139-636: The Dersim massacre , also known as Dersim genocide , was carried out by the Turkish military over the course of three operations in the Dersim Province (renamed Tunceli ) against Kurdish Alevi rebels and civilians in 1937 and 1938. Although most Kurds in Dersim remained in their home villages, thousands were killed and many others were expelled to other parts of Turkey. Twenty tons of “ Chloracetophenon , Iperit and so on” were ordered and used in
278-425: A graduation ceremony was conducted for the academy's finishing class. During the ceremony, 960 graduates, led by valedictorian Ebru Eroglu, recited the military oath to defend Turkey. The event was attended by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan . Approximately one hour following the graduation, Eroglu and 400 other graduates were recorded raising their swords and pledging allegiance to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ,
417-630: A regular army paid off when Ankara forces fought the Greeks in the First and Second Battle of İnönü . The Greek army emerged victorious in the Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir and decided to attack Ankara, stretching their supply lines. On 3 August 1921, the GNA fired İsmet Pasha from the post of Minister of National Defence because of his failure at the Battle of Afyonkarahisar–Eskişehir and on 5 August, just before
556-575: A 2010 publication that there were 500,000 Iranians residing in Turkey. There have been Jewish communities in Asia Minor since at least the 5th century BC and many Spanish and Portuguese Jews expelled from Spain came to the Ottoman Empire (including regions part of modern Turkey) in the late 15th century. Despite emigration during the 20th century, modern-day Turkey continues to have
695-589: A group of fleeing civilians. Muhsin Batur, engaged in massacres for about two months over Dersim, stated in his memoirs that he wanted to avoid talking about this part of his life. Kurdish leader Nuri Dersimi claimed that the Turkish air force bombed the district with poisonous gas in 1938. According to an official report of the Fourth General Inspectorate, 13,160 civilians were killed by
834-535: A guarantor under the Treaty of Guarantee in justification for the military intervention. Turkish forces landed on the island in two waves, invading and occupying 37% of the island's territory in the northeast for the Turkish Cypriots, who had been isolated in small enclaves across the island prior to the military intervention. In the aftermath, the Turkish Cypriots declared a separate political entity in
973-687: A member of NATO in 1952, Turkey initiated a comprehensive modernization program for its armed forces. The Turkish Army sent 14,936 troops to fight in the Korean War alongside South Korea and NATO. Towards the end of the 1980s, a second restructuring process was initiated. The Turkish Armed Forces participate in an EU Battlegroup under the control of the European Council , the Italian-Romanian-Turkish Battlegroup. The TAF also contributes operational staff to
1112-644: A military authority. He was given wide-ranging authority in juridical, military and civilian matters. He also had the power to resettle or exile people who lived in the region. To quell the rebellion, the Turkish Interior Minister Sükrü Kaya ordered that boys and girls of the Dersim region were to be educated in boarding schools outside of the Dersim region. In those schools, they were to be Turkified and following their graduation, married off to each other. Women were to be Turkified at an earlier stage than men as women lacked contact with
1251-693: A narrow tract of land along the Black Sea inhabited by the Laz as well as by several other ethnic groups — has been banned from official use and replaced with Doğu Karadeniz (which also includes Trabzon ). During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 , the Muslim population of Russia near the war zones was subjected to ethnic cleansing; many Lazes living in Batumi fled to the Ottoman Empire, settling along
1390-540: A separate Kurdish state. Most Laz people today live in Turkey, but the Laz minority group has no official status in Turkey. The Laz are Sunni Muslims . Only a minority are bilingual in Turkish and their native Laz language which belongs to the Kartvelian group . The number of the Laz speakers is decreasing, and is now limited chiefly to the Rize and Artvin areas. The historical term Lazistan — formerly referring to
1529-409: A shell, and soldiers shot at people. The incidents caused the death of hundreds and wounding of thousands of unarmed civilians. Following the failed coup attempt, thousands of military personnel were arrested and the structure of the armed forces was overhauled. The total toll of the damages to the economy amounted to US$ 14 billion. On August 30, 2024, which is celebrated as "Victory Day" in Turkey,
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#17327805612551668-576: A small Jewish population of about 20,000. Karachay people live in villages concentrated in Konya and Eskişehir . Ethnic Kurds are the largest minority in Turkey, composing around 20% of the population according to Milliyet, 19% of the total populace or c. 14 million people according to the CIA World Factbook , and as much as 23% according to Kurdologist David McDowall. Unlike the Turks,
1807-598: A support battalion and other company-sized units. The Su Altı Taarruz (S.A.T. – Underwater Attack) is dedicated to missions including the acquisition of military intelligence, amphibious assault, counter-terrorism and VIP protection; while the Su Altı Savunma (S.A.S. – Underwater Defense) is dedicated to coastal defense operations (such as clearing mines or unexploded torpedoes) and disabling enemy vessels or weapons with underwater operations; as well as counter-terrorism and VIP protection missions. The Turkish Air Force
1946-542: A thousand Greeks now migrate to Turkey yearly for employment or educational purposes. Christian Greeks were forced to migrate as per the 1923 population exchange agreement. Muslim Greeks live in Turkey today. They live in cities of Trabzon and Rize . Pontic Greeks have Greek ancestry and speak the Pontic Greek dialect, a distinct form of the standard Greek language which, due to the remoteness of Pontus, has undergone linguistic evolution distinct from that of
2085-492: Is a Kazakh diaspora organization in Turkey. Turkey's Lake Van area is the home of Kyrgyz refugees from Afghanistan . Turkey became a destination for Kyrgyz refugees due to the Soviet–Afghan War from Afghanistan's Wakhan area 500 remained and did not go to Turkey with the others. Friendship and Culture Society of Kyrgyzstan (Кыргызстан Достук жана Маданият Коому) (Kırgızistan Kültür ve Dostluk Derneği Resmi Sitesi)
2224-677: Is a Kyrgyz diaspora organization in Turkey. They were airlifted in 1982 from Pakistan where they had sought refugee after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan at the end of 1979. Their original home was at the eastern end of the Wakhan Corridor, in the Pamirs , bordering on China. It is not known how many Kyrgyz still live in Van and how many have moved on to other parts of Turkey. Around 5,000 Muslim Megleno-Romanians live in Turkey. Turkey
2363-670: Is a small group of Alawis , and another one of Arab Christians (mostly in Hatay Province ) in communion with the Antiochian Orthodox Church . Turkey experienced a large influx of Iraqis between the years of 1988 and 1991 due to both the Iran–Iraq War and the first Gulf War , with around 50,000 to 460,000 Iraqis entering the country. Syrians in Turkey include migrants from Syria to Turkey , as well as their descendants. The number of Syrians in Turkey
