The Derlingau was an early medieval county ( Gau ) of the Duchy of Saxony .
38-541: The Derlingau approximately consisted of the area between the river Oker in the west and the Lappwald forest in the east. It was bordered by (from the north, clockwise): Bardengau , Gau Osterwald , Nordthüringgau , Harzgau , Salzgau , Hastfalagau , Gau Flutwide , Gau Gretinge . The most important town was Evessen , and later Brunswick . The Derlingau belonged to the diocese of the Bishop of Halberstadt . Little
76-612: A culvert under the Mittelland Canal before it is joined by the Schunter from the east near Groß Schwülper. It then flows down to its mouth into the River Aller , which is located between Gifhorn and Celle at Müden . Since the early ninth century the middle Oker river has formed the diocesan boundary between the bishoprics of Halberstadt and Hildesheim , established by Emperor Charlemagne and his son Louis
114-720: A fuel source for energy production. One of the highest, at least in Western Europe , is in Loos-en-Gohelle in the former mining area of Pas-de-Calais , France . It comprises a range of five cones, of which two reach 180 metres (590 ft), surpassing the highest peak in Flanders , Mont Cassel . One of the regions of Europe most "littered" with (mountainous) spoil heaps is the Donbas , in Ukraine , especially around
152-543: A generally northerly direction. The river's name was recorded around 830 as Obacra and, later, as Ovokare und Ovakara . The origin of the name is derived from the roots ov- and -akara meaning “upper” (cf. New High German ober- ) and “onward rushing” (rendered in German as “Vorwärtsdrängende”) as distinct from its tributary, the Ecker , whose name means only “onward rushing”. The Oker rises at about 910 metres in
190-480: A new life in being thus exploited; for example, the flattened pile of residue from the 11/19 site of Loos-en-Gohelle. Conversely, others are painstakingly preserved on account of their ecological wealth. With the passage of time, they become colonised with a variety of flora and fauna , sometimes foreign to the region. This diversity follows the mining exploitation. In South Wales some spoil tips are protected as Sites of Special Scientific Interest because they provide
228-525: A spoil tip landslip caused the temporary closure of the Scunthorpe to Doncaster railway line in England. Landslides are rare in spoil tips after settling and vegetation growth act to stabilise the spoil. However, when heavy rain falls on spoil tips that are undergoing combustion, infiltrated water changes to steam ; increasing pressure that may lead to a landslide. In Herstal , Belgium, a landslide on
266-433: A unique habitat for 57 species of Lichen , several of which are at risk due to their limited environment being developed and by vegetation development. For example, because the miners threw their apple or pear cores into the wagons, the spoil tips became colonised with fruit trees. One can even observe the proliferation of buckler-leaved sorrel (French sorrel – Rumex scutatus ), the seeds of which have been carried within
304-540: Is distinct from tailings , which is the processed material that remains after the valuable components have been extracted from ore. The phrase originates from the French word espoilelier , a verb conveying the meaning: to seize by violence, to plunder, to take by force. Spoil tips may be conical in shape, and can appear as conspicuous features of the landscape , or they may be much flatter and eroded, especially if vegetation has established itself. In Loos-en-Gohelle , in
342-463: Is generally ineffective and injecting water under pressure counter-productive, because it carries oxygen, bringing the risk of explosion. The perceived weak environmental and public health effects of these fires leads generally to waiting for their natural extinction, which can take a number of decades. The problem of landslides in spoil tips was first brought to public attention in October 1966 in
380-524: Is known about the history of the county. The Brunones were its most powerful family in the 10th and 11th centuries; when the Brunones became extinct, their properties were inherited by Lothair of Supplinburg , who became duke of Saxony and later Holy Roman Emperor. From Lothair, Duke Henry the Lion and his descendants, the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg , inherited these properties. After the disintegration of
418-548: Is that of "El runam del Cogulló" (The Spoil Heap of El Cogulló), also known as "El runam de la democràcia" (The Slag Heap of Democracy) or "Montsalat" (Salty Mountain), in Sallent , which has already grown higher than the small mountain it was named after (El Cogulló, 474 meters above sea level). Richard Llewellyn 's novel How Green Was My Valley (1939) describes the social and environmental effects of coal mining in Wales at
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#1732775940199456-581: The Aberfan disaster ; for example, it was discussed in a paper by Professor George Knox in 1927, but received little serious consideration by professional engineers and geologists — even to those directly concerned with mining. Also Aberfan disaster was not the first landslide with casualties: for example, in 1955 two successive landslides killed 73 people in Sasebo, Nagasaki in Japan. [ja] In February 2013,
494-533: The English speaking world when a spoil tip at Aberfan in Glamorgan , Wales , gave way, killing 144 people, 116 of them children. The tip was built over a spring, increasing its instability, and its height exceeded guidelines. Water from heavy rainfall had built up inside the tip, weakening the structure, until it suddenly collapsed onto a school below. The wider issue of stability had been known about prior to
