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56-411: The unique hand technique of weaving was called jamdani in the old days, while the weave was called Dhakai. The sensitive weavers and artisans of this art form took inspirations for their weave designs from the life around them, from simple things such as a broken comb to things in the nature such as flora and fauna and traditional Bengali designs known as Alpana . This clothing -related article

112-613: A Moroccan traveler who came to Bengal in the middle of the 14th century, praised the cotton cloth made in Sonargaon in his book The Rihla . Chinese writers who came to Bengal in the fifteenth century praised cotton cloth. The muslin industry flourished in Bengal between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. The main muslin production centers in Bengal during this period were Dhaka and its surrounding areas, Shantipur, Malda and Hooghly. The 16th-century English traveller Ralph Fitch lauded

168-586: A few encouraging signs in recent times. For instance, the Indian government awarded master weaver of Jamdani saris, Biren Kumar Basak from West Bengal with the Padma Shri award, which is the fourth highest civilian award in the country. Biren Kumar Basak also hailed the award and recognition of his work by Prime Minister Modi as a good sign for the future of the Jamdani community in Bengal. Exhibitions such as

224-459: A fine and transparent variety of fine muslin from Dacca. The fabric's characteristics are summed up in its name. Muslin has several kinds of variations. Many of the below are mentioned in Ain-i-Akbari (16th-century detailed document) Mull is another kind of muslin. It is a soft, thin, and semitransparent material. The name is derived from Hindi "mal" which means "soft". Swiss mull

280-407: A fine, sheer fabric while the supplementary weft with thicker threads adds the intricate patterns to it. Each supplementary weft motif is added separately by hand by interlacing the weft threads into the warp with fine bamboo sticks using individual spools of thread. The result is a complex mix of different patterns that appear to float on a shimmering surface. The pattern is not sketched or outlined on

336-458: A fruitcake traditionally eaten at Halloween in Ireland. Beekeepers use muslin to filter melted beeswax to clean it of particles and debris. Muslin is often the cloth of choice for theatre sets. It is used to mask the background of sets and to establish the mood or feel of different scenes. It receives paint well and, if treated properly, can be made translucent. It also holds dyes well. It

392-503: A misreading of a report by William Bolts from 1772. Many of the threatened weavers fled East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) and settled in the eastern districts of West Bengal, these districts were famous for the cotton products of Bengal. The quality, fineness and production volume of Bengali muslin declined as a result of these policies, continuing when India transitioned from Company rule to British Crown control . To revive Bengal muslin, two muslin production centers were set up by

448-461: A mixture of cotton and gold thread. In 2013, the traditional art of weaving jamdani was declared a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity . In 2016, Bangladesh received geographical indication (GI) status for Jamdani Sari. Jamdani was originally known as Dhakai (Daccai) named after the city of Dhaka (Dacca), one of many ancient textile weaving centers in Bengal region. Under

504-767: A scheme called Bangladesh Golden Heritage Muslin Yarn Manufacturing Technology and Muslin Cloth Restoration was undertaken to restore and develop the muslin production system in Bangladesh. Under this project, samples of muslin from different countries including India, Britain were inspected and data collected. Old maps of the Meghna River were examined and combined with modern satellite imagery to identify possible locations – where phuti carpus plants could still be found. From there,

560-525: A single piece of cloth could be easily moved through the ring. Very fine cotton cloth was made in Mosul in the 12th century and later. Arab traders carried it to Europe as a commodity, and enchanted Europeans called it muslin; since then the very fine and beautiful cotton cloth came to be known as muslin. In 1298 AD, Marco Polo described in his book The Travels that muslin is made in Mosul, Iraq. Ibn Battuta ,

616-529: A thread count of 300, which is nowhere near the quality of real Dhaka muslin ; But much better quality than what the weavers of many generations past have woven. The Bangladesh Handloom Board (BHB) is implementing the first phase of the project titled Bangladesh's Golden Heritage Muslin Yarn Manufacturing Technology and Muslin Cloth Reviving , and the Revival work was completed in 2020. Dhakai Muslin

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672-530: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Bangladesh -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jamdani Jamdani ( Bengali : জামদানি ) is a fine muslin textile (figured with different patterns) produced for centuries in South Rupshi of Narayanganj district in Bangladesh on the bank of Shitalakhwa river. The historic production of jamdani