2502-648: Is about two million. There are at least 34,000 Britons in Turkey. They consist mainly of British citizens married to Turkish spouses, British Turks who have moved back into the country, students and families of long-term expatriates employed predominately in white-collar industry. People identifying as Bulgarian include a large number of the Pomak and a small number of Orthodox Bulgarians. According to Ethnologue at present 300,000 Pomaks in European Turkey speak Bulgarian as their mother tongue. It
2641-454: Is accused of terrorism in Turkey. These accusing claims are reported, even while the trials are going on, mostly in the counter-secular and Islamist media organs. On 22 February 2010 more than 40 officers were arrested and then formally charged with attempting to overthrow the government with respect to the so-called "Sledgehammer" plot . They include four admirals, a general and two colonels, some of them retired, including former commanders of
2780-522: Is considered to be underestimated by the Turkish government. Therefore, the exact number of members of ethnic groups who are Muslim is unknown; these include Arabs , Albanians , Bosniaks , Circassians , Chechens , Abkhazians , Crimean Tatars , Laz , Hemshin Armenians , Kurds, Pomaks , Turkish Roma , and Pontic Greeks , among other smaller groups like Dom , Lom , Vallahades , Greek Muslims , Cretan Muslims , Nantinets , Imerkhevians . Many of
2919-658: Is estimated at over 3.58 million people as of April 2018, and consists mainly of refugees of the Syrian Civil War . Armenians are indigenous to the Armenian Highlands which correspond to the eastern half of modern-day Turkey, the Republic of Armenia, southern Georgia, western Azerbaijan, and northwestern Iran. Although the word Armenia was banned from being used in the press, schoolbooks, and governmental establishments in Turkey in 1880 and although it
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#17327805612553058-511: Is from Tunceli ). Erdogan reminded his audience that Kılıçdaroğlu's party, the CHP , had been in power at the time of the massacre, then the only political party in Turkey. He described the massacre as "one of the most tragic events of our near history" saying that, whilst some sought to justify it as a legitimate response to events on the ground, it was in reality "an operation which was planned step by step". The policy of population resettlement under
3197-557: Is hard to determine how many ethnic Azeris currently reside in Turkey because ethnicity is a rather fluid concept in this country. Up to 300,000 of Azeris who reside in Turkey are citizens of Azerbaijan . In the Eastern Anatolia Region , Azeris are sometimes referred to as acem (see Ajam ) or tat . They currently are the largest ethnic group in the city of Iğdır and second largest ethnic group in Kars . Today,
3336-500: Is home to 45,000 Uzbeks. In the 1800s Konya's north Bogrudelik was settled by Tatar Bukharlyks . In 1981 Afghan Turkestan refugees in Pakistan moved to Turkey to join the existing Kayseri, Izmir, Ankara, and Zeytinburnu based communities. Turkish based Uzbeks have established links to Saudi-based Uzbeks. Turkey is home to 50,000 Uyghurs. A community of Uyghurs live in Turkey. Kayseri received Uyghurs numbering close to 360 via
3475-417: Is known that there are Kazakh people in other parts of Turkey, for instance Manisa, Konya. In 1969 and 1954 Kazakhs migrated into Anatolia's Salihli, Develi and Altay regions. Turkey became home to refugee Kazakhs. The Kazakh Turks Foundation (Kazak Türkleri Vakfı) is an organization of Kazakhs in Turkey. Kazakhs in Turkey came via Pakistan and Afghanistan. Kazak Kültür Derneği (Kazakh Culture Associration)
3614-475: Is still spoken in many Circassian villages, and the group that preserved their language the best are the Kabardians . With the rise of Circassian nationalism in the 21st century, Circassians in Turkey, especially the young, have started to study and learn their language. The Circassians in Turkey are mostly Sunni Muslims of Hanafi madh'hab . The largest association of Circassians in Turkey, KAFFED ,
3753-759: Is the Cyprus Turkish Peace Force Command . The military bases of the Turkish Armed Forces in Qatar , Syria , Somalia and Bashiqa , among an unknown number of other bases internationally, are currently active. It was announced in 2017 that Turkey would start working on establishing a research base in Antarctica . According to a study conducted in England, Turkey has the largest deployment of international troops after
3892-490: Is the aerial warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. It is primarily responsible for the protection and sovereignty of Turkish airspace but also provides air-power to the other service branches . Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany , Italy, and the Netherlands . A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at
4031-610: Is the founding member of the International Circassian Association (ICA). Before the 20th century, Crimean Tatars had immigrated from Crimea to Turkey in three waves: First, after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 1783; second, after the Crimean War of 1853–56; third, after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 . The official number of Crimean Tatars is 150,000 (in the center of Eskişehir) but
4170-618: Is very hard to estimate the number of Pomaks along with the Turkified Pomaks who live in Turkey, as they have blended into the Turkish society and have been often linguistically and culturally dissimilated. According to Milliyet and Turkish Daily News reports, the number of Pomaks along with the Turkified Pomaks in the country is about 600,000. According to the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
4309-524: The 1934 Law on Resettlement was a key component of the Turkification process that began to be implemented first with the Armenian genocide in 1915 as Turkey transitioned from a pluralistic , multi-ethnic society to a "unidimensional Turkish nation-state". İsmail Beşikçi has argued that the Turkish government actions in Dersim was genocide . Martin van Bruinessen has argued that the actions of
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4448-491: The 28 February memorandum ). Contrary to outsider expectations, the Turkish populace was not uniformly averse to coups; many welcomed the ejection of governments they perceived as unconstitutional. On 27 April 2007, in advance of the 4 November 2007 presidential election, and in reaction to the politics of Abdullah Gül , who has a past record of involvement in Islamist political movements and banned Islamist parties such as
4587-725: The Armenian Apostolic faith, with much smaller numbers of Armenian Catholics and Armenian Evangelicals . The community currently functions 34, 18 schools, and 2 hospitals. Assyrians were once a large ethnic minority in the Ottoman Empire , but following the early 20th century Assyrian genocide , many were murdered, deported, or ended up emigrating. Those that remain live in small numbers in their indigenous South Eastern Turkey (although in larger numbers than other groups murdered in Armenian or Greek genocides ) and Istanbul. They number around 30,000 and are part of
4726-691: The Armistice of Mudanya . The Grand National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as the legitimate Turkish government, which signed the Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923. The Allies evacuated Anatolia and Eastern Thrace , the Ottoman government was overthrown and the monarchy abolished , and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared
4865-590: The Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18 . A 2008 report from the Turkish National Security Council (MGK) estimated that approximately 1.3 million people of Albanian ancestry live in Turkey, and more than 500,000 recognizing their ancestry, language and culture. There are other estimates, however, that place the number of people in Turkey with Albanian ancestry and or background upward to 5 million. However, these assumptions of