532-828: The Expo 2000 bridges over the Oker in Braunschweig and its surrounding area were artistically designed; after 2004 this was carried out as part of the Okerlicht project. Left tributaries (from source to mouth): Right tributaries: Oste class fleet service ship Slag heap A spoil tip (also called a boney pile , culm bank , gob pile , waste tip or bing ) is a pile built of accumulated spoil – waste material removed during mining . Spoil tips are not formed of slag , but in some areas, such as England and Wales , they are referred to as slag heaps . In Scotland
570-719: The Harz National Park in a boggy area on the Bruchberg in the Harz mountains of central Germany . This early section is known as the Große Oker ("Great Oker") and it is impounded below Altenau by the Oker Dam . From the dam wall to the former village of Oker , which is today part of Goslar , the Oker is on certain occasions suitable for canoeing . This section, often called the "Oker Valley" ( Okertal ), includes
608-674: The Romkerhall Waterfall. Here the Romke stream drops about 64 metres (210 ft) in height over a waterfall laid out in 1863 into the Oker. Downstream in the river's fast-flowing waters, the Verlobungsinsel ("Betrothal Island") is to be found. Left and right of the Oker in this area are many crags that are popular with climbers . In the Goslar vicinity of Oker the river is seriously polluted with heavy metals from
646-654: The slag heaps as well as groundwater and surface runoff from the metal smelters there. From the village of Oker the River Oker flows away in a northeasterly direction to Vienenburg , where it is joined from the south by the Radau and then from the southeast by the Ecker . After these two confluences the river continues southeast past the Harly Forest , after which it bends north to flow through Schladen and Wolfenbüttel to Braunschweig . In south Braunschweig
684-617: The Derlingau include: As a part of the Diocese of Halberstadt , the Derlingau was subdivided into the following archidiaconates (ordered approximately from north to south): Oker The Oker ( pronounced [ˈoːkɐ] ) is a river in Lower Saxony , Germany , that has historically formed an important political boundary. It is a left tributary of the River Aller , 128 kilometres (80 mi) in length and runs in
722-518: The Duchy of Saxony in the early 13th century, the Derlingau thus became a core part of the new Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, together with several adjacent counties. The northern border of the Derlingau later developed into part of the border between the principalities of Wolfenbüttel and Lüneburg . The eastern and southern border of the Derlingau continues to exist to this day as the border between Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt . The known counts in
760-525: The Oker is dammed by the Eisenbüttel Weir. In the Bürgerpark shortly before Braunschweig's old town the Oker divides into the western and eastern bypass channels ( Umflutgraben ) which circumnavigate the historic city centre at a slightly higher level. These channels were laid in the 16th century as the external moats of the town's defences. The actual course of the Oker through the centre of
798-521: The Petite Bacnure spoil tip in April 1999 closed off a street for many years. Several techniques of re-utilising the spoil tips exist, usually including either geotechnics or recycling . Most commonly, old spoil tips are partially revegetated to provide valuable green spaces since they are inappropriate for building purposes. At Nœux-les-Mines , an artificial ski slope has been constructed on
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#1732775940199836-671: The Pious in the Duchy of Saxony . North of Schladen the royal palace ( Königspfalz ) of Werla was established on the banks about 20 metres (66 ft) above the river bed. From the High Middle Ages the Oker between the villages of Ohrum and Börßum formed the eastern boundary of the Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim with the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , and further south to Wiedelah (today part of Vienenburg ) with
874-773: The Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt, which became the Prussian Principality of Halberstadt following its secularization in 1648. The Bishopric of Halberstadt was likewise mediatised in 1803, and according to the Final Act of the 1815 Vienna Congress , the Oker was the eastern border of the Kingdom of Hanover with the Duchy of Brunswick and the Prussian Province of Saxony . When the Kingdom of Prussia annexed Hanover in 1866, it became
912-431: The case of Spoil Tip No. 7 of the coal-mining region of Mariemont-Bascoup near Chapelle-lez-Herlaimont ( province of Hainaut ). It produces some 3,000 litres of wine each year from a vineyard on its slopes. Some spoil tips are used for various sporting activities. The slopes of the spoil tips of 11/19 at Loos-en-Gohelle , or again, at Nœux-les-Mines , are used for winter sports , for example ski and luge . A piste
950-592: The city of Donetsk , which alone boasts about 130 of them. In Ukrainian , they are called terykony ( терикони ; singular терикон , terykon , 'soil cone') because of their shape. In Heringen , Hesse , Germany , is the popularly called " Monte Kali ", made of spoil from potash mining and rising some 200 meters above the surrounding terrain. "La Muntanya de Sal" (The Salt Mountain), another potash mine spoil heap, lies in Cardona , Catalonia , at about 120 meters in height. A larger and higher pile