728-462: Is a symbol of aristocracy. The demand for quality Jamdani Sarees has increased greatly over the years. In 2016, Bangladesh received geographical indication (GI) status for Jamdani Sari. It was the first GI status given to any Bangladeshi product. Whilst the art of jamdani is on the decline due to current problems such as competition with cheaper and more lucrative clothing as well as lack of suitable remuneration for weavers. However, there have been

784-463: Is a type of which is finished with stiffening agents. Because muslin is an inexpensive, unbleached cotton fabric available in different weights, it is often used as a backing or lining for quilts, and therefore can often be found in wide widths in the quilting sections of fabric stores. When sewing clothing, a dressmaker may test the fit of a garment by using muslin fabric to make a test-model before cutting pieces from more expensive fabric to make

840-445: Is often used to create nighttime scenes because when dyed, it often gets a wavy look with the color varying slightly, such that it resembles a night sky. Muslin shrinks after it is painted or sprayed with water, which is desirable in some common techniques such as soft-covered flats . In video production, muslin is used as a cheap greenscreen or bluescreen , either pre-colored or painted with latex paint (diluted with water). Muslin

896-399: Is still widely used. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Mughal Bengal emerged as the foremost muslin exporter in the world, with Dhaka as capital of the worldwide muslin trade. In the latter half of the 18th century, muslin weaving ceased in Bengal due to cheap fabrics from England and oppression by the colonialists. In India in the latter half of the 20th century and in Bangladesh in

952-523: Is that the gauze reinforces the artery and helps prevent rupture. It is often used for aneurysms that, due to their size or shape, cannot be microsurgically clipped or coiled. Many travelers and merchants of the 13th and 14th centuries praised Bengal muslin, and claimed it as the best muslin. From the Mughal rulers to the European colonial rulers, Bengal's muslins were recognized for their superiority, with

1008-593: Is the most common backdrop material used by photographers for formal portrait backgrounds. These backdrops are usually painted, most often with an abstract mottled pattern. In the early days of silent film -making, and until the late 1910s, movie studios did not have the elaborate lights needed to illuminate indoor sets, so most interior scenes were sets built outdoors with large pieces of muslin hanging overhead to diffuse sunlight. Surgeons use muslin gauze in cerebrovascular neurosurgery to wrap around aneurysms or intracranial vessels at risk for bleeding. The thought

1064-460: The Indian subcontinent , but became unable to compete with the local muslin industry. The Company administration initiated several policies in an attempt to suppress the muslin industry, and muslin production subsequently experienced a period of decline. It has been alleged that in some instances Indian weavers were rounded up and their thumbs chopped off, although this has been refuted by historians as

1120-637: The Mughal Empire the Persian term Jamdani came to be in popular use, since it was the court language of the Mughals. Jamdanis are popularly known as Dhakai Jamdani or simply Dhakai. The earliest mention of jamdani and its development as an industry is found into Dhaka, Bangladesh . An early reference to Indian origins of muslin is found in the book of Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and in

1176-508: The muslins produced by Bengali Muslims since the 14th century. Jamdani is the most expensive product of Dhaka looms since it requires the most lengthy and dedicated work. Jamdani patterns are mostly of geometric, plant, and floral designs and are said to have originated thousands of years ago. Due to the exquisite painstaking methodology required, only aristocrats and royal families were able to afford such luxuries. We do not know exactly when jamdani came to be adorned with floral patterns of

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1232-467: The English language around the 12th century. (Today, toile simply refers to any sheer fabric, which may be made, for example, from linen or cotton.) The modern German term for a test- or fitting garment is Nesselmodell . Muslin can be used as a filter : Muslin is the material for the traditional cloth wrapped around a Christmas pudding . It is the fabric wrapped around the items in barmbrack ,

1288-517: The Indian subcontinent; Bengal was the main manufacturing region and the main centers were Sonargaon (near Dhaka), Shantipur and Murshidabad . Muslin was also produced in Malda and Hooghly . The muslin produced at Sonargaon and its surrounding areas was of excellent quality, which is popularly known as Dhaka Muslin . The muslin produced in Shantipur came to be known as Shantipuri Muslin , which