5004-606: The Aviano fighter wing.) They returned to Turkey in 2001. In 2006, 4 Turkish F-16 fighter jets were deployed for NATO's Baltic Air Policing operation. As of February 2021, Turkey has at least over 60,000+ military personnel stationed outside its territory. The only military base stationed permanently abroad, regardless of the organizations that are members of Turkey, which has been temporarily holding troops several times abroad due to its responsibilities arising from many international political members, particularly NATO membership,
5143-696: The Battle of Sakarya , appointed the chairman of the GNA Atatürk as commander-in-chief of the Army of the GNA. The Turks checked the Greek advance in the Battle of Sakarya and counter-attacked in the Great Offensive , which expelled Greek forces from Anatolia in the span of three weeks. The war effectively ended with the Turkish capture of Smyrna and the Chanak Crisis , prompting the signing of
5282-690: The Black Sea . According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), in 2023 the Turkish Armed Forces had a total strength of around 890,500 presonnel. The active personnel number approximately 355,200 personnel, consisting of 260,200 personnel in the Turkish Land Forces, in the Turkish Naval Forces 45,000 personnel, and 50,000 personnel in the Turkish Air Force. In addition, it
5421-846: The Commission on Filipinos Overseas and the Philippine embassy in Ankara. Out of those, most are recorded as maids and "overseas workers" employed in households of diplomatic communities and elite Turkish families. Moreover, ten percent or approximately 500 Filipinos in Turkey are skilled workers and professionals working as engineers, architects, doctors and teachers. Most of the Filipinos reside in Istanbul , Ankara, Izmir, Antalya and nearby surrounding areas. There are approximately 1 million people of Georgian ancestry in Turkey according to
5560-519: The EU reports there are three to five million Circassians in Turkey. The closely related ethnic groups Abazins (10,000 ) and Abkhazians (39,000 ) are also often counted among them. Circassians are a Caucasian immigrant people, and although the Circassians in Turkey were forced to forget their language and assimilate into Turkish, a small minority still speak their native Circassian languages as it
5699-607: The Erzincan Province for peace talks and was arrested. On the next day, he was transferred to the headquarters of the General Inspectorate at Elazığ and hanged with 6 (or 10) of his fellows on November 15–18, 1937 Ihsan Sabri Çağlayangil , who would later become foreign minister, arranged the trials and hanging of the leaders of the rebellion and some of their sons. They were: On November 17, 1937, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk came to Pertek to take part in
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5838-517: The Eurocorps multinational army corps initiative of the EU and NATO. The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing military force in NATO, after the U.S. Armed Forces . Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany , Italy, and the Netherlands . A total of 50 U.S. B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at
5977-910: The European Union . In 2004, during the referendum for the Annan Plan for Cyprus (a United Nations proposal to resolve the Cyprus dispute ) 76% of the Greek Cypriots rejected the proposal, while 65% of the Turkish Cypriots accepted it. The TAF are in a protracted campaign against the PKK (recognized as a terrorist organization by the United States, the European Union and NATO ) which has involved frequent forays into neighbouring Iraq and Syria . Abdullah Öcalan ,
6116-437: The German invasion of the Soviet Union , the Turkish government sent a military delegation of observers under Lieutenant General Ali Fuat Erden to Germany and the Eastern Front . Following the German retreat from the Caucasus , the Turkish government then moved closer to the Allies and Winston Churchill secretly met with İsmet İnönü at the Adana Conference in Yenice Train Station in southern Turkey on 30 January 1943, with
6255-441: The Incirlik Air Base , 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO . The Air Force took part in the Operation Deliberate Force of 1995 and Operation Allied Force of 1999, and later participated in the United Nations peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina , employing two squadrons (one in the Ghedi fighter wing, and after 2000 one in
6394-551: The Incirlik Air Base , the most of the five countries. The Turkish War of Independence (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I . These campaigns were directed against Greece in the west , Armenia in the east , France in the south , loyalists and separatists in various cities , and British and Ottoman troops around Constantinople (İstanbul) . The ethnic demographics of
6533-465: The Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I . When Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues formed the Grand National Assembly (GNA) in Ankara on 23 April 1920, the XV Corps under the command of Kâzım Karabekir was the only corps which had any combat value. On 8 November 1920, the GNA decided to establish a standing army ( Düzenli ordu ) instead of irregular troops (the Kuva-yi Milliye , Kuva-yi Seyyare , etc.). GNA government's army won
6672-430: The Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. With the war, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey , the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and the abolition of the sultanate , the Ottoman era came to an end, and with Atatürk's reforms , the Turks created the modern, secular nation-state of Turkey. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman caliphate was also abolished . There were several rebellions southeastern Turkey in
6811-434: The Second Cairo Conference in December 1943, where Franklin D. Roosevelt , Churchill and İnönü reached an agreement on issues regarding Turkey's possible contribution to the Allies. On 23 February 1945, Turkey joined the Allies by declaring war against Germany and Japan , after it was announced at the Yalta Conference that only the states which were formally at war with Germany and Japan by 1 March 1945 would be admitted to
6950-448: The Syriac Orthodox Church , Chaldean Catholic Church and Church of the East . There are as many as 12,000 Australians in Turkey. Of these, the overwhelming majority are in the capital Ankara (roughly 10,000) while the remaining are in Istanbul . Australian expatriates in Turkey form one of the largest overseas Australian groups in Europe and Asia . The vast majority of Australian nationals in Turkey are Turkish Australians . It
7089-446: The Turkey-Bulgaria Friendship Treaty ( Türkiye ve Bulgaristan Arasındaki Dostluk Antlaşması ) of 18 October 1925 but there are no more Bulgarians in Turkey. On 18 June 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court unanimously ruled that the Assyrians were included as beneficiaries of the Lausanne Treaty, so that Assyrians were allowed to open the first school teaching in their mother tongue. The amount of ethnic minorities
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#17327805612557228-531: The Turkification of last names , Islamification , geographical name changes , confiscation of properties , change of animal names , changes of the names of Armenian historical figures (i.e. the name of the prominent Balyan family were concealed under an identity of a superficial Italian family called Baliani), and the change and distortion of Armenian historical events. Today, the Armenians are mostly concentrated around Istanbul . The Armenians support their own newspapers and schools. The majority belong to
