . The 10,000 Roman prisoners of war after the Battle of Carrhae appear to have been deported to Alexandria Margiana (Merv) near the eastern border in 53 BC, who are said to married to local people. It is hypothesized that some of them founded the Chinese city of Li-Jien after becoming soldiers for the Hsiung-nu , but this

3192-474: Was the intellectual centre of the Sassanid Empire and the home of the Academy of Gundeshapur , founded by Sassanid Emperor Shapur I . Gundeshapur was home to a teaching hospital and had a library and a centre of higher learning . It has been identified with extensive ruins south of Shahabad , a village 14 km south-east of Dezful , to the road for Shushtar , in the present-day province of Khuzestan , southwest Iran . The town fell into decline after

3249-570: Was under the rule of the Sassanid monarch Khusraw I (531-579 CE), called Anushiravan "The Immortal" and known to the Greeks and Romans as Chosroes, that Gundeshapur became known for medicine and erudition. Khusraw I gave refuge to various Greek philosophers , Nestorian Assyrians fleeing religious persecution by the Byzantine empire . The emperor commissioned the refugees to translate Greek and Syriac texts into Pahlavi . They translated various works on medicine, astronomy, astrology, philosophy, and useful crafts. Anushiravan also turned towards

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