1344-765: The Jamdani Festival of Wearable Art curated by Chandra Shekhar Shaha was held in July 2023 in Bangladesh in collaboration with the National Crafts Council of Bangladesh to illustrate sustainably produced and hand-woven jamdani saris. Moreover, brands such as TARINA by designer Tarina Sen are attempting to preserve the traditional crafts of jamdani by creating contemporary clothes. Labels such as TARINA are striving to help jamdani weavers in West Bengal and Odisha by reaching new markets, consisting of

1400-715: The Khadi and Rural Industries Commission, one at Basowa in Birbhum district of West Bengal , and the other at Panduru in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh . Under the patronage of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , Kalicharan Sharma took the lead in reviving the lost fame of muslin in Basowa, Birbhum district of West Bengal, with the help of some spinners. He soon found the dry climate of Birbhum quite unsuitable for spinning muslin yarn. Later he shifted his work center to

1456-455: The accounts of Arab, Chinese and Italian travelers and traders. Jamdani is a hand loom woven fabric made of cotton, which was historically referred to as muslin. The Jamdani weaving tradition is of Bengali origin. It is one of the most time and labor-intensive forms of hand loom weaving, and is considered one of the finest varieties of muslin, and the most artistic textile of Bangladeshi weavers. Traditionally woven around Dhaka and created on

1512-553: The aperture of a lady's finger-ring. Gaius Petronius Arbiter (1st century AD Roman courtier and author of the Satyricon ) described the transparent nature of the muslin cloth as below: Thy bride might as well clothe herself with a garment of the wind as stand forth publicly naked under her clouds of muslin. Certain delicate muslins were given poetic names such as Baft Hawa ("woven air"), Shabnam ("evening dew"), and āb-i-ravān ("flowing water"). The latter name refers to

1568-657: The establishment of Murshidabad as the capital of Bengal, Cossimbazar —a small town on the banks of the Bhagirathi south of Murshidabad city, now included in the Baharampur municipality—became the center of a silk and cotton textile trade. The branch of the Bhagirathi that joined the Jalangi was called Cossimbazar river, and the triangular land surrounded by the Padma, Bhagirathi and Jalangi was called Cossimbazar Island. It

1624-441: The fabric, but is drawn on a graph paper and placed underneath the warp. Jamdani is a fine muslin cloth on which decorative motifs are woven on the loom, typically in grey and white. Often a mixture of cotton and gold thread was used. Though mostly used for saris , Jamdani is also used for scarves and handkerchiefs . Jamdani is believed to be a fusion of the ancient cloth-making techniques of Bengal (possibly 2,000 years old) with

1680-527: The final product, thereby avoiding potential costly mistakes. In the United States, these test-models are themselves sometimes referred to as "muslins," the process is called "making a muslin," and "muslin" has become the generic term for any test- or fitting garment, regardless of the fabric it is made from. In Britain and Australia, the term for a test- or fitting garment used to be Toile . The word "toile," from an Old French word for "cloth," entered

1736-653: The foremost muslin exporter in the world, with Mughal Dhaka as capital of the worldwide muslin trade. It became highly popular in 18th-century France and eventually spread across much of the Western world. Dhaka muslin was first showcased in the UK at The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in 1851. During the period of Company rule , the East India Company imported British-produced cloth into

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1792-581: The genetic sequences of the recovered cotton plants were made and compared with the original ones. After testing, a carpus plant was identified, which was 70 percent identical to the Futi carpus. An island in the Meghna, 30 km north of Dhaka , was selected for the production of this corpus, where some seeds were sown experimentally in 2015, and the first cotton was harvested that year. But at that time there were no skilled spinners in Bangladesh to produce fine yarn, on

1848-626: The list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO under the title Traditional art of Jamdani Weaving . The dictionary Hobson Jobson published by two Englishmen named S.C. Burnell and Henry Yule mentions that the word muslin comes from ' Mosul '—a famous trading center and city in Iraq. Mosul produced a very fine cloth, which became known as muslin in Europe. The earliest specimen of Indian fine cotton cloth (like muslin)

1904-409: The loom brocade, jamdani is rich in motifs. In the late 19th century, T. N. Mukharji referred to this fabric as jamdani muslin. Whether figured or flowered, jamdani is a woven fabric in cotton. This is a supplementary weft technique of weaving, where the artistic motifs are produced by a non-structural weft, in addition to the standard weft that holds the warp threads together. The standard weft creates