7367-427: The Turkish War of Independence in 1922. The Turkish Naval Forces , or Turkish Navy, constitutes the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The Turkish Navy maintains several Marines and Special Operations units. The Amphibious Marines Brigade (Amfibi Deniz Piyade Tugayı) based in Foça near İzmir consists of 4,500 men, three amphibious battalions, an MBT battalion, an artillery battalion,
7506-398: The United Nations . Turkey participated in the Korean War as a member state of the United Nations and sent the Turkish Brigade to South Korea, and suffered 731 losses while displaying exceptional valor in combat. On 18 February 1952, Turkey became a member of NATO . The South Korean government donated a war memorial for Turkish soldiers who fought and died in Korea. The Korean pagoda
7645-459: The Varlık Vergisi and the Istanbul Pogrom ), emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region greatly accelerated, reducing the 119,822 -strong Greek minority before the attack to about 7,000 by 1978. The 2008 figures released by the Turkish Foreign Ministry places the current number of Turkish citizens of Greek descent at the 3,000–4,000 mark. According to Milliyet there are 15,000 Greeks in Turkey, while according to Human Rights Watch
7784-598: The Washington Post , in December 2009, after US President Barack Obama announced he would deploy 30,000 more U.S. soldiers, and that Washington wants others to follow suit, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reacted with the message that Turkey would not contribute additional troops to Afghanistan. "Turkey has already done what it can do by boosting its contingent of soldiers there to 1,750 from around 700 without being asked", said Erdoğan , who stressed that Turkey would continue its training of Afghan security forces. Turkey withdrew their troops from Afghanistan after
7923-527: The Welfare Party , the army issued a statement of its interests. It said that the army is a party to "arguments" regarding secularism ; that Islamism ran counter to the secular nature of Turkey, and to the legacy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk . The Army's statement ended with a clear warning that the TAF stood ready to intervene if the secular nature of the Turkish Constitution is compromised, stating that "the Turkish Armed Forces maintain their sound determination to carry out their duties stemming from laws to protect
8062-466: The aghas in Dersim continued during the early years of the Republic of Turkey. Aghas in Dersim objected to losing authority in their manorial affairs and refused to pay taxes; and complaints from the provincial governors in Dersim were sent to the central government in Ankara , which favoured land reform and direct control over the country's farmlands , as well as state planning for agricultural production . In an Interior Ministry report in 1926, it
8201-399: The fall of France , the Turkish government tried to maintain an equal distance with both the Allies and the Axis . Following Nazi Germany 's occupation of the Balkans , upon which the Axis-controlled territory in Thrace and the eastern islands of the Aegean Sea bordered Turkey, the Turkish government signed a Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression with Germany on 18 June 1941. After
8340-422: The fall of Kabul (2021) . The TAF have performed "Disaster Relief Operations," as in the 1999 İzmit earthquake in the Marmara Region of Turkey. Apart from contributing to NATO, the Turkish Navy also contributes to the Black Sea Naval Co-operation Task Group , which was created in early 2001 by Turkey, Bulgaria , Georgia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine for search and rescue and other humanitarian operations in
8479-449: The military forces of the Republic of Turkey . The Turkish Armed Forces consist of the Land Forces , the Naval Forces and the Air Forces . The Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces. In wartime, the Chief of the General Staff acts as the Commander-in-Chief on behalf of the President , who represents the Supreme Military Command of the TAF on behalf of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey . Coordinating
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#17327805612558618-439: The secular founder of modern Turkey. The group subsequently took an oath to uphold "a secular, democratic Turkey." In response, eight days later, Erdogan announced the initiation of an investigation and declared that “the few impertinent individuals responsible will be purged.” Minorities in Turkey Minorities in Turkey form a substantial part of the country's population, representing an estimated 25 to 28 percent of
8757-404: The slave trade in the Ottoman Empire that had flourished in the Balkans , the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived. The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during
8896-458: The " Ankara government " declared illegal. In the ensuing war, irregular militia defeated the French forces in the south , and undemobilized units went on to partition Armenia with Bolshevik forces , resulting in the Treaty of Kars (October 1921). The Western Front of the independence war was known as the Greco-Turkish War , in which Greek forces at first encountered unorganized resistance. However İsmet Pasha 's organization of militia into
9035-444: The "Tunceli" Law, the Turkish military built observation posts in certain districts. Following public meetings in January 1937, a letter of protest against the law was written to be sent to the local governor. According to Kurdish sources, the emissaries of the letter were arrested and executed. In May, a group of local people ambushed a police convoy in response. Seyid Riza , the chieftain of Yukarı Abbas Uşağı, sent his followers to
9174-413: The 1920s and 1930s, the most important of which were the 1925 Sheikh Said rebellion and the 1937 Dersim rebellion . All were suppressed by the TAF, sometimes involving large-scale mobilisations of up to 50,000 troops. Turkey remained neutral until the final stages of World War II . In the initial stage of World War II, Turkey signed a treaty of mutual assistance with Great Britain and France. But after
9313-425: The 9th Gendarmier Battalion at Mazkirt , and the Mobile Gendarmerie Regiment at Hozat , and sent one infantry company of the 9th Mobile Gendarmier Battalion to Pah. Around 25,000 troops were deployed to quell the rebellion. This task was substantially completed by the summer and the leaders of the rebellion, including tribal leader Seyid Riza, were hanged. However, remnants of the rebel forces continued to resist and
9452-479: The Allies and the Ottoman government to surrender and disband their forces. This crisis reached a head when sultan Mehmed VI dispatched Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) , a well-respected and high-ranking general, to Anatolia to restore order; however, Mustafa Kemal became an enabler and eventually leader of Turkish National Movement against the Ottoman government, Allied powers, and Christian minorities. on 3 May 1920, Birinci Ferik Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak)
9591-406: The Armed Forces in the name of the President , in wartime. Also, the General Staff is in command of the Special Forces , which is not aligned to any force command within the TAF. The Special Forces get their orders directly from the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces. The Turkish Land Forces , or Turkish Army, can trace its origins in the remnants of Ottoman forces during the fall of
9730-418: The Armenian population of Turkey numbered about 1,914,620. The Armenian community of the Ottoman Empire before the Armenian genocide had an estimated 2,300 churches and 700 schools (with 82,000 students). This figure excludes churches and schools which belonged to the Protestant and Catholic Armenian parishes because the only churches and schools which were counted were the churches and schools which were under