988-420: The courage to withstand, that great mound has borne down upon these walls, this roof. And for those months the great bully has been beaten, for in my father’s day men built well for they were craftsmen. Stout beams, honest blocks, good work, and love for the job, all that is in this house. But the slag heap moves, pressing on, down and down, over and all round this house which was my father’s and my mother’s and now
1026-413: The cracks in the pine timber used in the mines. Furthermore, on account of its dark colour, the south face of the spoil tip is significantly warmer than its surroundings, which contributes to the diverse ecology of the area. In this way, the spoil tip of Pinchonvalles, at Avion , hosts 522 different varieties of higher plants. Some sixty species of birds nest there. Some are used to cultivate vines, as in
1064-523: The earth materials from excavations be removed in such a fashion that they can be replaced after the mining operations cease in a process called mine reclamation , with oversight of mining corporations. This requires adequate reserves of monetary bonds to guarantee a completion of the reclamation process when mining becomes unprofitable or stops. (See for example, the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 .) In some spoil tips,
1102-472: The former mining area of Pas-de-Calais , France , are a series of five very perfect cones, of which two rise 100 metres (330 ft) from the plain. Most commonly the term is used for the piles of waste earth materials removed during an excavation process. Spoil banks can also refer to refuse heaps formed from removal of excess surface materials. For example, alongside livestock lots, spoil banks are formed of manure and other slurry periodically removed from
1140-543: The inner Prussian border between the provinces of Hanover and Saxony as well as the border, north of Börßum to Ohrum between the Province of Hanover in the west and the Duchy of Brunswick in the east. From 1945 to 1990 the Inner German border between East and West Germany ran down the centre of the Oker between Wiedelah and Schladen, today between the German states of Saxony-Anhalt and Lower Saxony . Since
1178-536: The site is resoiled and simple vegetation such as grass is seeded on the slope. The piles also create acid rock drainage , which pollutes streams and rivers. Environmental problems have included surface runoff of silt , and leaching of noxious chemical compounds from spoil banks exposed to weathering . These cause contamination of ground water , and other problems. In the United States, current state and federal coal mining regulations require that
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1216-413: The surface of the livestock lot areas. Spoil tips sometimes increased to millions of tons, and, having been abandoned, remain as huge piles today. They trap solar heat, making it difficult (although not impossible) for vegetation to take root; this encourages erosion and creates dangerous, unstable slopes. Existing techniques for regreening spoil tips include the use of geotextiles to control erosion as
1254-455: The tip. If spoil tips are considered to contain sufficient amounts of residual material, various methods are employed to remove the spoil from the site for subsequent processing. The oldest coal-based spoil tips may still contain enough coal to begin spontaneous slow combustion . This results in a form of vitrification of the shale, which then acquires sufficient mechanical strength to be of use in road construction. Some can therefore have
1292-453: The town was covered and, today, runs through pipes emerging again north of the old town. The water level in the city area is controlled by the St. Peter's Gate Weir ( Petritorwehr ) in the western and the " Wends Weir" ( Wendenwehr ) in the eastern ditch. Following the merger of the two channels northwest of the city centre the Oker runs north of the district of Watenbüttel [ de ] in
1330-428: The turn of the 20th century. The local mine's spoil tip, which he calls a slag heap, is the central figure of devastation. Eventually the pile overtakes the entire valley and crushes Huw Morgan's house: The slagheap is moving again. I can hear it whispering to itself, and as it whispers, the walls of this brave little house are girding themselves to withstand the assault. For months, more than I ever thought it would have
1368-534: The waste resulting from industries such as coal or oil shale production can contain a relatively high proportion of hydrocarbons or coal dust. Spontaneous subterranean combustion may result, which can be followed by surface fires. In some coal mining districts, such fires were considered normal and no attempt was made to extinguish them. Such fires can follow slow combustion of residual hydrocarbons. Their extinction can require complete encasement, which can prove impossible for technical and financial reasons. Sprinkling
1406-454: The word bing is used. In North American English the term is mine dump or mine waste dump . The term "spoil" is also used to refer to material removed when digging a foundation, tunnel, or other large excavation. Such material may be ordinary soil and rocks (after separation of coal from waste ), or may be heavily contaminated with chemical waste, determining how it may be disposed of. Clean spoil may be used for land reclamation . Spoil
1444-534: Was built on the flank of the heap. In Belgium , a long distance footpath along the spoil tips (GR-412, Sentier des terrils ) was opened in 2005. It leads from Bernissart in western Hainaut to Blegny in the province of Liège . In the United States , coal mining companies have not been allowed to leave behind abandoned piles since the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act was passed in 1977. The Virginia City Hybrid Energy Center uses coal gob as
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