1960-470: The loom. It is, however, certain that in the Mughal period, most likely during the reign of either Emperor Akbar (1556–1605) or Emperor Jahangir (1605–1627), the figured or flowered muslin came to be known as the jamdani. John Forbes Watson in his work titled Textile Manufactures and Costumes of the people of India holds that the figured muslin because of their complicated designs, were always considered

2016-514: The most expensive productions of the Dhaka looms. The price for a piece was recorded as 56 Livre in 1776. From the middle of the 19th century, there was a gradual decline in the jamdani industry. A number of factors contributed to this decline. The subsequent import of lower quality, but cheaper yarn from Europe, started the decline. Most importantly, the decline of Mughal power in India, deprived

2072-422: The muslin he saw in Sonargaon . He visited India in 1583, described Sonargaon, "as a town ...... where there is the best and finest cloth made in all India". During the reign of Emperor Jahangir , Islam Khan Chishti shifted the capital from Rajmahal to Dhaka in 1610 AD, Dhaka gained prominence as the center of trade and commerce of Bengal. During this period the muslin produced in Dhaka achieved excellence, and

2128-638: The muslin produced here became world famous as Dhakai muslin . Mughal Emperor Akbar's courtier, Abul Fazal , praised the fine cotton fabric produced in Sonargaon (near Dhaka). Abul Fazl wrote "the Sarkar of Sonargaon produces a species of muslin very fine and in great quantity". European traders began arriving in the Bengali capital of Dhaka in the early seventeenth century, and these traders procured cotton cloth and muslin from Bengal for export to Europe. After

2184-408: The muslins produced at Sonargaon being the best. In 2013, the traditional art of Jamdani weaving in Bangladesh was included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . In 2020, Dhakai muslin was given Geographical indication status as a product of Bangladesh. In 2024, Banglar Muslin (or Bengal Muslin) was granted Geographical Indication status as

2240-530: The neighboring district of Murshidabad , and chose Chowk Islampur as the site of this weaving industry. Chowk Islampur, situated on the banks of the Bairab River, a tributary of the Padma , is an ancient village famous for spinning and weaving since the days of the East India Company . After India's independence, the village had already gained a reputation for high-quality silk weaving. A muslin training center

2296-406: The other hand Indian spinners were able to produce 200-300-400-500 count fine yarn from cotton. As a result, in joint venture with Indian spinners, a hybrid yarn of 200 and 300 count was produced by combining common and futi corpus cotton. At least 50 tools were needed to make cloth from yarn, which had to be reinvented, as they disappeared with muslin. Ultimately a weaver is able to weave a saree with

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2352-511: The processes were manual, manufacturing involved many artisans for yarn spinning and weaving activities, but the leading role lay with the material and weaving . Muslins were originally made of cotton only. These were very thin, transparent, delicate and feather light breathable fabrics . There could be 1000–1800 yarns in warp and weigh 110 g (3.8 oz) for 0.91 m × 9.14 m (1 yd × 10 yd). Some varieties of muslin were so thin that they could even pass through

2408-478: The producers of jamdani of their most influential patrons. Villages like Madhurapur and Jangalbari, (both in the Kishoreganj district), once famous for the jamdani industry went into gradual oblivion. According to a national daily, a senior taanti or " ostad " earns about Tk 2,500 to Tk 3,000 per month. Junior weavers get much less, around Tk 1,600. As a result, many weavers do not want their children to come to

2464-593: The profession, preferring the more lucrative garments industry. The government and other organizations are trying to revive the old glory of Dhakai Jamdani. In a bid to avoid the middlemen, they are trying to establish direct contact with the weavers. A Jamdani Palli has been established near Dhaka. Jamdani, one of the oldest forms of cottage industry in Bangladesh, was once a dying trade. Organizations like Radiant Institute of Design, Shanto Mariam University of creative technology, National Institute of Design, and others are helping designers create new Jamdani designs. Jamdani

2520-445: The second decade of the 21st century, initiatives were taken to revive muslin weaving, and the industry was able to be revived. Dhakai Muslin was recognized as a Geographical Indication (GI) product of Bangladesh in 2020 and Banglar Muslin (Bengal Muslin) was recognized as a Geographical Indication (GI) product of the Indian state of West Bengal in 2024. In 2013, Jamdani (a type of muslin) weaving art of Bangladesh included in