9869-520: The Bulgarian Orthodox Christian community in Turkey stands at 500 members. Turkey received refugees from among the Pakistan-based Kazakhs, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbeks numbering 3,800 originally from Afghanistan during the Soviet–Afghan War . Kayseri, Van, Amasra, Cicekdag, Gaziantep, Tokat, Urfa, and Serinvol received via Adana the Pakistan-based Kazakh, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbek refugees numbering 3,800 with UNHCR assistance. There are about 30,000 Kazakh people living in Zeytinburnu -Istanbul. It
10008-671: The Defence Industry Support Fund. However, the Ministry of Defense has not provided the necessary information, so the armed forces expenditure is not being properly checked. Turkey was a Level 3 contributor to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) programme. The final goal of Turkey is to produce new-generation indigenous military equipment and to become increasingly self-sufficient in terms of military technologies. HAVELSAN of Turkey and Boeing of
10147-541: The Defence Minister. In July 2016, a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces attempted to take over the government , but Erdogan supporters and other loyal military units stopped the coup attempt. The parliament house , police headquarters, and some other buildings in Ankara were damaged by aerial bombing and attack helicopter gunfire. In Istanbul, the Bosporus Bridge was blocked, a tank fired
10286-630: The Fortune Tax levied mostly on non-Muslims during the same period. These resulted in financial ruination and death for many Greeks. The exodus was given greater impetus with the Istanbul Pogrom of September 1955 which led to thousands of Greeks fleeing the city, eventually reducing the Christian Greek population to about 7,000 by 1978 and to about 2,500 by 2006 before beginning to increase again after 2008. Shireen Hunter noted in
10425-608: The General Staff with limited civilian control. The European Commission , in its 2011 regular yearly report on Turkey's progress towards EU accession , stated that "further reforms on the composition and powers of the Supreme Military Council, particularly on the legal basis of promotions, still need to materialise." The service branch commanders continue to report to the Prime Minister instead of
10564-485: The Greek population in Turkey was estimated at 2,500 in 2006. According to the same source, the Greek population in Turkey was collapsing as the community was by then far too small to sustain itself demographically, due to emigration , much higher death rates than birth rates and continuing discrimination. In recent years however, most notably since the economic crisis in Greece, the trend has reversed. A few hundred to over
10703-573: The Haydaran, Demenan, Yusufan, and Kureyşan tribes to make an alliance. According to Turkish authorities, on March 20–21, 1937, at 23:00 hrs, the Demenan and Haydaran tribes broke a bridge connecting Pah and Kahmut in the Harçik Valley. The Inspector General gave the order to prepare for action to the 2nd Mobile Gendarmerie Battalion at Pülümür , the 3rd Mobile Gendarmerie Battalion at Pülür,
10842-472: The Inner Service Act of the Turkish Armed Forces ( Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri İç Hizmet Kanunu ) on 4 January 1961 to legitimize their military interventions in politics. In subsequent coups d'état and coup d'état attempts, they showed reasons to justify their political activities especially with the article 35 and 85 of this act. The Turkish military perceived itself as the guardian of Kemalism ,
10981-476: The Kurds speak an Iranian language . There are Kurds living all over Turkey, but most live to the east and southeast of the country, from where they originate. In the 1930s, Turkish government policy aimed to forcibly assimilate and Turkify local Kurds. Since 1984, Kurdish resistance movements included both peaceful political activities for basic civil rights for Kurds within Turkey, and violent armed rebellion for
11120-827: The Non turkish Muslims minorities are descendants of Muslims ( muhajirs ) who were expelled from the lands lost by the shrinking Ottoman Empire, like the Balkans and Caucasus Mountains. The majority have assimilated into and intermarried with the majority Turkish population and have adopted the Turkish language and way of life, though do not necessarily identify as Turks, especially the Pomaks . Turkification and often aggressive Turkish nationalist policies strengthen these trends. Groups of nomadic and semi-nomadic itinerants found mainly in central and western Anatolia . They speak an argot of their own and are Alevis . Afghans are one of
11259-724: The Second Inspectorate-General (19 February 1934, Edirne Province ) and the Third Inspectorate-General (25 August 1935, Erzurum Province ), the Fourth Inspectorate-General ( Dördüncü Umumi Müfettişlik ) was established in January 1936, in the traditional Dersim region, which includes Tunceli Province , Elazığ Province and Bingöl Province . The Fourth Inspectorate-General was governed by a "Governor Commander" within
11398-677: The Tunceli Province" ( Tunceli Vilayetinin İdaresi Hakkında Kanun ), no. 2884 of 25 December 1935 on January 4, 1936. In order to consolidate its authority in the process of Turkification of religious and ethnic minorities , the Turkish Grand National Assembly passed Law No. 1164 on 25 June 1927 which allowed the state to establish Inspectorates-General. Following the First Inspectorate-General (1 January 1928, Diyarbakır Province ),
11537-641: The Turkish Army and 11,818 people were taken into exile, depopulating the province. According to a claim by Nuri Dersimi , many tribesmen were shot dead after surrendering, and women and children were locked into haysheds which were then set on fire. Christian Gerlach reports that 30,000 Kurds were massacred by the Turkish Army after the rebellion. Hüseyin Aygün , a jurist author, wrote in his book Dersim 1938 and Obligatory Settlement : "The rebellion
11676-825: The Turkish War of Independence. A nationalist Government of the Grand National Assembly (GNA) led by Mustafa Kemal was established in Ankara when it became clear the Ottoman government was backing the Allied powers. The Allies soon pressured the Ottoman government in Constantinople into suspending the Constitution , shuttering the Parliament , and signing the Treaty of Sèvres , a treaty that
11815-582: The Turkish coastline, often spending most of the year in the country. In addition, many Turkish Germans have also returned and settled. The Greeks constitute a population of Greek and Greek -speaking Eastern Orthodox Christians who mostly live in Istanbul , including its district Princes' Islands , as well as on the two islands of the western entrance to the Dardanelles : Imbros and Tenedos ( Turkish : Gökçeada and Bozcaada ). Some Greek-speaking Byzantine Christians have been assimilated over
11954-525: The Turkish government are contested by many scholars who claim they are without any basis. Arabs in Turkey number around 2 million, and they mostly live in provinces near the Syrian border, particularly the Hatay region, where they made up two fifths of the population in 1936. However, including recent Syrian refugees, they make up to 5.3% of the population. Most of them are Sunni Muslims. However, there
12093-579: The Turkish navy and air force (three days later, the former commanders of the navy and air force were released). Partially as a result, the Washington Post reported in April 2010 that the military's power had decreased. On the eve of the Supreme Military Council of August 2011, the Chief of the General Staff, along with the Army, Navy, and Air Force commanders, requested their retirement, in protest of
12232-703: The UNHCR in 1966–1967 from Pakistan. The Turkey-based Uyghur diaspora had a number of family members among Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan based Uyghurs who stayed behind while the UNHCR and government of Turkey had Kayseri receive 75 Uyghurs in 1967 and 230 Uyghurs in 1965 and a number in 1964 under Alptekin and Bughra. We never call each other Uyghur, but only refer to ourselves as East Turkestanis, or Kashgarlik, Turpanli, or even Turks. - according to some Uyghurs born in Turkey. A community of Uyghurs live in Istanbul. Tuzla and Zeytinburnu mosques are used by
12371-459: The United States are in the process of developing a next-generation, high-altitude ballistic missile defence shield. Turkey has chosen the Chinese defense firm CPMIEC to co-produce a $ 4 billion long-range air and missile system. Chief of the General Staff reports to Minister of National Defence. General staff is responsible for: The Chief of the General Staff is also, Commander-in-Chief of
12510-400: The United States, with an estimated strength of at least 60,000+ military personnel stationed outside of the borders of Turkey. This means that 1 in 6 of the active military troops of Turkey (which is estimated to be 355,200 in 2020) are deployed outside of the borders of the country. Turkey currently has a military presence in the following countries; Turkey additionally has a presence in
12649-1015: The Uyghurs in Istanbul. Piety is a characteristic of among Turkey dwelling Uyghurs. Istanbul's districts of Küçükçekmece , Sefaköy and Zeytinburnu are home to Uyghur communities. Eastern Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association is located in Turkey. Abdurahmon Abdulahad of the East Turkistan Education Association supported Uzbek Islamists who protested against Russia and Islam Karimov's Uzbekistan government. Uyghurs are employed in Küçükçekmece and Zeytinburnu restaurants. East Turkistan Immigration Association , East Turkistan Culture and Solidarity Association , and Eastern Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association are Uyghur diaspora organizations in Turkey. According to Milliyet, there are approximately 2.5 million Circassians in Turkey. According to
12788-472: The area would attack Nazimiye , Keçigezek Sin and Karaoglan. " This time all the people in the area will be collected and deported out of the area and this collection operation will attack the villages without warning and collect the people. To do this, we will collect the people as well as the arms they have. At the moment, we are ready to deport 2,000 people." In the same decision ordering to respond to any resistance by rendering those " incapable of movement on
12927-498: The country. In modern Turkey , data on the ethnic makeup of the country is not officially collected, although various estimates exist. All Muslim citizens are still regarded as Turks by law, regardless of their ethnicity or language, in contrast to non-Muslim minorities, who are still grouped as "non-Turks"; the largest ethnic minority, the Kurds, who are predominantly Muslim, are therefore still classified as simply "Turks". Bulgarians are also an officially recognized minority by
13066-451: The course of the last one thousand years. They are the remnants of the estimated 200,000 Greeks who were permitted under the provisions of the Treaty of Lausanne to remain in Turkey following the 1923 population exchange , which involved the forcible resettlement of approximately 1.5 million Greeks from Anatolia and East Thrace and of half a million Turks from all of Greece except for Western Thrace . After years of persecution (e.g.
13205-623: The end 2011, their numbers are expected to surge up to 10,000, making them the largest population and surpass other groups. Beginning several centuries ago, a number of Africans, usually via Zanzibar as Zanj and from places such as Niger , Saudi Arabia , Libya , Kenya and Sudan , came to the Ottoman Empire settled by the Dalaman , Menderes and Gediz valleys, Manavgat , and Çukurova . African quarters of 19th-century İzmir , including Sabırtaşı, Dolapkuyu, Tamaşalık, İkiçeşmelik, and Ballıkuyu, are mentioned in contemporary records. Due to
13344-409: The existence of Bosniaks in the country is evident everywhere. In cities like Istanbul, Eskişehir, Ankara, İzmir, or Adana, one can easily find districts, streets, shops or restaurants with names such as Bosna, Yenibosna, Mostar, or Novi Pazar. However, it is extremely difficult to estimate how many Bosniaks live in this country. Some Bosnian researchers believe that the number of Bosniaks in Turkey
13483-542: The following countries through UN peacekeeping missions: After the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk prohibited the political activities of officers in active service with the Military Penal Code numbered 1632 and dated 22 May 1930 ( Askeri Ceza Kanunu ). However, after the 1960 coup d'état , the Millî Birlik Komitesi ( National Unity Committee ) established
13622-622: The form of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus in 1975; and in 1983 made a unilateral declaration of independence as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , which is recognized only by Turkey to this day. The United Nations continues to recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus according to the terms of its independence in 1960. The conflict continues to overshadow Turkish relations with Greece and with
13761-418: The government were not genocide, under international law , because they were not aimed at the extermination of a people, but at resettlement and suppression. Van Bruinessen has instead talked of an ethnocide directed against the local language and identity. According to Van Bruinessen, the 1934 law created "the legal framework for a policy of ethnocide." Dersim was one of the first territories where this policy
13900-738: The historic Christian presence in Anatolia was destroyed, in large part, and the Muslim demographic had increased from 80% to 98%. While World War I ended for the Ottoman Empire with the Armistice of Mudros , the Allied Powers occupied parts of the empire and sought to prosecute former members of the Committee of Union and Progress and others involved in the Armenian genocide. Ottoman military commanders therefore refused orders from both
14039-672: The hopes of dismantling both groups. Turkey's responsibilities include providing security in Kabul (it formerly lead Regional Command Capital ), as well as in Wardak Province , where it leads PRT Maidan Shahr. Turkey was once the third largest contingent within the International Security Assistance Force . Turkey's troops are not engaged in combat operations and Ankara has long resisted pressure from Washington to offer more combat troops. According to
14178-459: The intent of persuading Turkey to join the war on the side of the Allies. A few days before the start of Operation Zitadelle in July 1943, the Turkish government sent a military delegation under General Cemil Cahit Toydemir to Russia and observed the exercises of the 503rd Heavy Panzer Battalion and its equipment. But after the failure of Operation Zitadelle, the Turkish government participated in
14317-700: The jurisdiction of the Istanbul Armenian Patriarchate and the Apostolic Church. After the Armenian genocide however, it is estimated that 200,000 Armenians remained in Turkey. Today there are an estimated 40,000 to 70,000 Armenians in Turkey, not including the Hamshenis . During the Turkish Republican era, Armenians were subjected to many policies which were designed to abolish Armenian cultural heritage such as
14456-415: The land and ruled over the serfs who lived and worked on their estates. However, the general political authority in the provinces , such as Dersim, was in the hands of the Ottoman government. Following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, some Kurdish tribes became unhappy about certain aspects of Atatürk's "Kemalist policies", described as "the ideology of the new political élite tied to