2576-523: The text, European merchants procured fine cotton fabrics from the Gange port of Bengal. In this text, broad and smooth cotton cloth is referred to as Monachi and the finest cotton cloth is called Gangetic . A kingdom called 'Ruhma' is found in the Sulaiman al-Tajir written by the 9th century Arab merchant Sulaiman, where fine cotton fabrics was produced. There were cotton fabrics so fine and delicate that

2632-468: The younger generation, by creating attractive clothes that presents a harmony of modern and traditional designs. Muslin Muslin ( / ˈ m ʌ z l ɪ n / ) is a cotton fabric of plain weave . It is made in a wide range of weights from delicate sheers to coarse sheeting. It is commonly believed that it gets its name from the city of Mosul, Iraq . Muslin was produced in different regions of

2688-506: Was a major trading center for muslin and silk and a trading post ( kuthi ) of various European merchants. In 1670 AD, Streynsham Master mention that muslin was produced at Malda, Shantipur, Hooghly etc. Advaitacharya Goswami's Shantipur Parichaẏa , Volume II mentions that the East India Company purchased £150,000 worth of muslin annually in the early 19th century. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Mughal Bengal emerged as

2744-400: Was able to expand the production of muslin in different parts of West Bengal. Muslin products produced in West Bengal include handkerchiefs, dhoti , bed sheets and men's and women's clothing. According to 2015 data, the products were priced between ₹400 and ₹25,000, while some premium sarees in this category were priced between ₹70,000 and ₹150,000. In the second decade of the 21st century,

2800-477: Was able to reduce the cost of production and increase the wages of spinners. The use of this ambar Charkha proved to be effective and promising for the regeneration of muslin. To concentrate on muslin spinning, the Khadi Society constructed a separate spacious two-storied building at Berhampore in 1966. The Government of West Bengal launched "Project Muslin" in 2013 with Khadi. The aim in this initiative

2856-530: Was found in Egypt as a mummy shroud around 2000 BC. The first commercial mention of Indian cotton is found in The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (63 AD). The book mentions the export of fine cotton textiles from different parts of India to Europe. The eastern (Bengal) and north-western regions of India produced large quantities of fine cotton cloth, but Bengal cotton cloth was superior in quality. According to

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2912-467: Was patronized by imperial warrants of the Mughal emperors . During the period of British rule in India , Bengal's jamdani and muslin industries rapidly declined due to the government's crackdown on local production and promotion of imported textiles manufactured in Great Britain . In more recent years, the production of jamdani has witnessed a revival in Bangladesh. Jamdani is typically woven using

2968-605: Was recognized as a GI (Geographical Indication) product on 28 December 2020. The Government of Bangladesh declared official revival of fine Dhaka Muslin in April 2022. In 2022, the Dhakai Muslin House was built on the banks of Shitalakshya river at Rupganj under Tarab municipality of Narayanganj district. The second phase of the project named ‘Dhaka Muslin Commercialization’ begins in 2023. Since all

3024-413: Was recognized by the East India Company . Muslin was made in Dhaka (Sonargaon) from very fine yarn, which is made from cotton called Phuti karpas ; while in Malda, Radhanagar and Burdwan, muslin was made from fine yarn made from nurma or kaur cotton. A minimum of 300-count yarn was used for the muslin, making the muslin as transparent as glass. There were about 28 varieties of muslin, of which jamdani

3080-437: Was started at Chowk Islampur in 1955 under the supervision of Kalicharan Sharma. At first experiments were started on spinning yarn with traditional Kishan Charkha , but it was not possible to make more than 250 counts on this traditional Charkha. Kalicharan Sharma did further experiments and research and developed a highly sensitive six spindle Ambar Charkha (spinning wheel) capable of spinning 500 count yarn. This new Charkha

3136-451: Was to revive the muslin fabric and support the weavers. Through this project, weavers from Murshidabad, Nadia, Maldah, Burdwan, Birbhum, Hooghly and Jhargram districts who are capable of weaving muslin cloth were identified. All these weavers are provided training and technical assistance to produce high quality muslin. Weavers are capable of producing 500 counts of muslin; Some weavers have been able to weave 700 count muslin. Project Muslin

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