14595-520: The largest irregular migrant groups in Turkey. From the period 2003–2007, the number of Afghans apprehended were significant, with statistics almost doubling during the last year. Most had fled the War in Afghanistan . In 2005, refugees from Afghanistan numbered 300 and made a sizeable proportion of Turkey's registered migrants. Most of them were spread out over satellite cities with Van and Ağrı being
14734-466: The latter half of the 20th century. It executed three coups d'état : in 1960 ( 27 May coup ), in 1971 ( 12 March coup ), and in 1980 ( 12 September coup ). Following the 1960 coup d'état, the military executed the first democratically elected prime minister in Turkey, Adnan Menderes , in 1961. Most recently, it maneuvered the removal of an Islamist prime minister, Necmettin Erbakan , in 1997 (known as
14873-681: The leader of the PKK was arrested in 1999 in Nairobi and taken to Turkey. In 2015, the PKK cancelled their 2013 ceasefire after tension due to various events. Turkey contributed troops in several NATO-led peace forces in Bosnia and Kosovo . Currently there are 402 Turkish troops in Kosovo Force . After the 2003 Istanbul Bombings were linked to Al-Qaeda , Turkey deployed troops to Afghanistan to fight Taliban forces and Al-Qaeda operatives, with
15012-462: The main opposition party, the secular CHP ." Kurdish tribes, which were feudal ( manorial ) communities led by chieftains ( agha ) during the Ottoman period, enjoyed a certain degree of freedom within the boundaries of the manors owned by the aghas . Local authority in these small manorial communities was in the hands of feudal lords, tribal chieftains and other dignitaries, who owned
15151-592: The mass arrests which they perceived as a deliberate and planned attack against the Kemalist and secular-minded officers of the Turkish Armed Forces by the Islamists in Turkey, who began to control key positions in the Turkish government, judiciary and police. The swift replacement of the force commanders in the Supreme Military Council meeting affirmed the government's control over the appointment of top-level commanders. However, promotions continue to be determined by
15290-434: The massacre. On 23 November 2011, Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan apologized for the massacre, describing it as "one of the most tragic events of our near history" adding that, whilst some sought to justify it as a legitimate response to events on the ground, it was in reality "an operation which was planned step by step". However, this is viewed with suspicion by some, "who see it as an opportunistic move against
15429-460: The military intervention ended up with Turkey occupying a considerable area on the northern part of Cyprus and helping to establish a local government of Turkish Cypriots there, which has thus far been recognized only by Turkey. The intervention came after more than a decade of intercommunal violence (1963–1974) between the island's Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots , resulting from the constitutional breakdown of 1963. Turkey invoked its role as
15568-448: The military relations of the TAF with other NATO member states and friendly states is the responsibility of the General Staff. The history of the Turkish Armed Forces began with its formation after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire . The Turkish military perceived itself as the guardian of Kemalism , the official state ideology , especially of its emphasis on secularism . After becoming
15707-443: The modern Turkish Republic were significantly impacted by the earlier Armenian genocide and the deportations of Greek-speaking, Orthodox Christian Rum people . The Turkish National Movement carried out massacres and deportations to eliminate native Christian populations – a continuation of the Armenian genocide and other ethnic cleansing operations during World War I. Following these campaigns of ethnic cleansing
15846-405: The modern citizenry or the Turkish nation as the newly founded Republic of Turkey was constituted as a Muslim nation state . While Turkish nationalist policy viewed all Muslims in Turkey as Turks without exception, non-Muslim minority groups, such as Jews and Christians, were designated as "foreign nations" ( dhimmi ). Conversely, Turk (term for Muslims) was used to denote all groups in
15985-506: The most specific locations. In the following years, the number of Afghans entering Turkey greatly increased, second only to migrants from Iraq; in 2009, there were 16,000 people designated under the Iraq-Afghanistan category. Despite a dramatic 50 percent reduction by 2010, reports confirmed hundreds living and working in Turkey. As of January 2010, Afghans consisted one-sixth of the 26,000 remaining refugees and asylum seekers. By
16124-685: The newspaper Milliyet . Georgians in Turkey are mostly Sunni Muslims of Hanafi madh'hab . Immigrant Georgians are called " Chveneburi ", but autochthonous Muslim Georgians use this term as well. Muslim Georgians form the majority in parts of Artvin Province east of the Çoruh River . Immigrant Muslim groups of Georgian origin, found scattered in Turkey, are known as Chveneburi . The smallest Georgian group are Catholics living in Istanbul . There are over 50,000 Germans living in Turkey , primarily Germans married to Turkish spouses, employees, retirees and long-term tourists who buy properties across
16263-407: The number of deaths to be between 46.000 to 63.000. Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser writes that 40,000 is implausibly high. Historian Annika Törne estimates 32,000 to 70,000 dead as a result of massacres, citing as sources among others Nicole Watts (Relocating Dersim: Turkish State-Building and Kurdish Resistance, 1931–1938, in: New Perspectives on Turkey 23 (2000), S. 5–30.) Turkish state's reaction to
16402-403: The number of troops in the region was doubled. The area was also bombed from the air. The rebels continued to resist until they ran out of ammunition, in late 1938, by which time the region was devastated. According to Osman Pamukoğlu, a general in Turkish Army in the 1990s, Atatürk had given the operational order himself. On September 10–12, 1937, Seyid Riza came to the government building of
16541-521: The official state ideology, especially of its secular aspects . The TAF still maintains an important degree of influence over the decision-making process regarding issues related to Turkish national security, albeit decreased in the past decades, via the National Security Council . The military had a record of intervening in politics, removing elected governments four times in the past. Indeed, it assumed power for several periods in
16680-579: The opening ceremony for the Singeç Bridge . In his journey to Elazığ the same month, he was accompanied by the Minister of the Interior Şükrü Kaya and Sabiha Gökçen . The prime minister, Celal Bayar (in office: October 25, 1937 – January 25, 1939) had agreed to an attack on the Dersim rebels. The operation started on January 2, 1938 and finished on August 7, 1938. The Third Tunceli Operation
16819-587: The outside world and if not Turkified, were unable to pass the Turkishness on to their children. In September 1937, the Elazig Girls' Institute in which the aim was to raise Turkish women out of Kurdish girls was established in Elazıg . On 1 November 1936, during a speech in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey , Atatürk described the situation in Dersim as Turkey's most important internal problem. After
16958-414: The population. Historically, in the Ottoman Empire , Islam was the official and dominant religion, with Muslims having more rights than non-Muslims, whose rights were restricted. Non-Muslim ( dhimmi ) ethno-religious groups were legally identified by different millet ("nations"). Following the end of World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire , all Ottoman Muslims were made part of
17097-806: The real population (in the whole of Turkey) may be a few million. They mostly live in Eskişehir Province and Kazan- Ankara . Various ethnic groups from Dagestan are present in Turkey. Dagestani peoples live in villages in the provinces like Balıkesir , Tokat and also scattered in other parts of the country. A majority among them are Nogais ; Lezgins and Avars are other significant ethnic groups. Kumyks are also present. Approximately 15,000 Dutch live in Turkey. The Dom people , live mostly in Eastern Anatolia Region, also from Syria Dom Refugees came to Turkey. There were 5,500 Filipinos in Turkey as of 2008, according to estimates by
17236-466: The region who had been Islamized under Ottoman rule, especially Muslim Albanians and Slavic Muslims. The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne specified Armenians , Greeks and Jews and Christians in general as ethnic minorities ( dhimmi ). This legal status was not granted to Muslim minorities, such as the Kurds , which constituted the largest minority by a wide margin, nor any of the other minorities in
17375-469: The rest of the Greek world. The Pontic Greeks had a continuous presence in the region of Pontus (modern-day northeastern Turkey), Georgia, and Eastern Anatolia from at least 700 BC until 1922. Since 1924, the status of the Greek minority in Turkey has been ambiguous. Beginning in the 1930s, the government instituted repressive policies forcing many Greeks to emigrate. Examples are the labour battalions drafted among non-Muslims during World War II as well as
17514-474: The single-party régime", imposing a policy of Turkification , including the removal of functionaries of "Kurdish race" in Turkish Kurdistan and land reform , and staged armed revolts that were put down by the Turkish military . Dersim had been a particularly difficult province for the Ottoman government to control, with 11 different armed rebellions between 1876 and 1923. The rebellious stance of
17653-608: The spot and until the end ", İsmail Beşikçi concludes this meant to kill them, along with orders to destroy their homes and deporting those remaining. The contemporary British estimate of the number of deaths was 40,000, although McDowall writes that this could be exaggerated. It has been suggested that the total number of deaths may be 7,594, over 10,000. In 2011, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan acknowledged that 13,806 citizens had been murdered and 11,683 individuals displaced—these figures were based on contemporary Turkish documents. Turkish Kurdish anthropologist Dilşa Deniz estimates
17792-405: The unchangeable characteristics of the Republic of Turkey. Their loyalty to this determination is absolute." Over a hundred people, including several generals, have been detained or questioned since July 2008 with respect to the so-called organisation Ergenekon , an alleged clandestine, ultra-nationalist organization with ties to members of the country's military and security forces. The group
17931-545: The uprising was publicly justified as "disciplining and punishment" ( tedip ve tenkil ). It contributed to a Kemalist perception of Dersim and its populace, which characterises the province as unruly and defends violent state intervention. This narrative is encountered in Naşit Hakkı Uluğ's book The Feudal Lord and Dersim ( Derebeyi ve Dersim ), which depicts Dersim as a security threat to the Turkish Republic. It
18070-571: Was applied. Historian Annika Thörne, in her study of historical memory in Dersim, concludes that the 1938 massacres and forced assimilation amounts to genocide. According to Dilsa Deniz, convincing evidence points towards a genocide. In March 2011, a Turkish court ruled that the actions of the Turkish government in Dersim could not be considered genocide according to the law because they were not directed systematically against an ethnic group. Turkish military The Turkish Armed Forces ( TAF ; Turkish : Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri , TSK ) are
18209-425: Was appointed the Minister of National Defence, and Mirliva İsmet Pasha (İnönü) was appointed the Minister of the Chief of General Staff of the government of the Grand National Assembly (GNA). In an attempt to establish control over the power vacuum in Anatolia, the Allies persuaded Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos to launch an expeditionary force into Anatolia and occupy Smyrna (İzmir), beginning
18348-424: Was carried out between August 10–17, 1938. Sweep Massacre Carryouts that started on September 6, were continued for 17 days. Turkish planes flew numerous sorties against the rebels during the rebellion. Among the pilots was Kemal Atatürk 's adopted daughter, Sabiha Gökçen , the first female fighter pilot. A report of the General Staff mentioned the "serious damage" that had been caused by her 50 kg bomb, upon
18487-469: Was clearly caused by provocation. It caused the most violent tortures that were ever seen in a rebellion in the Republican years. Those who didn't take part in the rebellion, and the families of the rebels, were also tortured." Around 3,000 people were forcibly deported from Dersim. On the 4th of May 1938 a Turkish Cabinet decision resolved that Turkish military forces which had previously been massed in
18626-470: Was considered necessary to use force against the aghas of Dersim. On November 1, 1936, during a speech in parliament, Atatürk described Dersim as Turkey's most important interior problem. The Turkification process began with the 1934 Turkish Resettlement Law . Its measures included the forced relocation of people within Turkey, with the aim of promoting cultural homogeneity. In 1935, the Tunceli Law
18765-475: Was donated in 1973 for the 50th anniversary of the Turkish Republic and is located in Ankara . On 20 July 1974, the TAF launched an amphibious and airborne assault operation on Cyprus , in response to the 1974 Cypriot coup d'état which had been staged by EOKA-B and the Cypriot National Guard against president Makarios III with the intention of annexing the island to Greece; but
18904-472: Was estimated that there were 378,700 reserve personnel and 156,800 paramilitary personnel ( Turkish Gendarmerie and Turkish Coast Guard ), In 2020, the defence budget amounted to 76.3 billion liras. The Law on the Court of Accounts was supposed to initiate external ex-post audits of armed forces' expenditure and pave the way for audits of extra budgetary resources earmarked for the defence sector, including
19043-526: Was not until 2009 that the massacre was publicly acknowledged, and in recent years, oral history has been used as a method to study anti-civilian violence excluded from the official history of the event. On November 23, 2011, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan apologized "on behalf of the state" over the killing of over 13,000 people during the rebellion. His remarks were widely commented on both inside and outside Turkey. His comments were pointedly directed at opposition leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (who in fact
19182-554: Was passed to apply the Resettlement Law to the newly-named region of Tunceli , previously known as Dersim and populated by Kurdish Alevis . This area had a reputation for being rebellious, having been the scene of eleven separate periods of armed conflict over the previous 40 years. The Dersim region included the Tunceli Province whose name was changed from Dersim to Tunceli with the "Law on Administration of
19321-420: Was subsequently replaced with words like eastern Anatolia or northern Kurdistan, Armenians had maintained much of their cultural heritage. The Armenian population of Turkey was greatly reduced following the Hamidian massacres and the Armenian genocide , when over one and a half million Armenians, virtually the entire Armenian population of Anatolia, were massacred. Prior to the start of the Genocide in 1915,
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